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Thornton CR, Davies GE, Dougherty L. Development of a monoclonal antibody and a lateral-flow device for the rapid detection of a Mucorales-specific biomarker. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1305662. [PMID: 38145040 PMCID: PMC10739493 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1305662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucoromycosis is a highly aggressive angio-invasive disease of humans caused by fungi in the zygomycete order, Mucorales. While Rhizopus arrhizus is the principal agent of mucoromycosis, other Mucorales fungi including Apophysomyces, Cunninghamella, Lichtheimia, Mucor, Rhizomucor and Syncephalastrum are able to cause life-threatening rhino-orbital-cerebral, pulmonary, gastro-intestinal and necrotising cutaneous infections in humans. Diagnosis of the disease currently relies on non-specific CT, lengthy and insensitive culture from invasive biopsy, and time-consuming histopathology of tissue samples. At present, there are no rapid antigen tests that detect Mucorales-specific biomarkers of infection, and which allow point-of-care diagnosis of mucoromycosis. Here, we report the development of an IgG2b monoclonal antibody (mAb), TG11, which binds to extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) antigens of between 20 kDa and 250 kDa secreted during hyphal growth of Mucorales fungi. The mAb is Mucorales-specific and does not cross-react with other yeasts and molds of clinical importance including Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus, Fusarium, Lomentospora and Scedosporium species. Using the mAb, we have developed a Competitive lateral-flow device that allows rapid (30 min) detection of the EPS biomarker in human serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), with a limit of detection (LOD) in human serum of ~100 ng/mL serum (~224.7 pmol/L serum). The LFD therefore provides a potential novel opportunity for detection of mucoromycosis caused by different Mucorales species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Thornton
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- ISCA Diagnostics Ltd., Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Genna E. Davies
- ISCA Diagnostics Ltd., Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Dougherty
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Davies GE, Thornton CR. Development of a Monoclonal Antibody and a Serodiagnostic Lateral-Flow Device Specific to Rhizopus arrhizus (Syn. R. oryzae), the Principal Global Agent of Mucormycosis in Humans. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070756. [PMID: 35887511 PMCID: PMC9325280 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is a highly aggressive angio-invasive disease of humans caused by fungi in the zygomycete order, Mucorales. Though a number of different species can cause mucormycosis, the principal agent of the disease worldwide is Rhizopus arrhizus, which accounts for the majority of rhino-orbital-cerebral, pulmonary, and disseminated infections in immunocompromised individuals. It is also the main cause of life-threatening infections in patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, and in corticosteroid-treated patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, where it causes the newly described disease, COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM). Diagnosis currently relies on non-specific CT, a lengthy and insensitive culture from invasive biopsy, and a time-consuming histopathology of tissue samples. At present, there are no rapid antigen tests for the disease that detect biomarkers of infection, and which allow point-of-care diagnosis. Here, we report the development of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb), KC9, which is specific to Rhizopus arrhizus var. arrhizus (syn. Rhizopus oryzae) and Rhizopus arrhizus var. delemar (Rhizopus delemar), and which binds to a 15 kDa extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) antigen secreted during hyphal growth of the pathogen. Using the mAb, we have developed a competitive lateral-flow device (LFD) that allows rapid (30 min) and sensitive (~50 ng/mL running buffer) detection of the EPS biomarker, and which is compatible with human serum (limit of detection of ~500 ng/mL) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (limit of detection of ~100 ng/mL). The LFD, therefore, provides a potential novel opportunity for the non-invasive detection of mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus arrhizus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genna E. Davies
- ISCA Diagnostics Ltd., B12A, Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK;
| | - Christopher R. Thornton
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Correspondence:
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IWANAGA M, KAMIKAWA A, IMAI N, SHIMADA K, DEGAWA Y, HANAFUSA Y, SHIBAHARA T. Striatal necrosis caused by Lichtheimia ramosa in a neonatal calf. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1943-1947. [PMID: 34707018 PMCID: PMC8762403 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A 12-day-old male calf that did not want breast milk from birth died following neurological signs such as staggering. Postmortem examination revealed bleeding and encephalomalacia in the left striatum and frontal lobe. Histopathologically, necrotic granulomatous encephalitis with numerous fungi was detected. The fungi were positively stained with anti-Rhizomucor mouse monoclonal antibodies. Lichtheimia ramosa was detected in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of the affected tissue by molecular methods. To the best of our knowledge, striatal necrosis caused by L. ramosa in a neonatal calf has not been reported. This study provides the first evidence of striatal necrosis caused by L. ramosa in a neonatal calf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikuya IWANAGA
