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Wu H, Luo S, Klettner A, White T, Albritton K. Gender Roles in the Millennium: Who Pays and Is Expected to Pay for Romantic Dates? Psychol Rep 2023; 126:791-811. [PMID: 34874209 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211057144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Research on monetary decisions and behaviors in dating relationships is very limited. The purpose of this study was to examine college students' current practice and expectations for date payment for first and subsequent romantic dates in the framework of gender role theory. A sample of 552 heterosexual college students took an online survey that included questions about their actual and expected payment for their first and subsequent dates. Participants also completed several measures regarding their gender roles. The findings indicated that traditional gender norms in dating continue to be popular in the new millennium because in actual practice, men almost always paid the whole bill of the first dates and paid more for subsequent dates. When asked who should pay for the dates, participants also expected men to pay more for first and subsequent dates. Women did show some willingness to share date expenses, although nowhere close to be completely even. The findings also indicated that gender role attitudes played little role in actual practice but had a stronger role in date payment expectations, showing that individuals subscribing to traditional gender inequality views tended to believe that men should pay more for dates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- School of Health Management, 26468Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanhong Luo
- Department of Psychology, 14621University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Annelise Klettner
- Department of Psychology, 14621University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Tyler White
- Department of Psychology, 14621University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Kate Albritton
- Department of Psychology, 14621University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
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2
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Oflaz Ç, Toplu-Demirtaş E, Öztemür G, Fincham FD. Feeling Guilt and Shame Upon Psychological Dating Violence Victimization in College Women: The Further Role of Sexism. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP1990-NP2016. [PMID: 35506397 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221097443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dating violence is manifested in different forms between romantic partners. Psychological violence, the most common form of dating violence, is more likely to affect women, eliciting feelings such as shame and guilt. The robust relationship of sexism to psychological dating violence victimization (PDVV) is well-documented but whether PDVV serves as a mechanism linking sexism to guilt and shame remains unexplored. This study, therefore, investigated the potential mediating role of PDVV in the association between sexist attitudes and feelings of guilt and shame. Dating college women (N = 219) from Turkey, an honor culture in which one's self-worth lies on one's evaluation as well as the assessment of what others think, participated in the study. High rates of PDVV were found in this culture, and structural equation modeling revealed that PDVV mediated the relationship between sexism and feelings of guilt and shame. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for future research and how sexist attitudes might be challenged to reduce the adverse emotional effects experienced by women who are victims of psychological dating violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Frank D Fincham
- Family Institute, 7823Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Bonell S, Lee H, Pearson S, Harris E, Barlow FK. Benevolent Sexism and the Traditional Sexual Script as Predictors of Sexual Dissatisfaction in Heterosexual Women from the U.S. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:3063-3070. [PMID: 35790615 PMCID: PMC9363330 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Women report lower sexual satisfaction than men. Given that sexual dissatisfaction adversely impacts health and well-being, it is imperative that we investigate why women are sexually dissatisfied. In the present study, we explored whether women's benevolently sexist attitudes might predict their sexual dissatisfaction. In a sample of 308 (Mage = 38.09) heterosexual American women who had previously had sex with a man, we hypothesized that women's benevolent sexism would be associated with an increased adoption of the traditional sexual script (i.e., an increased propensity for submissiveness and passivity during sex) and that this, in turn, would be associated with increased sexual dissatisfaction. We also hypothesized that the relationship between the adoption of the traditional sexual script and sexual dissatisfaction would be moderated by the degree to which participants enjoy submissiveness. Overall, we did not find support for our model: benevolent sexism did not predict sexual dissatisfaction. However, we did find that adopting the traditional sexual script was predictive of sexual dissatisfaction for women who do not enjoy submissiveness. These findings contribute to an emerging literature pertaining to women's sexual health. Specifically, results suggest that benevolent sexism does not contribute to women's experiences of sexual dissatisfaction. Instead, they suggest that sexual dissatisfaction in women may (in part) be driven by their engagement in sexual roles that do not align with their sexual preferences. Theoretical and clinical implications for these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bonell
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
| | - Harrison Lee
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Samuel Pearson
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emily Harris
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Fiona Kate Barlow
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Yurtsever A, Korkmaz A, Cemalcilar Z. Feminism and mate preference: A study on relational cognitive dissonance. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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What Makes a Partner Ideal, and for Whom? Compatibility Tests, Filter Tests, and the Mating Stability Matrix. Behav Sci (Basel) 2020; 10:bs10020048. [PMID: 32024253 PMCID: PMC7071359 DOI: 10.3390/bs10020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a typological characterization of possible human heterosexual couples in terms of the concordance-opposition of the orientations of their active and receptive areas as defined by the tie-up theory. We show that human mating incentives, as characterized by widely adopted approaches, such as Becker’s marriage market approach, only capture very specific instances of actual couples thus characterized. Our approach allows us to instead explore how super-cooperation among partners vs. convenience vs. constriction may be regarded as alternatives modes of couple formation and cohesion, leading to very different types of couples with different implications in terms of stability and resilience. Our results may have interesting implications for future experimental research and for individual and family counseling.
