1
|
Menke W, Estler K, Springer C, Zhang S. Validity, reliability, and bias between instrumented pedals and loadsol insoles during stationary cycling. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306274. [PMID: 38968201 PMCID: PMC11226126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the loadsol in measuring pedal reaction force (PRF) during stationary cycling as well as lower limb symmetry. Ten healthy participants performed bouts of cycling at 1kg, 2kg, and 3kg workloads (conditions) on a cycle ergometer. The ergometer was fitted with instrumented pedals and participants wore loadsol plantar pressure insoles. A 3 x 2 (Condition x Sensor Type) ANOVA was used to examine the differences in measured peak PRF, impulse, and symmetry indices. Root mean square error, intraclass correlation coefficients, and Passing-Bablok regressions were used to further assess reliability and validity. The loadsol demonstrated poor (< 0.5) to excellent (> 0.9) agreement as measured by intraclass correlation coefficients for impulse and peak PRF. Passing-Bablok regression revealed a systematic bias only when assessing all workloads together for impulse with no bias present when looking at individual workloads. The loadsol provides a consistent ability to measure PRF and symmetry when compared to a gold standard of instrumented pedals but exhibits an absolute underestimation of peak PRF. This study provides support that the loadsol can identify and track symmetry differences in stationary cycling which means there is possible usage for clinical scenarios and interventions in populations with bilateral asymmetries such as individuals with knee replacements, limb length discrepancies, diabetes, or neurological conditions. Further investigation of bias should be conducted in longer cycling sessions to ensure that the loadsol system is able to maintain accuracy during extended use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Menke
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Kaileigh Estler
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Cary Springer
- Office of Information Technology, Research Computing Support, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Songning Zhang
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Choi HJ, Choi J, Kim GS, Sung Kim H, Ko CY. Asymmetry of peak plantar pressure in transfemoral amputees during indoor and outdoor walking. J Biomech 2024; 170:112177. [PMID: 38838496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the differences in peak plantar pressure between the amputated and intact limbs of transfemoral amputees when walking outdoors. Ten non-amputees (aged 24.4 ± 2.0 years, 176.9 ± 2.5 cm, 72.3 ± 7.9 kg) and six transfemoral amputees (48.5 ± 6.3 years, 173.8 ± 4.2 cm, 82.0 ± 11.9 kg) participated in the study. Over approximately 1.6 km, the participants encountered various obstacles, including stairs, uneven surfaces, hills, and level ground, both indoors and outdoors. Throughout the walking session, the peak plantar pressure in both feet was monitored using wearable insole sensors. For all terrains, the percentage asymmetry was determined. Significant changes in peak plantar pressure asymmetry were found between the intact and amputated limbs, particularly when walking on level ground indoors, uneven terrains, descending stairs, and on steep slopes outdoors (all p < 0.05). These findings highlight the greater peak plantar pressure asymmetry in transfemoral amputees when walking outside. In addition, this study revealed that not all terrains contribute uniformly to this asymmetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Jae Choi
- Rehabilitation Engineering Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junwon Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gyoo-Suk Kim
- Rehabilitation Engineering Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Han Sung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Anderson PM, Heinz T, Scholmann E, Eidmann A, Arnholdt J, Rudert M, Holzapfel BM, Stratos I. Efficacy of post-operative partial weight-bearing after total knee arthroplasty - a prospective observational trial. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2023; 47:2189-2195. [PMID: 36964233 PMCID: PMC10439061 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-023-05783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is little evidence proving the concept of partial weight-bearing to be efficient and feasible. Using insole pressure measurement systems, this study aimed to explore the compliance to prescribed weight-bearing restrictions after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS 50 patients after TKA were recruited in a prospective manner. They were advised to limit weight-bearing of the affected limb to 200 N. True load was measured via insole force-sensors on day one after surgery (M1) and before discharge (M2). Compliance to the rehabilitation protocol was the primary outcome parameter. RESULTS At M1 and M2 compliance to the rehabilitation protocol was 0% und 2%, respectively. 84% (M1) and 90% (M2) of patients overloaded the affected limb during every step. The affected limb was loaded with 50% ± 14% (M1) and 57% ± 17% (M2) of body weight. Patients older than 65 loaded the affected limb on average 17% (M1) and 34% (M2) more than their younger counterparts did. This difference was even more pronounced when walking stairs up (49% increase on average) and down (53% increase on average). CONCLUSION Surgeons must take into consideration that the ability to maintain partial weight-bearing after TKA is highly dependent on the age of the patient and the achievable load reduction is determined by the patient's body weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Mark Anderson
