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Toplu N, Oğuzoğlu TÇ. Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus-induced apoptosis associated with brain lesions in naturally infected kids. J Comp Pathol 2023; 206:36-43. [PMID: 37797470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute demyelinating leucoencephalomyelitis was the most conspicuous microscopic change in the brain and spinal cord of kids infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV). TUNEL positivity and labelling of anti-bax and anti-caspases-3, -8 and -9 were found in a distinct population of glial cells, mainly at the edges of the demyelinated plaques and perivascular areas and, to a lesser extent, in neurons. Double labelling revealed that most of these apoptotic cells in the demyelinated plaques were astrocytes and a few were oligodendroglia. In contrast, expression of bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, was found mainly in neurons of the brainstem and cerebellum and motor neurons of the spinal cord, but was restricted in glial cells. These results suggest that apoptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CAE demyelinating encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihat Toplu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Aydın Adnan Menderes, 09016-Isikli, Aydin, Turkiye.
| | - Tuba Ç Oğuzoğlu
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ankara, Diskapi, 06110 Ankara, Turkiye
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A Combined Approach for Detection of Ovine Small Ruminant Retrovirus Co-Infections. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020376. [PMID: 36851589 PMCID: PMC9958757 DOI: 10.3390/v15020376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Jaagsiekte retrovirus (JSRV)-induced ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is an important ovine respiratory disease in Switzerland. Furthermore, ovine lungs with OPA frequently exhibited lesions suggestive of maedi-visna virus (MVV) or caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection, indicating that co-morbidities might occur. Lungs and pulmonary lymph nodes were sampled from suspected OPA cases, inflammatory lung lesions and control lungs (total of 110 cases). Tissues were (a) processed for histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC), and (b) underwent DNA extraction and real-time PCR for JSRV, MVV and CAEV. Peptide sequences were used to generate virus-specific customized polyclonal antibodies. PCR-positive OPA cases and formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded MVV- and CAEV-infected synovial cell pellets served as positive controls. Fifty-two lungs were histologically diagnosed with OPA. Histological evidence of MVV/CAEV infection was detected in 25 lungs. JSRV was detected by PCR in 84% of the suspected OPA cases; six were co-infected with MVV and one with CAEV. MVV was detected by PCR in 14 cases, and four lungs were positive for CAEV. Three lungs had MVV/CAEV co-infection. In IHC, JSRV was detected in 91% of the PCR-positive cases, whereas MVV and CAEV immunoreactivity was seen in all PCR-positive lungs. Although PCR showed a higher sensitivity compared to IHC, the combined approach allows for investigations on viral cell tropism and pathogenic processes in co-morbidities, including their potential interdependency. Furthermore, an immunohistochemical tool for specific differentiation of MVV and/or CAEV infection was implemented.
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The Prevalence of Histopathological Features of Pneumonia in Goats with Symptomatic Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060629. [PMID: 35745483 PMCID: PMC9228274 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic interstitial pneumonia (CIP) is a main pathology of sheep infected with small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV). Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) is caused by the same pathogen; however, the presence of CIP has been only occasionally reported in SRLV-infected goats. We carried out a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of histopathological lesions indicative of CIP in goats with symptomatic CAE, and to investigate whether CIP was associated with a higher prevalence of other types of pneumonia (purulent bronchopneumonia, fibrinous pleuropneumonia) or bacterial infections. Lung specimens and bronchial swabs were collected for histopathological and bacteriological examination, respectively, from 116 goats from a CAE-affected herd. All goats were euthanized due to severe clinical signs of CAE. The goats were seropositive for SRLV infection in two different ELISAs and the presence of SRLV antigen in the lung tissue was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Histopathologically, pneumonia of any type was confirmed in 82 goats (70.7%) and CIP was present in 67 goats (57.8%). In most goats, the severity of the histopathological features of pneumonia was mild. Bacteria were detected in bronchial swabs from 73 goats (62.9%). CIP proved to be significantly positively linked to the occurrence of purulent bronchopneumonia (p < 0.001), fibrinous pleuropneumonia (p = 0.001), and of the infection of lungs with bacteria capable of causing pneumonia (p = 0.050). The causal character of these associations should be considered and warrants further investigation.