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Liu Y, Zheng Y. Reliability and Validity of Feminist Identity Composite in Chinese Women. Front Psychol 2020; 10:2842. [PMID: 31920871 PMCID: PMC6932982 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the psychometric properties of a Chinese form of the Feminist Identity Composite (FIC). A total of 2,334 Chinese adult women completed the scale for this study. In study 1 (n = 875), exploratory analysis indicated six factors, Passive Acceptance, Revelation, Embeddedness/Emanation, Active Commitment, and Synthesis, the latter of which was divided into two subscales (Femininity Synthesis and Autonomous Synthesis). In study 2 (n = 810), confirmatory factor analysis was conducted with a different sample to examine the construct validity of the model obtained in study 1. In study 3 (n = 649), the convergent validity of the FIC was examined via their relationship with willingness to engage in feminist behaviors and attitude toward trans-people. The results indicated that a new measurement with solid conceptual and psychometrically solid properties needs to be developed to assess Chinese women’s feminist identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Muhamad R, Horey D, Liamputtong P, Low WY. Managing Women with Sexual Dysfunction: Difficulties Experienced by Malaysian Family Physicians. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:949-960. [PMID: 30238183 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recognizing barriers to managing sexual issues makes it more likely that effective ways to overcome them will be found. In Malaysia, where discussion of sexual issues is taboo, sociocultural factors may influence how physicians manage patients with these types of problems. This article focuses on the challenges encountered by 21 Malay family physicians when women experiencing sexual problems and female sexual dysfunction (FSD) attended their clinics, an uncommon occurrence in Malaysia, despite their high prevalence. This qualitative study employed a phenomenological framework and conducted face-to-face in-depth interviews. Three main barriers to managing women with sexual problems were identified that can hinder assessment and treatment: insufficient knowledge and training; unfavorable clinic environments; and personal embarrassment. Some barriers were associated with physician characteristics but many were systemic. These were further evaluated using social cognitive theory. Professional attitudes appear important as those physicians with an interest in managing women's health seemed to make greater effort to explore issues further and work to gain trust. Physicians who appeared indifferent to the impact of FSD showed greater reluctance to find solutions. Systemic issues included unfavorable clinical settings, lack of training, and lack of local evidence. Any strategy to address FSD needs to be underpinned by appropriate policies and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosediani Muhamad
- Family Medicine Department, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
- Department of Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, Melbourne Campus, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
| | - Dell Horey
- Department of Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, Melbourne Campus, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Pranee Liamputtong
- School of Science and Health, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Wah Yun Low
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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9
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Gerdes ZT, Levant RF. Complex Relationships Among Masculine Norms and Health/Well-Being Outcomes: Correlation Patterns of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory Subscales. Am J Mens Health 2017; 12:229-240. [PMID: 29219033 PMCID: PMC5818131 DOI: 10.1177/1557988317745910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI) is a widely used multidimensional scale. Studies using the CMNI most often report only total scale scores, which are predominantly associated with negative outcomes. Various studies since the CMNI's inception in 2003 using subscales have reported both positive and negative outcomes. The current content analysis examined studies ( N = 17) correlating the 11 subscales with 63 criterion variables across 7 categories. Most findings were consistent with past research using total scale scores that reported negative outcomes. For example, conformity to masculine norms has been inversely related to help-seeking and positively correlated with concerning health variables, such as substance use. Nonetheless, past reliance on total scores has obscured the complexity of associations with the CMNI in that 30% of the findings in the present study reflected positive outcomes, particularly for health promotion. Subscales differed in their relationships with various outcomes: for one subscale they were predominantly positive, but six others were mostly negative. The situational and contextual implications of conformity to masculine norms and their relationships to positive and negative outcomes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Gerdes
- 1 Department of Psychology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Ronald F Levant
- 1 Department of Psychology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
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Women’s Ideals for Masculinity Across Social Contexts: Patriarchal Agentic Masculinity is Valued in Work, Family, and Romance but Communal Masculinity in Friendship. SEX ROLES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-017-0772-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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The Discrepancy Between How Women See Themselves and Feminists Predicts Identification with Feminism. SEX ROLES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-016-0733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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DeBlaere C, Chadwick CN, Zelaya DG, Bowie JA, Bass MF, Finzi-Smith Z. The Feminist Identity Composite. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684316676046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Feminist Identity Composite is a commonly used measure of feminist identity development. However, psychometric examinations of this measure with samples of diverse women are lacking. The current study presents the first investigation, to our knowledge, to examine the factor structure of the Feminist Identity Composite with two subsamples of sexual minority women ( N = 402). We used exploratory factor analysis (EFA), partial confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and CFA and found both the EFA and subsequent partial CFA ( n = 201) indicated a six-factor solution, which was upheld in the final CFA ( n = 201). The results generally corroborated four (Passive Acceptance, Embeddedness/Emanation, Synthesis, Active Commitment) of the five original subscales reported in previous studies with predominately heterosexual (or sexual orientation not reported) undergraduate women. However, the subscale Revelation was further delineated into two subscales labeled Societal Revelation and Contact Revelation. Convergent validity of the obtained Feminist Identity Composite subscale scores was largely supported by correlations in expected directions with measures of perceived sexism and heterosexism. We encourage future researchers to investigate the structural and convergent validity of the Feminist Identity Composite with other diverse samples of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cirleen DeBlaere
