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Jabłońska W, Gołębiewski M, Kot M, Mardan H, Pawliński B, Kalińska A. Perspectives and Possibilities for New Antimicrobial Agents in the Treatment and Control of Mastitis Induced by Algae of the Genus Prototheca spp.: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8219. [PMID: 39125795 PMCID: PMC11311760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Innovative approaches in nanotechnology provide a potentially promising alternative to untreatable cases of mastitis caused by genus Prototheca spp. algae infections. Drying of the teats of the affected animals or culling are typically the outcomes of mastitis in dairy cattle caused by these pathogens. A major issue in both veterinary medicine and animal breeding is the Prototheca species' widespread resistance to the current methods of managing infections and the available drugs, including antibiotics. Commercial antifungal preparations are also ineffective. Nanotechnology, an emerging discipline, has the potential to create an effective alternative treatment for protothecal mastitis. The aim of the paper is to combine the literature data on the use of nanotechnology in the control of mastitis, taking into account data on combating mastitis caused by Prototheca spp. infections. The databases employed were PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, focusing on literature from the last 20 years to ensure relevance and currency. Studies conducted in vitro have demonstrated that nanomaterials have significant biocidal activity against mastitis infections of different etiologies. Analyzed research papers show that (NPs), such as AgNPs, CuNPs, AuNPs, etc., may not negatively impact various cell lines and may be effective agents in reducing the pathogens' viability. However, it is also critical to assess the risks involved in using nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Jabłońska
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Gołębiewski
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kot
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Henadzi Mardan
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Pawliński
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kalińska
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
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Whipple KM, Wellehan JF, Jeon AB, Sabatino BR, Frasca S, Popov VL, Ossiboff R, Leissinger MK. Cytologic, histologic, microbiologic, and electron microscopic characterization of a canine Prototheca wickerhamii infection. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:326-332. [PMID: 32468599 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An adult dog was presented for chronic cough and a recent development of ulcerated, erythematous nares with nasal discharge. Cytology of enlarged peripheral lymph nodes revealed many intracellular and extracellular organisms. These round or rarely oval organisms measured approximately 5-9 µm in diameter and frequently contained several globular structures, ranging from deeply basophilic to magenta. A thin, clear halo was present. Smaller 1-2 µm, magenta forms were also observed. Fungal culture yielded small, wet, raised, irregularly shaped, white to pale tan colonies. Microbiologic staining of cultured material revealed features suggestive of algae. Histopathology of the lymph nodes revealed marked granulomatous inflammation with intralesional algal organisms suggestive of Prototheca. Electron microscopic findings were also consistent with protothecosis. Polymerase chain reaction, followed by direct DNA sequencing, identified the organism as Prototheca wickerhamii. A brief literature review discussing protothecosis in veterinary medicine is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie M Whipple
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - James F Wellehan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Albert B Jeon
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bethany R Sabatino
- Blue Pearl Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Gainesville, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Salvatore Frasca
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vsevolod L Popov
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Ossiboff
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mary K Leissinger
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Shahid M, Wang J, Gu X, Chen W, Ali T, Gao J, Han D, Yang R, Fanning S, Han B. Prototheca zopfii Induced Ultrastructural Features Associated with Apoptosis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:299. [PMID: 28752077 PMCID: PMC5508007 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prototheca zopfii infections are becoming global concerns in humans and animals. Bovine protothecal mastitis is characterized by deteriorating milk quality and quantity, thus imparting huge economic losses to dairy industry. Previous published studies mostly focused on the prevalence and characterization of P. zopfii from mastitis. However, the ultrastructural pathomorphological changes associated with apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) are not studied yet. Therefore, in this study we aimed to evaluate the in vitro comparative apoptotic potential