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Olson CP, Mabrouk A, Liechti DJ, Tollefson LV, Kennedy NI, LaPrade RF. Inconsistent Return to Sport Despite Improved Outcomes After Re-revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: An Updated Systematic Review. Arthroscopy 2024; 40:2096-2111. [PMID: 38092276 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To systematically review the literature evaluating patient-reported outcomes and return to sport after re-revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) procedures. The secondary objectives were 2-fold: to identify the risk factors that lead to revision ACLR failure and to assess the secondary knee structure injuries after the initial revision ACLR. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed using the MEDLINE/PubMed and Cochrane databases. The inclusion criteria were outcomes of re-revision ACLR, minimum of 2 years' follow-up, human studies, and English language. Basic science articles, epidemiologic studies, editorials, surgical technique articles, surveys, cadaveric studies, and animal studies were excluded. RESULTS Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were considered for review. There were 6 Level III and 9 Level IV studies that included 399 patients undergoing re-revision ACLR. The rate of concomitant meniscal lesions at the time of re-revision ranged from 35% to 90%. The prevalence of concomitant cartilaginous lesions at the time of re-revision ranged from 13.6% to 90%. Compared with preoperative scores, patient-reported outcomes overall improved after re-revision ACLR, with mean preoperative Lysholm scores ranging from 38.4 to 73.15 that improved to postoperative scores ranging from 68 to 87.8. However, return to sport at preinjury levels was inconsistent, with rates ranging from 12.5% to 80%. CONCLUSIONS Re-revision ACLR was found to restore knee stability and improve functional outcomes. Despite this improvement, there was a low rate of return to sport at the preinjury level. Functional outcomes were also inferior when compared with primary ACLR. In addition, concomitant knee pathologies were found to rise in prevalence compared with revision and primary ACLR cases. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, systematic review of Level III and IV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conner P Olson
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Ahmed Mabrouk
- Mid Yorkshire Teaching Hospitals, Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Liechti
- Black Hills Orthopedic & Spine Center of Wyoming, Gillette, Wyoming, U.S.A
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Özbek EA, Winkler PW, Nazzal EM, Zsidai B, Drain NP, Kaarre J, Sprague A, Lesniak BP, Musahl V. Failure Rates and Complications After Multiple-Revision ACL Reconstruction: Comparison of the Over-the-Top and Transportal Drilling Techniques. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671231186972. [PMID: 37533497 PMCID: PMC10392383 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231186972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple-revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) presents several technical challenges, often due to residual hardware, tunnel widening, malposition, or staged surgeries. Purpose To compare failure and complication rates between the over-the-top (OTT) and transportal drilling (TD) techniques in patients undergoing surgery for failed revision ACLR. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods The medical records of patients with at least 2 revision ACLRs using either the OTT or TD technique were reviewed retrospectively. Data on patient demographics, graft characteristics, number of revisions, concomitant procedures, complications, and failures were collected. Between-group comparisons of continuous and categorical variables were conducted with the independent-samples t test and the Fisher exact or chi-square test, respectively. Results A total of 101 patients undergoing multiple-revision ACLR with OTT (n = 37, 37%) and TD (n = 64, 63%) techniques were included for analysis. The mean follow-up time was 60 months (range, 12-196 months). There were no significant differences in age, sex, body mass index, laterality, or follow-up length between groups (P > .05). Allograft was the graft used most frequently (n = 64; 67.3%) with no significant differences between groups in graft diameter (P > .05). There were no statistically significant differences between groups regarding rate of concurrent medial and lateral meniscus, cartilage, or lateral extra-articular procedures (P > .05). There was also no significant66 between-group difference in complication rate (OTT: n = 2 [5.4%]; TD: n = 8 [13%]) or graft failure rate (OTT: n = 4 [11%]; TD: n = 14 [22%]) (P > .05 for both). Conclusion The results of this study showed notably high failure and complication rates in challenging multiple-revision ACLR. Complication and failure rates were similar between techniques, demonstrating that the OTT technique is a valuable alternative that can be used in a revision ACLR, particularly as a single-stage approach when the single-stage TD technique is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Anil Özbek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Philipp W. Winkler
- Department for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Kepler University Hospital Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Ehab M. Nazzal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bálint Zsidai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nicholas P. Drain