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, College of Education and Human Development, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caleb N. Chadwick
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, College of Education and Human Development, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David G. Zelaya
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, College of Education and Human Development, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jhodi-Ann Bowie
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, College of Education and Human Development, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melanie F. Bass
- Department of Education and Human Services, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Zoeann Finzi-Smith
- Mental Health Services, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Harris EA, Hornsey MJ, Barlow FK. On the Link Between Benevolent Sexism and Orgasm Frequency in Heterosexual Women. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2016; 45:1923-1931. [PMID: 27305907 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0780-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous research on subclinical orgasmic difficulties among women has focused on intrapsychic and interpersonal variables, but little attention has been paid to the more distal ideological factors that might indirectly constrain sexual pleasure. We hypothesized that women's endorsement of a benevolently sexist worldview would be negatively associated with orgasm frequency. Specifically, we predicted that benevolent sexism would be associated with increased perceptions of male sexual selfishness. This perception of men as interested in their own sexual pleasure would then predict decreased willingness to ask a partner for sexual pleasure, which in turn would be associated with less frequent orgasms. We found support for our model across two studies (Study 1: N = 339; Study 2: N = 323). We did not, however, find a direct effect of benevolent sexism on orgasm frequency. We discuss possible additional variables linking benevolent sexism with orgasm frequency, implications, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ann Harris
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Matthew J Hornsey
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Fiona Kate Barlow
- School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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The Dark Side of Heterosexual Romance: Endorsement of Romantic Beliefs Relates to Intimate Partner Violence. SEX ROLES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-016-0668-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sharp EA, Keyton K. Caught in a Bad Romance? The Negative Effect of Normative Dating and Marital Ideologies on Women’s Bodies. SEX ROLES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-016-0610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Brandon M, Morgentaler A. Male and Female Sexual Dysfunction in a Rapidly Changing Cultural Environment: Addressing Gender Equality versus Equivalence in the Bedroom. Sex Med Rev 2016; 4:96-102. [PMID: 27872026 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The socio-sexual climate in Western cultures is changing at an astounding rate. Never before have societal expectations about gender roles shifted so radically, transforming our understanding of what it means to be a sexual man or woman today. We have observed that confusion regarding masculine and feminine roles within long-term committed relationships can represent challenges for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Despite the relevance to sexual medicine, sexual medicine specialists have largely avoided this controversial topic. AIM To review the current literature relating to heterosexual gender roles and sexual intimacy, to offer perspective and context on this issue, and to propose an approach to the man, woman, or couple based in evolutionary theory that we have found useful in our extensive clinical experiences. METHODS We reviewed the English-language peer-reviewed literature, primarily from 2000 through 2015, that addressed the impact of heterosexual gender role expression on sexual intimacy in long-term committed relationships. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Main outcomes include a review of the applicable literature and an assessment of the literature's relevance for patients and practitioners of sexual medicine. An alternative context for understanding heterosexual gender expression grounded in evolutionary theory is provided, as is a new treatment perspective based on our work as a sex therapist and an urologist. RESULTS The impact of gender expression on sexual experience might be impossible to ascertain fully because it is difficult to quantify in research, independently and especially in combination. Furthermore, existing research is fraught with challenges and inadequacies. CONCLUSION Although we acknowledge and affirm the critical importance of gender equality, modern conceptualizations of gender in the literature ignore pertinent evolutionary adaptations and might be minimally applicable to sexual medicine patients. More research is needed. We propose that equality of genders does not necessarily mean similarity of genders, at least in sexual medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abraham Morgentaler
- Director and Founder, Men's Health Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Wiley S, Srinivasan R, Finke E, Firnhaber J, Shilinsky A. Positive Portrayals of Feminist Men Increase Men’s Solidarity With Feminists and Collective Action Intentions. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684312464575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined whether positive portrayals of feminist men could increase men’s sense of solidarity with feminists and, through it, their intentions to engage in collective action in support of women. A sample of 102 mostly White men between the ages of 18 and 63 was recruited from Mechanical Turk, an online crowdsourcing marketplace. They were exposed to a short article either portraying feminist men in a positive light, a negative light, or describing the history of feminism without mentioning men. Men who read the positive portrayal article expressed more solidarity with feminists and greater intentions to engage in collective action in support of women than men who read either the history of feminism article or the negative portrayal article. Feminist solidarity fully mediated the relationship between positive portrayals of feminist men and collective action intentions. Consistent with research among women, the findings demonstrate that feeling connected to feminists is an important antecedent of men’s collective action in support of women. They also suggest a novel approach for involving men in collective action in support of women: building a positive image of feminist men. The implications of the findings for the men’s role in the feminist movement are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Wiley
- Psychology Department, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA
| | - Ruhi Srinivasan
- Psychology Department, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA
| | - Elizabeth Finke
- Psychology Department, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph Firnhaber
- Psychology Department, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA
| | - Alyssa Shilinsky
- Psychology Department, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA
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