of P. zopfii genotype-I and -II on bMECs using flow cytometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed fast growth rate and higher adhesion capability of genotype-II in bMECs as compared with genotype-I. The viability of bMECs infected with P. zopfii genotype-II was significantly decreased after 12 h (p < 0.05) and 24 h (p < 0.01) in comparison with control cells. Contrary, genotype-I couldn't show any significant effects on cell viability. Moreover, after infection of bMECs with genotype-II, the apoptosis increased significantly at 12 h (p < 0.05) and 24 h (p < 0.01) as compared with control group. Genotype-I couldn't display any significant effects on cell apoptosis. The host specificity of P. zopfii was also tested in mouse osteoblast cells, and the results suggest that genotype-I and -II could not cause any significant apoptosis in these cell lines. SEM interpreted the pathomorphological alterations in bMECs after infection. Adhesion of P. zopfii with cells and further disruption of cytomembrane validated the apoptosis caused by genotype-II under SEM. While genotype-1 couldn't cause any significant apoptosis in bMECs. Furthermore, genotype-II induced apoptotic manifested specific ultrastructure features, like cytoplasmic cavitation, swollen mitochondria, pyknosis, cytomembrane disruption, and appearance of apoptotic bodies under TEM. The findings of the current study revealed that genotype-II has the capability to invade and survive within the bMECs, thus imparting significant damages to the mammary cells which result in apoptosis. This study represents the first insights into the pathomorphological and ultrastructure features of apoptosis in bMECs induced by P. zopfii genotype-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Tariq Ali
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Dandan Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College DublinDublin, Ireland
| | - Bo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
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Schöniger S, Roschanski N, Rösler U, Vidovic A, Nowak M, Dietz O, Wittenbrink MM, Schoon HA. Prototheca species and Pithomyces chartarum as Causative Agents of Rhinitis and/or Sinusitis in Horses. J Comp Pathol 2016; 155:121-125. [PMID: 27394651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyogranulomatous rhinitis associated with an algal infection was diagnosed in a 25-year-old gelding and a 23-year-old mare had necrotizing sinusitis with intralesional algae and pigmented fungi. Algae were identified immunohistochemically in both cases as Prototheca spp. In the gelding, further characterization by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing revealed that the organism was Prototheca zopfii genotype 2. Fungi from the mare were identified as Pithomyces chartarum by molecular analysis. Prototheca species are achlorophyllous algae and P. chartarum represents a dematiaceous fungus; they are saprophytes and facultative pathogens. Prototheca spp. and P. chartarum should be considered as rare respiratory pathogens of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schöniger
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 33, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - N Roschanski
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Free University Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, Berlin, Germany
| | - U Rösler
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Free University Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Vidovic
- Equine Clinic St. Georg, Metternichstr. 9, Trier, Germany
| | - M Nowak
- Pferdeklinik Duisburg GmbH, Elisenstr. 29, Duisburg, Germany
| | - O Dietz
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 270, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M M Wittenbrink
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 270, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - H-A Schoon
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 33, Leipzig, Germany
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Adhikari N, Bonaiuto HE, Lichtenwalner AB. Short communication: Dairy bedding type affects survival of Prototheca in vitro. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:7739-42. [PMID: 24119794 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protothecae are algal pathogens, capable of causing bovine mastitis, that are unresponsive to treatment; they are believed to have an environmental reservoir. The role of bedding management in control of protothecal mastitis has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth of either environmental or mastitis-associated Prototheca genotypes in dairy bedding materials that are commonly used in Maine. Prototheca zopfii genotypes 1 and 2 (gt1 and gt2) were inoculated into sterile broth only (control ), kiln-dried spruce shavings, "green" hemlock sawdust, sand, or processed manure-pack beddings with broth, and incubated for 2 d. Fifty microliters of each isolate was then cultured onto plates and the resulting colonies counted at 24 and 48 h postinoculation. Shavings were associated with significantly less total Prototheca growth than other bedding types. Growth of P. zopfii gt1 was significantly higher than that of gt2 in the manure-pack bedding material. Spruce shavings, compared with manure, sand, or sawdust, may be a good bedding type to prevent growth of Prototheca. Based on these in vitro findings, bedding type may affect Prototheca infection of cattle in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Adhikari