- Fukushima Prefectural Chuou Livestock Hygiene Service
Center, 114-12 Arayashiki, Ganpouji, Tamakawa, Ishikawa, Fukushima 963-6311, Japan
| | - Ayaka KAMIKAWA
- Fukushima Prefectural Chuou Livestock Hygiene Service
Center, 114-12 Arayashiki, Ganpouji, Tamakawa, Ishikawa, Fukushima 963-6311, Japan
| | - Naoto IMAI
- Fukushima Prefectural Chuou Livestock Hygiene Service
Center, 114-12 Arayashiki, Ganpouji, Tamakawa, Ishikawa, Fukushima 963-6311, Japan
| | - Kaho SHIMADA
- Chiba Prefectural Chuou Livestock Hygiene Service Office,
497 Iwatomimachi, Sakura, Chiba 285-0072, Japan
| | - Yousuke DEGAWA
- Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, Faculty
of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1278-294 Sugadaira kogen, Ueda,
Nagano 386-2204, Japan
| | - Yasuko HANAFUSA
- Division of Zoonosis Research, National Institute of Animal
Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki SHIBAHARA
- Division of Hygiene Management Research, National Institute
of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5
Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life
and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano,
Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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Bizzarro MJ, Peaper DR, Morotti RA, Paci G, Rychalsky M, Boyce JM. Gastrointestinal Zygomycosis in a Preterm Neonate Associated With Contaminated Probiotics. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:365-367. [PMID: 33464011 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A neonate of 29 weeks' gestation who received probiotics developed clinical signs suggesting surgical necrotizing enterocolitis. A specimen of resected ileum revealed fungal forms within the bowel wall. Rhizopus oryzae was detected via DNA sequencing from probiotic powder and tissue specimens from the infant. To our knowledge, this is the first report linking gastrointestinal zygomycosis to the administration of contaminated probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raffaella A Morotti
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | | | - John M Boyce
- Pharmacy Services, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Slaviero M, Vargas TP, Bianchi MV, Ehlers LP, Spanamberg A, Ferreiro L, Araújo R, Pavarini SP. Rhizopus microsporus segmental enteritis in a cow. Med Mycol Case Rep 2020; 28:20-22. [PMID: 32300518 PMCID: PMC7152686 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A ten year-old Holstein cow had an intermittent bloody diarrhea, evolving to anorexia and recumbency, followed by death. Mycotic segmental enteritis was diagnosed based on the pathological and immunohistochemical findings. Rhizopus microsporus was identified as the causal agent through fungal culture and PCR analysis. Intestinal mucormycosis is poorly described in cattle and should, therefore, be included as a differential diagnosis in cases of diarrhea and death in ruminants, especially when there is disruption of the normal balance of the alimentary microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Slaviero
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
| | - Thainã Piccolo Vargas
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Matheus Viezzer Bianchi
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Luiza Presser Ehlers
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Andréia Spanamberg
- Setor de Micologia, FAVET, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Laerte Ferreiro
- Setor de Micologia, FAVET, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Araújo
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, R. Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Saulo Petinatti Pavarini
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil
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Thornton CR. Detection of the 'Big Five' mold killers of humans: Aspergillus, Fusarium, Lomentospora, Scedosporium and Mucormycetes. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 110:1-61. [PMID: 32386603 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are an important but frequently overlooked cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. Life-threatening fungal infections mainly occur in immunocompromised patients, and are typically caused by environmental opportunists that take advantage of a weakened immune system. The filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is the most important and well-documented mold pathogen of humans, causing a number of complex respiratory diseases, including invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, an often fatal disease in patients with acute leukemia or in immunosuppressed bone marrow or solid organ transplant recipients. However, non-Aspergillus molds are increasingly reported as agents of disseminated diseases, with Fusarium, Scedosporium, Lomentospora and mucormycete species now firmly established as pathogens of immunosuppressed and immunocompetent individuals. Despite well-documented risk factors for invasive fungal diseases, and increased awareness of the risk factors for life-threatening infections, the number of deaths attributable to molds is likely to be severely underestimated driven, to a large extent, by the lack of readily accessible, cheap, and accurate tests that allow detection and differentiation of infecting species. Early diagnosis is critical to patient survival but, unlike Aspergillus diseases, where a number of CE-marked or FDA-approved biomarker tests are now available for clinical diagnosis, similar tests for fusariosis, scedosporiosis and mucormycosis remain experimental, with detection reliant on insensitive and slow culture of pathogens from invasive bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, tissue biopsy, or from blood. This review examines the ecology, epidemiology, and contemporary methods of detection of these mold pathogens, and the obstacles to diagnostic test development and translation of novel biomarkers to the clinical setting.