- Department of Orthopedics at Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, Brettreichstraße 11, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Tizian Heinz
- Department of Orthopedics at Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, Brettreichstraße 11, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elena Scholmann
- Department of Orthopedics at Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, Brettreichstraße 11, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Annette Eidmann
- Department of Orthopedics at Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, Brettreichstraße 11, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Arnholdt
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Rudert
- Department of Orthopedics at Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, Brettreichstraße 11, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Boris Michael Holzapfel
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ioannis Stratos
- Department of Orthopedics at Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, Brettreichstraße 11, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sado T, Motz Z, Yentes JM, Mukherjee M. Passive Exoskeleton-Assisted Gait Shows a Unique Interlimb Coordination Signature Without Restricting Regular Walking. Front Physiol 2022; 13:916185. [PMID: 35770189 PMCID: PMC9234753 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.916185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exoskeleton assistive devices have been developed as a potential approach to solve gait deficits like paretic propulsion and reduced speed. However, it is unclear how these devices affect inter-limb coordination. The duration and the synchrony of gait coordination was assessed during passive exoskeleton-assisted walking in healthy young individuals. It was hypothesized that inter-limb coordination would be reduced in comparison to normal walking without assistance, thus demonstrating gait with exoskeleton to be more explorative and flexible. Eighteen participants were divided into two groups (EXO: n = 9; NO EXO: n = 9) and performed a 5-min walking trial at a preferred walking speed after a familiarization trial. The duration of inter-limb coordination was examined using cross-recurrence quantification analysis and the synchrony was measured using cross sample entropy. There were no significant differences in spatiotemporal measurements between the two groups. However, in comparison to the no exoskeleton group, there was a reduction in the duration of coordination (mean diagonal length: p < 0.01) and the synchrony of coordination (entropy value: p < 0.05) in the exoskeleton group. These results indicate that exoskeletal-assisted gait is characterized by reduced inter-limb coordination possibly for allowing gait patterns to be more explorative and flexible. This is important in rehabilitation of patients who suffer from coordination deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sado
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Zachary Motz
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Yentes
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Mukul Mukherjee
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
- *Correspondence: Mukul Mukherjee,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schmid-Zalaudek K, Fischer T, Száva Z, Lackner HK, Kropiunig U, Bittner C, Höcker K, Winkler G, Peternell G. Kinetic Gait Parameters in Unilateral Lower Limb Amputations and Normal Gait in Able-Bodied: Reference Values for Clinical Application. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102683. [PMID: 35628810 PMCID: PMC9145518 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unilateral lower limb amputations usually present with asymmetric interlimb gait patterns, in the long term leading to secondary physical conditions and carrying the risk of low physical activity and impairment of general health. To assess prosthetic fittings and rehabilitation measures, reference values for asymmetries as well as the most significant gait parameters are required. Kinetic gait data of 865 patients with unilateral lower limb amputations (hip and knee disarticulations, transfemoral, transtibial and foot amputations) and 216 able-bodied participants were quantitatively assessed by instrumented gait analyses. Characteristic spatiotemporal (stance time, walking speed, step length and width) and ground reaction force parameters (weight-acceptance and push-off peak) were contrasted to normal gait. All spatiotemporal and ground reaction force parameters differed significantly from normal gait with the largest differences in transfemoral amputations. These also differed between amputation levels and showed age-dependencies. The stance time and push-off peak difference were identified as the most discriminative parameters with the highest diagnostic specificity and sensitivity. The present results mark the first step to establishing universal reference values for gait parameters by means of which the quality and suitability of a prosthetic fitting and the rehabilitation progress can be assessed, and are generalizable for all adults with unilateral lower limb amputations in terms of level walking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schmid-Zalaudek
- Physiology Division, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Correspondence: (K.S.-Z.); (G.P.); Tel.: +43-316-385-73867 (K.S.-Z.); +43-5-9393-53201 (G.P.)