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Maine, Orono 04469
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Márquez M, Ródenas S, Molin J, Rabanal RM, Fondevila D, Añor S, Pumarola M. Protothecal pyogranulomatous meningoencephalitis in a dog without evidence of disseminated infection. Vet Rec 2012; 171:100. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Márquez
- Banc de Teixits Animals de Catalunya (BTAC); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona Spain
| | - S. Ródenas
- Banc de Teixits Animals de Catalunya (BTAC); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona Spain
| | - J. Molin
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona Spain
| | - R. M. Rabanal
- Centre de Biotecnologia Animal i Teràpia (CBATEG); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona Spain
| | - D. Fondevila
- Centre de Biotecnologia Animal i Teràpia (CBATEG); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona Spain
| | - S. Añor
- Banc de Teixits Animals de Catalunya (BTAC); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona Spain
| | - M. Pumarola
- Banc de Teixits Animals de Catalunya (BTAC); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Barcelona Spain
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Salvadori C, Gandini G, Ballarini A, Cantile C. Protothecal granulomatous meningoencephalitis in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2008; 49:531-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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da Costa EO, Ribeiro MG, Ribeiro AR, Rocha NS, de Nardi Júnior G. Diagnosis of clinical bovine mastitis by fine needle aspiration followed by staining and scanning electron microscopy in a Prototheca zopfii outbreak. Mycopathologia 2004; 158:81-5. [PMID: 15487325 DOI: 10.1023/b:myco.0000038423.49445.ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Biopsy by fine needle aspiration together with microbiological examination and scanning electron microscopy were evaluated in diagnosis of clinical bovine mastitis in a Prototheca zopfii outbreak. Fine needle aspiration was performed in 21 mammary quarters from ten Holstein cows presenting clinical mastitis caused by P. zopfii. The algae were previously identified in the microbiological examination of milk collected from these cows. Material aspirated from these 21 mammary glands was submitted to cytological staining (Gram, Giemsa and/or Shor staining). Fine needle aspiration enabled cytological identification of the algae in these 21 mammary glands, from which P. zopfii was isolated in the milk. Simultaneously, five mammary fragments collected by fine needle aspiration from these 21 mammary glands presenting clinical mastitis were also submitted to microbiological examination. P. zopfii was also isolated from these five fragments. Scanning electron microscopy technique also identified three of these five P zopfii strains isolated from mammary fragments collected by cytological aspiration. These results suggest that fine needle aspiration may be an alternative method for the diagnosis of clinical mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Oliveira da Costa
- Research Nucleus on Mammary Gland and Milk Production, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Benites NR, Guerra JL, Melville PA, da Costa EO. Aetiology and histopathology of bovine mastitis of espontaneous occurrence. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2002; 49:366-70. [PMID: 12449243 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2002.00566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bovine mastitis is responsible for serious economic losses in dairy cattle breeding. Information about the damages caused by micro-organisms is of great interest and importance. The purpose of the present study was to report on the microbiological and histopathological aspects of the mammary parenchymas of slaughtered dairy cows. A total of 184 mammary glands were examined and samples of mammary parenchyma were collected for microbiological and histopathological examinations. Micro-organisms were isolated from 69.6% samples; 23 (12.5%) of the 184 samples did not show histological changes; inflammatory response was observed in 56 (30.4%) samples; inflammatory response and repair were present in 82 (44.6%) samples; repair process was verified in 23 (12.5%) of the mammary glands. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci were observed in 53.8% of the samples followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococci (7.6%), Prototheca sp. (2.2%) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.6%). Coagulase-negative Staphylococci and coagulase-positive Staphylococci were associated mainly to chronic inflammatory response and chronic inflammatory response and repair. Samples from which no micro-organisms were isolated (n = 56) had no histological changes in 82.6% of the cases. These results were higher (P < 0.05) when compared to the samples with micro-organisms and without histological changes (17.4%).