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Janina Kaarre
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew Sprague
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bryson P. Lesniak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Volker Musahl
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Wolfson TS, Mannino B, Owens BD, Waterman BR, Alaia MJ. Tunnel Management in Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Current Concepts. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:545-556. [PMID: 34766840 DOI: 10.1177/03635465211045705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bone tunnel-related complications are frequently encountered during revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Issues with tunnel positioning, enlargement, containment, and hardware interference may complicate surgery and compromise outcomes. As a result, several strategies have emerged to address these issues and optimize results. However, a systematic, unified approach to tunnel pathology in revision ACLR is lacking. The purpose of this review is to highlight the current state of the literature on bone tunnel complications and, although extensive literature on the subject is lacking, present an updated approach to the evaluation and management of tunnel-related issues in revision ACLR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brett D Owens
- Brown University Alpert Medical School, East Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Brian R Waterman
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Minguell Monyart J, Moreira Borim F, Revertè Vinaixa MM, Portas-Torres I, Pijoan Bueno J, Castellet Feliu E, Joshi Jubert N. Allografts and lateral extra-articular tenodesis for revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: enhanced rotational stability and improved functional outcomes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY & TRAUMATOLOGY : ORTHOPEDIE TRAUMATOLOGIE 2023:10.1007/s00590-023-03475-4. [PMID: 36708388 PMCID: PMC10368563 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-023-03475-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiple studies have shown higher failure rate and patient-reported outcomes to be significantly worse following revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstructive (ACLR) surgery, especially using allografts. One of the reasons being rotational instability. Because of this, augmentation with lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET) is often considered. Good short-term results in regards to functional and perceived scores and low complication rate can be expected in revision ACLR using allografts in combination with LET. METHODS Between 2014 and 2021, 46 patients were registered for revision ACLR using allografts and extra-articular augmentation (modified Lemaire) and included in this prospective study. Patients' demographic and clinical data were collected preoperatively, postoperatively, and during the follow-up period of 12 months. RESULTS Patient-reported functional outcomes were statistically significant for IKDC, Lysholm, and SF-12 physical scale (p < 0.05). Tegner score showed a decreased number of patients who were able to return to sport at their previous level (p = 0.001). Stability examination tests (Lachman and pivot-shift) showed significant improvements. Concomitant lesions were present in 76.1% of patients. Ten patients (21.7%) presented major complications, including six cases of anteroposterior instability, three cases of knee pain and one graft re-rupture. CONCLUSION Revision procedures are inherently challenging with a high number of associated chondral and meniscus lesions. However, good short-term functional outcomes and enhanced rotational stability with an acceptable complication rate can be expected in most cases where revision ACLR using allografts is augmented with LET. STUDY DESIGN Prospective; Case series; Level of evidence IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Minguell Monyart
- Surgery and Morphological Sciences, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
- Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Knee Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Reconstructive Surgery of Locomotor System Group - VHIR, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe Moreira Borim
- Surgery and Morphological Sciences, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain.
- Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Knee Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations - VHIR, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria Mercedes Revertè Vinaixa
- Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Knee Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Reconstructive Surgery of Locomotor System Group - VHIR, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Portas-Torres
- Reconstructive Surgery of Locomotor System Group - VHIR, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Pijoan Bueno
- Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Knee Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Reconstructive Surgery of Locomotor System Group - VHIR, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Castellet Feliu
- Surgery and Morphological Sciences, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
- Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Knee Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Reconstructive Surgery of Locomotor System Group - VHIR, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nayana Joshi Jubert
- Surgery and Morphological Sciences, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain.
- Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Knee Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
- Reconstructive Surgery of Locomotor System Group - VHIR, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
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Multiple revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: not the best but still good. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2023; 31:559-571. [PMID: 36224291 PMCID: PMC9898374 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-022-07197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Given the paucity of literature on the re-revision of ACL, the current study was undertaken. The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesise and qualitatively assess the currently available evidence in the literature regarding the re-revision of ACL reconstruction (rrACLR). METHODS A systematic review was conducted based on the PRISMA guidelines. The following search terms were used in the title, abstract and keywords fields: "ACL" or "anterior cruciate ligament" AND "revision" or "multiple" or "repeat". The outcome data extracted from the studies were the Lysholm score, Subjective IKDC, Marx Score, Tegner, Marx Score, KOOS score, radiological changes and the rate of return to sports. Complications, failures and/or revision surgery were also analysed. RESULTS The cohort consisted of 295 patients [191 (64.7%) men and 104 (35.3%) women] with a mean age of 29.9 ± 2.8 years (range 14-58 years) from 10 studies. The mean postoperative follow-up (reported in all studies except one) was 66.9 ± 44.7 months (range 13-230.4 months). Associated injuries were 103 (34.9%) medial meniscus tears, 57 (19.3%) lateral meniscus tears, 14 (4.7%) combined medial plus lateral meniscus tears, 11 (3.7%) meniscal tears (not specified), 252 (85.4%) cartilage lesions, 6 (2.0%) medial collateral ligament injury and 2 (0.7%) lateral collateral ligament injuries. In 47 (15.9%) patients an extra-articular plasty was performed for the anterolateral ligament. In all studies that reported pre- and post-operative IKDC (subjective and objective) and Lysholm score, there was a significant improvement compared to the pre-operative value (p < 0.05). At the final follow-up, laxity measured with KT-1000 was found to be 2.2 ± 0.6 mm. 31 (10.5%) out of 295 patients returned to their pre-injury activity level. A total of 19 (6.4%) re-ruptures were found, while only 4 (1.4%) complications (all minors) were reported, out of which 2 (0.7%) were superficial infections, 1 (0.3%) cyclops lesion and 1 (0.3%) flexion loss. CONCLUSION Multiple revisions of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction allow acceptable clinical results and a good degree of knee stability with a low rate of subsequent new re-ruptures but the possibility of regaining pre-injury sports activity is poor; whenever possible, it is preferred to revise the ligament in one stage. This surgery remains a challenge for orthopaedic surgeons and many doubts persist regarding the ideal grafts, additional extra-articular procedures and techniques to use. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV. STUDY REGISTRATION PROSPERO-CRD42022352164 ( https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ ).
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Pinheiro VH, Jones M, Borque KA, Balendra G, White NP, Ball SV, Williams A. Rates and Levels of Elite Sport Participation at 5 Years After Revision ACL Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:3762-3769. [PMID: 36326297 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221127297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of data regarding return to play (RTP), level of competition, and longevity of play after revision of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) in elite athletes. PURPOSE To report RTP rates and competition levels in elite athletes at the point of RTP, as well as at 2 and 5 years after revision ACLR, and the effect of meniscal and chondral pathology at revision surgery on these outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS A retrospective review of a consecutive series of all revision ACLRs undertaken by the senior author between 2009 and 2019, with a minimum 2-year follow-up, was carried out. Outcome measures were RTP rates and competition level. RESULTS A total of 49 knees in 48 elite athletes met the inclusion criteria. After revision ACLR, 43 (87.8%) elite athletes achieved RTP, of whom 75.5% were at the same level. At 2 years after surgery, 39 (79.6%) were still playing, 25 (51%) at the same level; at 5 years after surgery, 20 (44.4%) were still playing, 9 (20%) at the same level. Elite athletes with <50% thickness or no articular cartilage lesions were more likely to RTP (94.6% vs 66.7%; P = .026), as well as return to the same competition level (83.8% vs 50%; P = .047), compared with those with ≥50% thickness chondral lesions. Those without medial meniscal pathology were more likely to RTP at the same level after revision surgery (94.4% vs 64.5%; P = .036). The median time elite athletes continued to play after revision ACLR was 73 months (95% CI, 43.4-102.6); 23 months at the same level (95% CI, 13.6-32.4). The probability of still playing at 5 years after surgery was 55.9%, with a 22.5% chance of maintaining preinjury competition level. CONCLUSION In elite athletes, RTP rates and competition level decreased over time after revision ACLR. The presence of >50% thickness chondral pathology was associated with lower RTP rates and competition level at RTP time, while medial meniscal pathology was associated with lower competition level at RTP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Jones
- Fortius Clinic, London UK, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, London, UK
| | - Kyle A Borque
- Houston Methodist Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ganesh Balendra
- Fortius Clinic, London UK, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, London, UK
| | - Nathan P White
- Park Clinic Orthopaedics, Melbourne Knee Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon V Ball