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Dolka I, Tomaszewski M, Wola D, Czopowicz M, Kaba J. Lymphoepithelial Cyst of the Salivary Gland in a Small Ruminant Lentivirus-Positive Goat. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091545. [PMID: 32882962 PMCID: PMC7552326 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study presents the first case of a lymphoepithelial cyst (LEC) adjacent to the salivary gland in a goat seropositive for the small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV). Immunohistochemistry detected the antigen of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) in the LEC, salivary gland, and lung tissue. In human patients, a LEC of the major salivary gland is an uncommon benign lesion and may be the early clinical manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The present report provides useful information on the comparative aspect of LEC in an animal infected with CAEV, one of the SRLVs usually associated with chronic infection. Although many hypothetic theories were proposed, the etiopathogenesis of LEC is still debated. In this study, we present the histopathological description of LEC, supported by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Abstract The lymphoepithelial cyst (LEC) of the major salivary gland is a rare lesion described in medical literature. It is found in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and considered an early manifestation of this infection. Despite the variety of theories, the origin of this lesion remains controversial. No veterinary studies on LEC have been published so far. This study is the first-ever that aims to describe histopathological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical features of a LEC located adjacent to the salivary gland of a goat. The goat proved seropositive for the small ruminant lentivirus, showed clinical signs of caprine arthritis-encephalitis, and had caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV)-infected cells in the lung. The histopathology revealed a cystic lesion lined mainly with squamous epithelium surrounded by a lymphoid component, containing a mucus-negative material and a few nonbirefringent structures corresponding to amylase crystalloids. Using immunohistochemistry, CAEV-positive cells were detected in macrophages, LEC epithelial cells, and the salivary gland. The B cells were mainly in the germinal centres, the intraepithelial lymphocytes expressed CD3 and Bcl-2, and the proliferative activity was low. This study showed that LEC had many similar histological and immunohistochemical features to those seen in humans. However, further studies are required in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Dolka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Marek Tomaszewski
- The Scientific Society of Veterinary Medicine Students, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.T.); (D.W.)
| | - Daria Wola
- The Scientific Society of Veterinary Medicine Students, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.T.); (D.W.)
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (J.K.)
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Warmington AR, Wilkinson JM, Riley CB. Evaluation of Ethanol-based Fixatives as a Substitute for Formalin in Diagnostic Clinical Laboratories. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.2000.23.4.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Patton KM, Bildfell RJ, Anderson ML, Cebra CK, Valentine BA. Fatal Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus–like infection in 4 Rocky Mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus). J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:392-6. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711435503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a 3.5-year period, 4 Rocky Mountain goats ( Oreamnos americanus), housed at a single facility, developed clinical disease attributed to infection by Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV). Ages ranged from 1 to 10 years. Three of the goats, a 1-year-old female, a 2-year-old male, and a 5-year-old male, had been fed raw domestic goat milk from a single source that was later found to have CAEV on the premises. The fourth animal, a 10-year-old male, had not ingested domestic goat milk but had been housed with the other 3 Rocky Mountain goats. All 4 animals had clinical signs of pneumonia prior to death. At necropsy, findings in lungs included marked diffuse interstitial pneumonia characterized histologically by severe lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates with massive alveolar proteinosis, interstitial fibrosis, and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia. One animal also developed left-sided hemiparesis, and locally extensive lymphoplasmacytic myeloencephalitis was present in the cranial cervical spinal cord. Two animals had joint effusions, as well as severe lymphoplasmacytic and ulcerative synovitis. Immunohistochemical staining of fixed sections of lung tissue from all 4 goats, as well as spinal cord in 1 affected animal, and synovium from 2 affected animals were positive for CAEV antigen. Serology testing for anti-CAEV antibodies was positive in the 2 goats tested. The cases suggest that Rocky Mountain goats are susceptible to naturally occurring CAEV infection, that CAEV from domestic goats can be transmitted to this species through infected milk and by horizontal transmission, and that viral infection can result in clinically severe multisystemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. Patton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Patton, Bildfell, Valentine)