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Choi S, Song JS, Kim JY, Cha HH, Yun JH, Park JW, Jung KH, Jo KM, Jung J, Kim MJ, Chong YP, Park YS, Lee SO, Choi SH, Kim YS, Woo JH, Kim SH. Diagnostic performance of immunohistochemistry for the aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Mycoses 2019; 62:1006-1014. [PMID: 31444927 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the accuracy of immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests for distinguishing between mucormycosis and aspergillosis and compare the clinical characteristics of mucormycosis patients according to galactomannan (GM) results. METHODS We evaluated diagnostic performance of IHC test with tissue sections of patients with culture-proven invasive fungal infection. In addition, we conducted PCR assay with tissue sections of mucormycosis patients with positive GM results to evaluate the possibility of co-infection. RESULTS In culture-proven mucormycosis (n = 13) and aspergillosis (n = 20), the sensitivity and specificity of IHC test were both 100% for mucormycosis and 85% and 100%, respectively, for aspergillosis. Among the 53 patients who met the modified criteria for proven mucormycosis and had GM assay results, 24 (45%) were positive. Compared with those with negative GM results (n = 29), mucormycosis patients with positive GM results had significantly higher incidence of gastrointestinal tract infections (6/24 [25%] vs 0/29 [0%], P = .006) and were more likely to be histomorphologically diagnosed as aspergillosis (7/24 [29%] vs 2/29 [7%], P = .06). PCR assay amplified both Aspergillus- and Mucorales-specific DNA in 6 of these 24 cases. CONCLUSIONS Immunohistochemistry tests seem useful for compensating for the limitations of histomorphologic diagnosis in distinguishing between mucormycosis and aspergillosis. Some proven mucormycosis patients with positive GM results had histopathology consistent with aspergillosis and gastrointestinal mucormycosis. In addition, about one quarter of these patients revealed the evidence of co-infection with aspergillosis by PCR assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungim Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Joon Seon Song
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yeun Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Hee Cha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyppun Yun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Wan Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Jung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeong Min Jo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiwon Jung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Pil Chong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Soo Park
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Oh Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang Soo Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Hee Woo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Bazzi T, Melo SMPD, Fighera RA, Kommers GD. Características clínico-epidemiológicas, histomorfológicas e histoquímicas da esporotricose felina. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2016000400009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Resumo Esporotricose é uma infecção fúngica causada por espécies do complexo Sporothrix, vista com maior frequência em gatos, equinos e cães. Os principais objetivos deste estudo retrospectivo foram caracterizar os aspectos histomorfológicos e histoquímicos da esporotricose em 10 gatos, além de avaliar os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e os achados macroscópicos desses 10 casos, obtidos dos protocolos de biópsias e necropsias dos arquivos do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. A doença acometeu predominantemente gatos machos, sem raça definida e apresentou-se principalmente na forma cutânea disseminada. As lesões macroscópicas caracterizaram-se como nódulos cutâneos (ulcerados ou não) e como massas e placas ulceradas. Na histopatologia observou-se uma relação entre a quantidade de leveduras observada e dois padrões de resposta inflamatória. O primeiro padrão caracterizou-se por numerosas leveduras que se encontravam, na sua maioria, no interior de numerosos macrófagos com citoplasma abundante e muitas vezes vacuolizado. Nesse padrão, a quantidade de neutrófilos variava de leve a moderada. O segundo padrão caracterizava-se por numerosas células epitelioides, infiltrado predominantemente acentuado de neutrófilos e a quantidade de leveduras era leve e estas eram observadas geralmente livres no espaço extracelular. As leveduras eram redondas, ovais ou alongadas (em forma de charuto). Foram utilizadas várias técnicas histoquímicas como a impregnação pela prata de Grocott, ácido periódico de Schiff e azul Alciano que facilitaram a visualização, caracterização da morfologia e quantificação dos organismos. A coloração de Giemsa permitiu a visualização do agente, porém não permitiu destacá-los nitidamente de outros elementos intralesionais. Os organismos foram negativos para grânulos de melanina pela coloração de Fontana-Masson em todos os casos. O estudo histomorfológico e histoquímico permitiu demonstrar características fúngicas determinantes para o estabelecimento do diagnóstico de esporotricose através dessa ferramenta diagnóstica.