| | - Theresa Fischer
- Information and Communication Technology Division, Austrian Workers’ Compensation Board (AUVA), 1100 Vienna, Austria; (T.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zoltán Száva
- Information and Communication Technology Division, Austrian Workers’ Compensation Board (AUVA), 1100 Vienna, Austria; (T.F.); (Z.S.)
| | - Helmut Karl Lackner
- Physiology Division, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Ursula Kropiunig
- Rehabilitation Clinic Tobelbad, Austrian Workers’ Compensation Board (AUVA), 8144 Tobelbad, Austria;
| | - Christian Bittner
- Rehabilitation Center Häring, Austrian Workers’ Compensation Board (AUVA), 6323 Bad Häring, Austria;
| | - Karl Höcker
- Rehabilitation Center Weißer Hof, Austrian Workers’ Compensation Board (AUVA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; (K.H.); (G.W.)
| | - Günther Winkler
- Rehabilitation Center Weißer Hof, Austrian Workers’ Compensation Board (AUVA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; (K.H.); (G.W.)
| | - Gerfried Peternell
- Rehabilitation Clinic Tobelbad, Austrian Workers’ Compensation Board (AUVA), 8144 Tobelbad, Austria;
- Correspondence: (K.S.-Z.); (G.P.); Tel.: +43-316-385-73867 (K.S.-Z.); +43-5-9393-53201 (G.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alves SA, Preuße M, Hommel H, Duda GN, Agres AN. The Recovery of Weight-Bearing Symmetry After Total Hip Arthroplasty Is Activity-Dependent. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:813345. [PMID: 35284427 PMCID: PMC8907721 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.813345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize ipsilateral loading and return to weight-bearing symmetry (WBS) in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) during activities of daily living (ADLs) using instrumented insoles. A prospective study in 25 THA patients was performed, which included controlled pre- and postoperative follow-ups in a single rehabilitation center of an orthopedic department. Ipsilateral loading and WBS of ADLs were measured with insoles in THA patients and in a healthy control group of 25 participants. Measurements in the THA group were performed at 4 different visits: a week pre-THA, within a week post-THA, 3–6 weeks post-THA, and 6–12 weeks post-THA, whereas the healthy control group was measured once. ADLs included standing comfortably, standing evenly, walking, and sit-to-stand-to-sit (StS) transitions. All ADLs were analyzed using discrete methods, and walking included a time-scale analysis to provide temporal insights in the ipsilateral loading and WBS waveforms. THA patients only improved beyond their pre-surgery levels while standing comfortably (ipsilateral loading and WBS, p < 0.05) and during StS transitions (WBS, p < 0.05). Nevertheless, patients improved upon their ipsilateral loading and WBS deficits observed within a week post-surgery across all investigated ADLs. Ipsilateral loading and WBS of THA patients were comparable to healthy participants at 6–12 weeks post-THA, except for ipsilateral loading during walking (p < 0.05) at the initial and terminal double-leg support period of the stance phase. Taken together, insole measurements allow for the quantification of ipsilateral loading and WBS deficits during ADLs, identifying differences between pre- and postoperative periods, and differentiating THA patients from healthy participants. However, post-THA measurements that lack pre-surgery assessments may not be sensitive to identifying patient-specific improvements in ipsilateral loading and WBS. Moreover, StS transitions and earlier follow-up time points should be considered an important clinical metric of biomechanical recovery after THA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sónia A. Alves
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sónia A. Alves,
| | - Marco Preuße
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Traumatologie, Krankenhaus Märkisch-Oderland, Wriezen, Germany
| | - Hagen Hommel
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Traumatologie, Krankenhaus Märkisch-Oderland, Wriezen, Germany
| | - Georg N. Duda
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alison N. Agres
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Simonetti E, Bergamini E, Vannozzi G, Bascou J, Pillet H. Estimation of 3D Body Center of Mass Acceleration and Instantaneous Velocity from a Wearable Inertial Sensor Network in Transfemoral Amputee Gait: A Case Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3129. [PMID: 33946325 PMCID: PMC8125485 DOI: 10.3390/s21093129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of the body center of mass (BCoM) 3D kinematics provides insights on crucial aspects of locomotion, especially in populations with gait impairment such as people with amputation. In this paper, a wearable framework based on the use of different magneto-inertial measurement unit (MIMU) networks is proposed to obtain both BCoM acceleration and velocity. The proposed framework was validated as a proof