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Cebra), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- California Animal Heath & Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA (Anderson)
| | - Robert J. Bildfell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Patton, Bildfell, Valentine)
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Cebra), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- California Animal Heath & Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA (Anderson)
| | - Mark L. Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Patton, Bildfell, Valentine)
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Cebra), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- California Animal Heath & Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA (Anderson)
| | - Christopher K. Cebra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Patton, Bildfell, Valentine)
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Cebra), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- California Animal Heath & Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA (Anderson)
| | - Beth A. Valentine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Patton, Bildfell, Valentine)
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Cebra), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- California Animal Heath & Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA (Anderson)
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Herrmann-Hoesing LM. Diagnostic assays used to control small ruminant lentiviruses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 22:843-55. [PMID: 21088167 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The serologic diagnostic tests, such as the agar gel immunodiffusion assay and various types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), have contributed to the reduction of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections worldwide. Because there are no treatments or efficacious vaccines, the serologic diagnostic tests have supported most of the eradication efforts by testing and removal or separation of adult animals that generate antibodies to SRLVs. With the advent of molecular diagnostics, standard and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays for the detection of provirus in peripheral blood cells are becoming more common and aid in the detection of infected goats and sheep before antibody detection by ELISA in some animals. Performance of the serologic and molecular diagnostic tests is dependent upon a number of factors, including the format of the assay, the percentage of identity between the viral nucleotide sequences in a flock or herd of a certain geographic region and the sequences used to generate SRLV test reagents, and the intrinsic pathogenesis or amount of provirus and SRLV antibody generated in a species or individual small ruminant. In addition, small ruminant genomics may help with establishing genetic markers of SRLV infection and disease, which could also aid eradication or reduction of SRLVs from herds and flocks throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Herrmann-Hoesing
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 3003 ADBF, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA.
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Ricarte A, Pinheiro R, Báo S, Silva J, Braz S, Name K, Lima-Verde I, Brito I, Dias R, Freitas Aguiar T, Dantas T, Araújo S, Cavalcanti D, Paula N, Teixeira M. AVALIAÇÃO IMUNOHISTOQUÍMICA E ULTRAESTRUTURAL DE GAMETAS E EMBRIÕES CAPRINOS INFECTADOS COM O CAEV. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657v77p2172010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a susceptibilidade dos folículos ovarianos, espermatozoides e embriões caprinos ao Vírus da Artrite Encefalite Caprina (CAEV). Para isto, foram analisados espermatozoides e folículos ovarianos pelas técnicas de imunohistoquímica e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, antes e após protocolos de infecção in vitro com o CAEV. Foram submetidos à análise ultraestrutural, embriões caprinos produzidos in vivo, oriundos de cabras negativas e positivas para o CAEV. Nas amostras seminais, provenientes de animais tanto com infecção natural quanto dos artificialmente infectados, foi observada imunomarcação positiva dos espermatozoides, assim como alterações degenerativas na sua análise ultraestrutural. Já nas amostras de tecido ovariano, a imunomarcação foi mais discreta e identificada na região do estroma. No tocante à análise ultraestrutural, folículos e embriões se apresentaram íntegros. De acordo com esses resultados, pode-se concluir que os espermatozoides caprinos apresentaramse infectados, assinalando a susceptibilidade dessas células ao vírus, bem como a potencialidade do CAEV ser carreado ao cerne do oócito, originando embriões infectados.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S.N. Báo
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - I.F. Brito
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Brasil
| | - R.P. Dias
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Brasil