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Galiza GJ, Tochetto C, Rosa FB, Panziera W, Silva TMD, Caprioli RA, Kommers GD. Utilização de três métodos imuno-histoquímicos na detecção de aspergilose e zigomicose em animais. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2014000700005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Visando a otimização do uso da técnica de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) na detecção de Aspergillus spp. e zigomicetos (membros da família Mucoraceae), utilizaram-se dois anticorpos monoclonais fungo-específicos em fragmentos de tecidos de animais (fixados em formol e embebidos em parafina) com diagnóstico histomorfológico prévio de aspergilose e zigomicose, os quais foram submetidos a três sistemas de detecção diferentes (dois biotinilados e um não biotinilado). Os dois anticorpos apresentaram alta especificidade e sensibilidade nos tecidos examinados. Não ocorreram reações cruzadas entre os anticorpos utilizados e os agentes etiológicos avaliados (incluindo casos de aspergilose, zigomicose, candidíase e pitiose). No entanto, reações inespecíficas foram observadas nas hifas em alguns casos, as quais puderam ser eliminadas através de um dos métodos de detecção utilizados. Para a aspergilose, o método da estreptavidina-biotina-fosfatase alcalina não apresentou reações inespecíficas nas hifas. Enquanto que nos casos de zigomicoses, as reações inespecíficas não ocorreram no método por polímero (não biotinilado). A técnica de IHQ mostrou-se uma ferramenta muito útil na detecção e confirmação dos casos de aspergilose e zigomicose neste estudo retrospectivo.
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Thornton CR, Wills OE. Immunodetection of fungal and oomycete pathogens: established and emerging threats to human health, animal welfare and global food security. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 41:27-51. [PMID: 23734714 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.788995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi (moulds), yeast-like fungi, and oomycetes cause life-threatening infections of humans and animals and are a major constraint to global food security, constituting a significant economic burden to both agriculture and medicine. As well as causing localized or systemic infections, certain species are potent producers of allergens and toxins that exacerbate respiratory diseases or cause cancer and organ damage. We review the pathogenic and toxigenic organisms that are etiologic agents of both animal and plant diseases or that have recently emerged as serious pathogens of immunocompromised individuals. The use of hybridoma and phage display technologies and their success in generating monoclonal antibodies for the detection and control of fungal and oomycete pathogens are explored. Monoclonal antibodies hold enormous potential for the development of rapid and specific tests for the diagnosis of human mycoses, however, unlike plant pathology, their use in medical mycology remains to be fully exploited.
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Yasuda M, Inoue T, Takakura A, Itoh T. A case of intestinal mucormycosis in a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). J Vet Med Sci 2011; 74:357-9. [PMID: 22020147 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3-year-old female common marmoset was euthanatized because of wasting. Grossly, a perforating lesion was present in the jejunum and hemorrhagic lesions in the cecum and colon. Histopathologically, these gross lesions were a perforated jejunal ulcer and necrotizing colitis, respectively. Necrotizing colitis was characterized by extensive mucosal necrosis along with numerous ribbon-shaped aseptate hyphae. These aseptate hyaline hyphae were positively stained with PAS and GMS, and reacted immunohistochemically with the antibody against the family Mucoraceae. This case was diagnosed as intestinal mucormycosis. This is the first report on mucormycosis in a common marmoset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Yasuda
- ICLAS Monitoring Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210–0821, Japan.