of concept in one transfemoral amputee against data from force plates (acceleration) and an optoelectronic system (acceleration and velocity). The impact in terms of estimation accuracy when using a sensor network rather than a single MIMU at trunk level was also investigated. The estimated velocity and acceleration reached a strong agreement (ρ > 0.89) and good accuracy compared to reference data (normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) < 13.7%) in the anteroposterior and vertical directions when using three MIMUs on the trunk and both shanks and in all three directions when adding MIMUs on both thighs (ρ > 0.89, NRMSE ≤ 14.0% in the mediolateral direction). Conversely, only the vertical component of the BCoM kinematics was accurately captured when considering a single MIMU. These results suggest that inertial sensor networks may represent a valid alternative to laboratory-based instruments for 3D BCoM kinematics quantification in lower-limb amputees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Simonetti
- INI/CERAH, 47 Rue de l’Echat, 94000 Créteil, France;
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers, 151 Boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France;
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135 Roma, Italy; (E.B.); (G.V.)
| | - Elena Bergamini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135 Roma, Italy; (E.B.); (G.V.)
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00135 Roma, Italy; (E.B.); (G.V.)
| | - Joseph Bascou
- INI/CERAH, 47 Rue de l’Echat, 94000 Créteil, France;
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers, 151 Boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Hélène Pillet
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers, 151 Boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Simonetti E, Villa C, Bascou J, Vannozzi G, Bergamini E, Pillet H. Gait event detection using inertial measurement units in people with transfemoral amputation: a comparative study. Med Biol Eng Comput 2019; 58:461-470. [PMID: 31873834 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-019-02098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, inertial measurement units (IMUs) have been proposed as an alternative to force platforms and pressure sensors for gait events (i.e., initial and final contacts) detection. While multiple algorithms have been developed, the impact of gait event timing errors on temporal parameters and asymmetry has never been investigated in people with transfemoral amputation walking freely on level ground. In this study, five algorithms were comparatively assessed on gait data of seven people with transfemoral amputation, equipped with three IMUs mounted at the pelvis and both shanks, using pressure insoles for reference. Algorithms' performance was first quantified in terms of gait event detection rate (sensitivity, positive predictive value). Only two algorithms, based on shank mounted IMUs, achieved an acceptable detection rate (positive predictive value > 99%). For these two, accuracy of gait events timings, temporal parameters, and absolute symmetry index of stance-phase duration (SPD-ASI) were assessed. Whereas both algorithms achieved high accuracy for stride duration estimates (median errors: 0%, interquartile ranges < 1.75%), lower accuracy was found for other temporal parameters due to relatively high errors in the detection of final contact events. Furthermore, SPD-ASI derived from IMU-based algorithms proved to be significantly different to that obtained from insoles data. Graphical abstract Gait event detection with IMU in people with transfemoral amputation: initial contact (IC) and final contact (FC) events at the sound (s) and prosthetic (p) side are identified. Five algorithms were implemented using either shank-mounted or pelvis-mounted IMUs. Gait events were used to estimate temporal parameters (stride duration, stance phase duration [SPD], and double support time) and SPD asymmetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Simonetti
- Institution nationale des Invalides (INI)/CERAH, 47 rue de l'Echat, 94000, Créteil, France.
- Arts et Métiers, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, 151 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 6, 00135, Rome, Italy.
| | - Coralie Villa
- Institution nationale des Invalides (INI)/CERAH, 47 rue de l'Echat, 94000, Créteil, France
- Arts et Métiers, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, 151 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Joseph Bascou
- Institution nationale des Invalides (INI)/CERAH, 47 rue de l'Echat, 94000, Créteil, France
- Arts et Métiers, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, 151 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Bergamini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro de Bosis, 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Hélène Pillet
- Arts et Métiers, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, 151 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|