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Herrmann-Hoesing LM, Noh SM, Snekvik KR, White SN, Schneider DA, Truscott T, Knowles DP. Ovine progressive pneumonia virus capsid antigen as found in CD163- and CD172a-positive alveolar macrophages of persistently infected sheep. Vet Pathol 2009; 47:518-28. [PMID: 20382821 DOI: 10.1177/0300985809359605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In situ detection of ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV) and the phenotypic identification of the cells that harbor OPPV have not been described for the OPPV-affected tissues, which include lung, mammary gland, synovial membranes of the carpal joint, and choroid plexus of the brain. In this study, the authors first developed a single enzyme-based automated immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis for detection of OPPV capsid antigen (CA) on OPPV-affected tissues, using 2 anti-CAEV CA monoclonal antibodies, 5A1 and 10A1, and 2 enzyme-based IHC systems. Out of 10 naturally and persistently OPPV-infected ewes, OPPV CA was detected in intercellular regions of the carpal synovial membrane of 1 ewe, in cells resembling alveolar macrophages and pulmonary interstitial macrophages in lung tissue of 3 ewes, and in mammary alveolar cells of 1 ewe. Furthermore, dual enzyme-based automated IHC analyses revealed that OPPV CA was predominantly detected in CD172a- or CD163-positive alveolar macrophages of the lungs and mammary gland. That anti-inflammatory (CD163) and downregulatory (CD172a) types of alveolar macrophage harbor OPPV CA leads to the possibility that during persistent infection with OPPV, the host alveolar macrophage might serve to limit inflammation while OPPV persists undetected by the host adaptive immune response in the lung and mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Herrmann-Hoesing
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA. or
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Benavides J, García-Pariente C, Fuertes M, Ferreras MC, García-Marín JF, Juste RA, Pérez V. Maedi-visna: the meningoencephalitis in naturally occurring cases. J Comp Pathol 2008; 140:1-11. [PMID: 18922546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lesions were examined at different levels of the central nervous system (CNS) in 64 sheep with natural maedi-visna (MV) meningoencephalitis. All animals showed lesions in more than one of the CNS locations examined; the lesions in the cranial regions were periventricular, while those in the spinal cord affected the white matter funicles. Lesions were found particularly in the cerebellar peduncles (non-suppurative meningoencephalitis), followed by the corpus callosum, hippocampus and thoracic spinal cord. Vascular, infiltrative and malacic histopathological patterns were recognized. One pattern predominated in each section examined, although mixed forms occurred. Vascular lesions occurred with similar frequency at all CNS levels, but infiltrative and malacic lesions predominated at rostral and caudal levels, respectively. Cells consistent with macrophages and shown immunohistochemically to be associated with MV virus were seen in malacic and infiltrative lesions, at the periphery of damaged areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Benavides
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
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Gjerset B, Rimstad E, Teige J, Soetaert K, Jonassen CM. Impact of natural sheep-goat transmission on detection and control of small ruminant lentivirus group C infections. Vet Microbiol 2008; 135:231-8. [PMID: 18986775 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dissemination of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections in Norway is affected by the different control strategies used for maedi-visna virus (MVV) infections in sheep and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infections in goats. Here we investigated SRLV phylogenetic group variants in sheep. CAEV-like isolates, belonging to phylogenetic group C, were found among both seropositive sheep and goats in mixed flocks, in which sheep and goats are kept together. Intra-herd clustering confirmed that mixed flock animals were infected by the same virus variant, suggesting ongoing interspecies transmission. Few sheep flocks were found to be infected with the MVV-like phylogenetic group A. The apparent absence of SRLV group A type in goats is probably due to the MVV control programme and animal management practices. SRLV group C targets lungs and mammary glands in sheep, and induces typical SRLV pathological lesions. SRLV group C isolated from the sheep mammary glands suggested a productive infection and potential for transmission to offspring. SRLV group C was most prevalent among goats. A lower PCR sensitivity in seropositive sheep suggested a lower load of SRLV group C provirus in sheep than in goats. Higher genetic divergence of group C than in other SRLV groups and extensive heterogeneity among group C isolates in the matrix C-terminal region demonstrate the need for identifying conserved target regions when developing PCR protocols for SRLV detection. As sheep and goats may serve as reservoirs for all SRLV genogroup types, successful control programmes require inclusion of both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Gjerset
- Department of Food Safety & Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway.