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Improving molecular detection of fungal DNA in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues: comparison of five tissue DNA extraction methods using panfungal PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:2147-53. [PMID: 20392915 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00459-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues is difficult and requires special protocols in order to extract small amounts of DNA suitable for amplification. Most described methods report an amplification success rate between 60 and 80%; therefore, there is a need to improve molecular detection and identification of fungi in FFPE tissue. Eighty-one archived FFPE tissues with a positive Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) stain were evaluated using five different commercial DNA extraction kits with some modifications. Three different panfungal PCR assays were used to detect fungal DNA, and two housekeeping genes were used to assess the presence of amplifiable DNA and to detect PCR inhibitors. The sensitivities of the five extraction protocols were compared, and the quality of DNA detection (calculated for each kit as the number of housekeeping gene PCR-positive samples divided by the total number of samples) was 60 to 91% among the five protocols. The efficiencies of the three different panfungals used (calculated as the number of panfungal-PCR-positive samples divided by the number of housekeeping gene PCR-positive samples) were 58 to 93%. The panfungal PCR using internal transcribed spacer 3 (ITS3) and ITS4 primers yielded a product in most FFPE tissues. Two of the five DNA extraction kits (from TaKaRa and Qiagen) showed similar and promising results. However, one method (TaKaRa) could extract fungal DNA from 69 of the 74 FFPE tissues from which a housekeeping gene could be amplified and was also cost-effective, with a nonlaborious protocol. Factors such as sensitivity, cost, and labor will help guide the selection of the most appropriate method for the needs of each laboratory.
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Cray C, Reavill D, Romagnano A, Van Sant F, Champagne D, Stevenson R, Rolfe V, Griffin C, Clubb S. Galactomannan Assay and Plasma Protein Electrophoresis Findings in Psittacine Birds With Aspergillosis. J Avian Med Surg 2009; 23:125-35. [DOI: 10.1647/2007-041.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Granulomatous Pericarditis Associated with Systemic Mucormycosis in a Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides). J Comp Pathol 2009; 140:64-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. JUBB, KENNEDY & PALMER'S PATHOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 2007. [PMCID: PMC7155580 DOI: 10.1016/b978-070202823-6.50096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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16
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Yokota T, Shibahara T, Yamaguchi M, Jimma K, Ishikawa Y, Kadota K. Concurrent fatal listeriosis, zygomycosis and aspergillosis in a reindeer (Rangifer tarandus
) calf. Vet Rec 2004; 154:404-6. [PMID: 15083977 DOI: 10.1136/vr.154.13.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Yokota
- Rumoi Livestock Hygiene Service Centre, 6-1 Motomachi, Horonobe 098-3217, Japan
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17
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Rickerts V, Böhme A, Just-Nübling G. [Risk factor for invasive zygomycosis in patients with hematologic malignancies]. Mycoses 2002; 45 Suppl 1:27-30. [PMID: 12073559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2002.tb04542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zygomycosis (mucormycosis) is a relatively uncommon infection in immunocompromised patients most often diagnosed in patients with haematological malignancies and neutropenia. Postmortem series demonstrate a high mortality rate up to 80%. Pulmonary involvement mimicking the more frequently diagnosed invasive aspergillosis is the typical clinical presentation. Other risk factors for the development of zygomycosis that have been described in other patient populations include diabetic ketoacidosis, iron overload, use of deferoxamine and steroids. If these factors are also associated with zygomycosis in patients with haematological malignancies has not been described. In a retrospective case-control study including 13 patients with zygomycosis and 13 control patients with the same underlying diseases, without zygomycosis we determined the frequency of various risk factors. Patients with zygomycosis experienced a longer period of neutropenia (17 vs. 13 days) and lymphopenia (23 vs. 20 days). A relapse of their underlying disease was diagnosed more frequently in patients with zygomycosis (7/13 vs. 3/13) as were a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (6/13 vs. 3/13) and a cardiovascular disease (6/13 vs. 1/13). The previous use of steroids was more frequent in patients with zygomycosis (8/13 vs. 4/13) as was a systemic antifungal prophylaxis with itraconazole (9/13 vs. 4/13). Knowledge of these risk factors may be of benefit in diagnosing and monitoring zygomycosis in patients with haematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rickerts