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Benites
- Research Nucleus on Mammary Gland and Milk Production, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Corbellini LG, Driemeier D, Cruz C, Dias MM, Ferreiro L. Bovine mastitis due to Prototheca zopfii: clinical, epidemiological and pathological aspects in a Brazilian dairy herd. Trop Anim Health Prod 2001; 33:463-70. [PMID: 11770201 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012724412085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The clinical, epidemiological and pathological aspects of protothecal mastitis in a Brazilian dairy herd are described. Prototheca zopfii infection was diagnosed in 11 of 121 milking cows. Clinical mastitis refractory to usual therapy was observed in 7 cows. Several environmental conditions conducive to the growth of Prototheca spp., such as wetness, muddiness and the presence of organic material, were present in the dairy. Improper milking practices and insanitary infusion of the intramammary antibiotics were also observed. Six cows with protothecal mastitis were slaughtered and the affected quarters of each cow were examined by histology and immunohistochemical staining for bovine keratin and P. zopfii. The histological lesions were characterized by interstitial infiltrates of macrophages, plasma cells and lymphocytes; algae were seen in the alveolar lumen and interstitium. The lack of a positive reaction with an antiserum against bovine keratin in the mammary alveolar epithelial layer in some affected areas suggests destruction of milk-producing tissues, which may be related to the low milk production observed. The algal organisms stained positively with a polyclonal antibody against P. zopfii.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Corbellini
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Jánosi S, Rátz F, Szigeti G, Kulcsár M, Kerényi J, Laukó T, Katona F, Huszenicza G. Pathophysiology: Review of the microbiological, pathological, and clinical aspects of bovine mastitis caused by the algaPrototheca zopfii. Vet Q 2001; 23:58-61. [PMID: 11361099 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2001.9695082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mastitis caused by P. zopfii alga is a disease of high-producing, machine-milked dairy cows. It occurs worldwide in tropical and temperate climatic areas, and mostly appears sporadically in a therapy-resistant form. However, in poorly managed dairy herds it may be endemic, causing serious economic losses as a result of decreased milk quality and quantity and culling of infected animals. The biological properties of this pathogenic alga, the laboratory methods available for its isolation and identification, the pathological and clinical features of this form of mastitis, and the principles of its control are reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jánosi
- Central Veterinary Institute, Budapest, Hungary
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Jensen H, Aalbæk B, Bloch B, Huda A. Bovine mammary protothecosis due toPrototheca zopfii. Med Mycol 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/02681219880000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Costa EO, Melville PA, Ribeiro AR, Watanabe ET, Parolari MC. Epidemiologic study of environmental sources in a Prototheca zopfii outbreak of bovine mastitis. Mycopathologia 1997; 137:33-6. [PMID: 9299756 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006871213521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis represents the main form of occurrence of protothecosis in animals. The detection of mastitis caused by Prototheca sp. indicates a serious problem which can affect an entire herd. The purpose of this study is to explain some aspects of the epidemiology of mastitis due to Prototheca zopfii with the evaluation of the presence of these microorganisms in samples collected from potential sources in the dairy herd. This study was performed during a Prototheca zopfii outbreak of clinical bovine mastitis in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The following samples were aseptically collected for microbiological examination: milk (n = 211); rectal swabs (from 15 calves and 2 lactating cows); swabs from tea cup rubbers during milking (n = 2); water (n = 6). Prototheca zopfii was isolated from 77 (36.49%) of the 211 milk samples; 11 calves and 2 cows showed Prototheca zopfii in faecal samples; both swabs collected from the tea cup rubbers showed viable forms of Prototheca zopfii; this microorganism was also isolated from 2 water samples, and 1 soil sample collected from the dry cow pasture. Prototheca zopfii seemed to be widespread throughout the dairy herd environment where this outbreak of bovine mastitis occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Costa
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Costa EO, Carciofi AC, Melville PA, Prada MS, Schalch U. Prototheca sp. outbreak of bovine mastitis. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1996; 43:321-4. [PMID: 8794693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1996.tb00321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Prototheca sp., a colourless algae, is quite common in dairy environments, particularly in wet areas contaminated with manure. The main purpose of this paper is to describe an outbreak of clinical bovine mastitis in an 86-cow dairy herd in the State of Säo Paulo, Brazil. Prototheca sp., an achlorophyllous algae, were isolated on blood agar (incubated for 24 h at 37 degrees C) from 11 quarters of seven lactating Holstein cows, and from one quarter of a cow at the end of the dry period. Treatments were applied, but there was only a microbiological cure, not a functional one. Diagnosis of Prototheca sp. in any of the cows in the herd indicates a herd problem. Infected animals usually have markedly reduced milk production and granulomatous changes often occur in the mammary gland. All sources of contact between the teat ends and drainage water or damp areas should be corrected. An all-out effort for strict sanitation, including during milking, should be made so that the teat ends will not become contaminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Costa
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
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