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12
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Ravazzolo AP, Nenci C, Vogt HR, Waldvogel A, Obexer-Ruff G, Peterhans E, Bertoni G. Viral load, organ distribution, histopathological lesions, and cytokine mRNA expression in goats infected with a molecular clone of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. Virology 2006; 350:116-27. [PMID: 16537085 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) is a lentivirus of goats that causes persistent infection characterized by the appearance of inflammatory lesions in various organs. To define the sites of persistence, 5 goats were infected with a molecular clone of CAEV, and the viral load was monitored by real-time-PCR and RT-PCR in different sites 8 years after infection. The lymph nodes proved to be an important virus reservoir, with moderate virus replication relative to what is reported for lentiviruses of primates. Mammary gland and milk cells were preferred sites of viral replication. The viral load varied significantly between animals, which points to an important role of the genetic background. We found a clear association between occurrence of histopathological lesions and viral load in specific sites. The mRNA expression analysis of several cytokines did not reveal differences between animals that could explain the considerable individual variations in viral load observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Ravazzolo
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, Laenggass-Str. 122, CH-3012, Switzerland.
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Grossi P, Giudice C, Bertoletti I, Cioccarelli G, Brocchi E, Cammarata G, Gelmetti D. Immunohistochemical detection of the p27 capsid protein of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) in bone-marrow cells of seropositive goats. J Comp Pathol 2005; 133:197-200. [PMID: 15899495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 01/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bone-marrow samples were collected from 48 CAEV-seropositive, symptomless goats (30 kids, 18 adults). The samples were formalin-fixed and processed for histological examination. In addition, all samples were examined immunohistochemically with a monoclonal antibody (1A7) against the p27 capsid protein of maedi-visna virus, an antibody which cross-reacts with the Ca-p27 of CAEV. Samples from 16 goats (10/30 kids, 6/18 adults) showed positive immunolabelling of bone-marrow stromal cells (fibrocytes, endothelial cells and adipocytes) and of scattered macrophages, whereas haematopoietic cells were negative. The detection of viral Ca-p27 protein in bone-marrow fibrocytes was consistent with previous in-vitro studies which indicated that such cells are semi-permissive for CAEV infection. It is speculated that bone-marrow stromal cells represent a viral reservoir in symptomless animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia-Emilia Romagna, Via Celoria 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Guedes M, Souza J, Gouveia A. Infecção experimental em cabritos pelo vírus da artrite encefalite. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2001. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352001000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinte e quatro caprinos de uma semana de idade, soronegativos pela imunodifusão em gel de agar para artrite encefalite caprina (AEC), foram utilizados para estudo de infecção experimental pelo vírus da AEC. Dezesseis animais foram inoculados com lentivirus caprino, amostra Cork, oito pela via intravenosa e oito por instilação nasal. Oito animais serviram como controle, inoculados pelas vias intranasal ou intravenosa com 1ml de meio de cultura de células não infectadas. Os animais foram sacrificados aos 2, 6, 12 e 20 dias pós-inoculação (PI), e colhidas amostras do sistema nervoso central, articulações, tonsilas, linfonodos, pulmões, rins, timo, baço e intestinos delgado e grosso para histopatologia e imunoistoquímica. Um animal inoculado com o vírus da AEC pela via intranasal e sacrificado aos 20 dias PI apresentou imunomarcação positiva em um macrófago alveolar. Concluiu-se que a via aerógena é uma provável rota de infecção pelo vírus da AEC.
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