- Medizinische Klinik III, Klinikum der J.-W.-Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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19
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Abstract
Infections caused by zygomycetes, which have been increasing in recent years, are known for their difficulty of diagnosis and treatment. Because little is known about this fungus and its infection, vigorous research is now in serious demand. As in many other systemic mycoses, animal model studies are essential in the investigation of zygomycosis, particularly for the study of pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Unfortunately, such studies have been limited when compared with those of aspergillosis. To help investigating the disease, here in this review article, the profile of human zygomycosis is briefly described, followed by a review of the heretofore used animal models of zygomycosis. Among clinically important zygomycetes causing human infection, animal models are available for Absidia corymbifera, Rhizopus oryzae, R. microsporus var. rhizopodiformis, Rhizomucor pusillus and Cunninghamella bertholletiae. Mice are the most commonly used animals, but models using guinea pigs and rabbits are also available. Pretreatment of animals with cyclophosphamide, corticosteroid, alloxan or streptozocine is frequently done to create an immunocompromised state. Treatment with desferrioxamine, an iron chelator, is also used to make animal models. In terms of the route of infection, the airborne route is used for pathophysiological studies in pulmonary infection models, but sometimes intravenous injection is preferred, particularly for antifungal drug studies. When pathophysiological analysis is the purpose of the study, the animals must be cautiously examined both histopathologically and mycologically. For the most part, zygomycosis model studies can be performed in a similar manner to those of aspergillosis. However, Aspergillus spp. and zygomycetes are completely different fungi, and researchers should be aware of the specific, critical aspects when handling zygomycosis models, such as homogenization of infected organs and staining of pathological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kamei
- Research Center for Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial Toxicoses, Chiba University, Japan.
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Carrasco L, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Jensen HE. Systemic candidosis and concomitant aspergillosis and zygomycosis in two Amazon parakeets (Amazona aestiva). Mycoses 1998; 41:297-301. [PMID: 9861835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1998.tb00342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Systemic candidosis and concomitant aspergillosis and zygomycosis were diagnosed immunohistochemically in two Amazon parakeets (Amazona aestiva). In the bird with systemic candidosis, subacute necrotic lesions were present in the lung and the gastrointestinal tract, whereas chronic giant cell-containing granulomas were located in the liver, heart, spleen and on the serosal lining of the small intestine. Although the lesions in the liver, heart and spleen most likely developed as a result of haematogenous spread, the granulomas on the serosal surface may have developed after a local transmural intestinal invasion. In the second bird, aspergillosis and zygomycosis were restricted to the lung, whereas some zygomycetes were found in the air sacs as well as in the heart and kidneys. In all organs the zygomycotic lesions were dominated by thrombosing vasculitis, supporting haematogenous dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Cordoba, Spain
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Pérez V, Corpa JM, García Marín JF, Adúriz JJ, Jensen HE. Mammary and systemic aspergillosis in dairy sheep. Vet Pathol 1998; 35:235-40. [PMID: 9684966 DOI: 10.1177/030098589803500401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mammary aspergillosis was diagnosed in four flocks of dairy sheep, comprising a total of 1,750 ewes. These animals had been treated prophylactically by intramammary infusion with cloxacillin 5 months prior to lambing. Mammary aspergillosis with concomitant spread to the regional lymph nodes was present in these flocks in a percentage ranging from 2% to 36.4% of treated sheep. Pathologic, bacteriologic, and mycologic studies were performed in seven of the affected ewes. Some of them also had lung, kidney, and liver involvement. The pathologic reaction within lesions ranged from the acute to subacute type, dominated by necrosis and vasculitis with thrombosis, to the chronic granulomatous type, with macrophages and giant cells. The distribution of lesions and the presence of a remarkable vasculitis with fungal thrombi in the mammary gland suggested a hematogenous dissemination of the infection from this organ. Immunologic staining with monoclonal antibody MAb-WF-AF-1, which reacts specifically with Aspergillus hyphae, identified the causative agent in histologic sections of the different affected tissues. The etiologic diagnosis was further supported by the isolation of Aspergillus fumigatus in pure culture from affected tissues and from eight samples of mammary secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pérez
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, Spain.
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Jensen HE, Salonen J, Ekfors TO. The use of immunohistochemistry to improve sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of systemic mycoses in patients with haematological malignancies. J Pathol 1997; 181:100-5. [PMID: 9072010 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199701)181:1<100::aid-path100>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The original histomorphological diagnoses in a series of 34 mycotic lesions from 23 patients with haematological malignancies were re-evaluated by immunohistochemistry. A panel of antibodies was used to identify the agents of aspergillosis, candidosis, fusariosis, scedosporiosis (pseudallescheriosis), and zygomycosis. Apart from improving the diagnosis of aspergillosis, candidosis, and zygomycosis, the application of immunohistochemistry also disclosed three lesions of aspergillosis which had been overlooked during the original screening. It is concluded that the use of immunohistochemistry for the diagnosis of common opportunistic mycoses will not only increase diagnostic specificity, but will also reveal more tissue infections than the conventional histomorphological examination of traditionally stained sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Jensen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathobiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
An atypical case of chronic equine bronchopulmonary aspergillosis with an unusual hyphal morphology was diagnosed in a horse with Cushing's syndrome. Because of the hyphal localization in chronic ectatic bronchi and bronchioles, and juxtabronchiolar processes, the observed type of aspergillosis is similar to 'saprophytic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis' or 'semi-invasive pulmonary aspergillosis' in humans. The aetiological diagnosis of aspergillosis was accomplished by the application of a panel of monospecific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies in immunohistochemical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, University of Cordoba, Spain
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Jensen HE, Schønheyder HC, Hotchi M, Kaufman L. Diagnosis of systemic mycoses by specific immunohistochemical tests. APMIS 1996; 104:241-58. [PMID: 8645463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1996.tb00714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry has proved to be a powerful tool for the accurate diagnosis of a number of important mycoses in humans and animals, such as aspergillosis, candidosis, cryptococcosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis capsulati and duboisii, paracoccidioidomycosis, fusariosis, pseudallescheriosis (scedosporiosis), sporotrichosis, trichosporonosis, penicilliosis, and zygomycosis (mucormycosis). These techniques are also applicable to pneumocystosis and to non-mycotic infections caused by algae such as protothecosis. Apart from the specificity of immunohistochemistry, the application of fluorochromes is highly effective for the localization of typical or atypical fungal elements in lesions with only few organisms present. Occasionally, a dual aetiology of fungal infections may be suspected on the basis of morphological study, and dual staining techniques have the capacity for resolving this question by simultaneous and differential staining of two fungal species present in a tissue specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Jensen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathobiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jensen HE, Espinosa de los Monteros A, Carrasco L. Caprine mastitis due to aspergillosis and zygomycosis: a pathological and immunohistochemical study. J Comp Pathol 1996; 114:183-91. [PMID: 8920218 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(96)80007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Of 73 goats on a dairy farm, 27 developed mycotic mastitis in the post-partum period. Purulent mammary secretion, progressive induration of the affected glands, slight fever and weight loss were observed. As treatment produced no improvement within 2-3 weeks, all diseased animals were slaughtered. At post-mortem examination, widespread acute and chronic mycotic lesions were seen throughout the affected glands. Infection was thought to have spread through the milk ducts as an ascending infection resulting from prophylactic intramammary treatment with antibiotic before parturition. In all lesions, aspergillus hyphae were identified by indirect immunofluorescent labelling, which gave a strong and uniform reaction with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus. In a single granulomatous lesion, zygomycotic hyphae were also identified immunohistochemically. At terminal swellings of aspergillus hyphae, "yeast-like bodies" were produced, a phenomenon which seems to be associated with special, but unknown, circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Jensen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathobiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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