- Fortius Clinic, London UK, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, London, UK.,Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andy Williams
- Fortius Clinic, London UK, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, London, UK
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Fradin T, Saithna A, Haidar IM, Rayes J, El Helou A, Ngbilo C, Pioger C, Vieira TD, Hopper GP, Sonnery-Cottet B. Management of the Failed First Revision ACL Reconstruction: Clinical Outcomes of Nonsurgical Management Versus Second Revision ACL Reconstruction From the SANTI Group. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:3236-3243. [PMID: 36074032 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221119202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimum management strategy after failure of revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (RACLR) is not clearly defined. The literature evaluating differences in outcomes between surgical and nonsurgical management is sparse. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS The purpose was to evaluate the outcomes of surgical versus nonsurgical management of failed first RACLR. It was hypothesized that the long-term clinical outcomes of second RACLR would be superior with respect to knee stability, return to sport, and patient-reported outcome measures when compared with nonsurgical treatment. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS Patients who experienced failure of first RACLR were evaluated. All participants followed the same rehabilitation protocol regardless of whether they underwent nonsurgical treatment or a second RACLR. Follow-up comprised regular clinical review and a standardized telephone interview at the end of the study period. Patient-reported outcome measures were recorded at the final follow-up. RESULTS A total of 41 patients with a mean follow-up of 104 ± 52.7 months (range, 40-140 months) were evaluated. Of these, 31 underwent a second RACLR, and 10 patients chose nonsurgical treatment. There was a high rate of return to sport in both groups, but patients undergoing second RACLR had significantly better Tegner (6.35 vs 4.8; P = .012), Lysholm (88.5 vs 78.3; P = .0353), Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) Quality of Life (72.6 vs 56.3; P = .0490), and KOOS Sport and Recreation scores (81.4 vs 62.5; P = .0033). Significantly more patients undergoing second RACLR achieved the Patient Acceptable Symptom State for KOOS Sport and Recreation than those who underwent nonsurgical management (74.2% vs 30%; P = .015). The most important predictor of failure to achieve a good/excellent Lysholm score in multivariate analysis was nonsurgical management (P = .0095). CONCLUSION Both second RACLR and nonsurgical management of failed first RACLR were associated with high rates of return to sport. However, second RACLR was associated with significantly better functional outcome scores with respect to Tegner, Lysholm, KOOS Quality of Life, and KOOS Sport and Recreation scores compared to nonsurgical management. In addition, nonsurgical treatment was the only significant predictor of failure to achieve a good/excellent Lysholm score at the final follow-up, and this was likely a function of inferior knee stability in that group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fradin
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe GDS-Ramsay, Lyon, France
| | - Adnan Saithna
- Arizona Brain, Spine & Sports Injuries Center, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Ibrahim M Haidar
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe GDS-Ramsay, Lyon, France
| | - Johnny Rayes
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe GDS-Ramsay, Lyon, France
| | - Abdo El Helou
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe GDS-Ramsay, Lyon, France
| | - Cedric Ngbilo
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe GDS-Ramsay, Lyon, France
| | - Charles Pioger
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe GDS-Ramsay, Lyon, France
| | - Thais Dutra Vieira
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe GDS-Ramsay, Lyon, France
| | - Graeme P Hopper
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe GDS-Ramsay, Lyon, France
| | - Bertrand Sonnery-Cottet
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe GDS-Ramsay, Lyon, France
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Gorodischer TD, Zicaro JP, Yacuzzi C, Costa Paz M. Good Short-Term Clinical Outcomes and Low Rates of Return to Sports after Repeat Revision ACL Reconstruction. J Knee Surg 2022; 35:1312-1319. [PMID: 33545723 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1723765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Repeat revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) is a rare, demanding procedure and, as such, has not been well studied. Most of the available literature shows improved functional outcomes compared with preoperative state but inferior results when compared with primary ACL-R, particularly regarding return to preinjury level of sports. The purpose of this study was to assess functional outcomes in patients who had undergone repeat revision ACL-R. The secondary aims were to register return to sports, associated meniscal and/or chondral lesions, and evaluate radiological anatomical parameters. Nine patients between 2011 and 2017 were evaluated, who had a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Median age at repeat ACL-R was 32 years (interquartile range [IQR], 30-34 years) and the median follow-up was 27 months (IQR, 24-39 months). Data collected prior to surgery and at last follow-up included patient demographics, operative findings, physical examination findings including pivot shift and KT-1000 arthrometer measurement; Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective scores; and return to sports and level using the Tegner score. Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) subjective score and radiographic anatomical parameters were recorded at last follow-up. Mean IKDC and Lysholm score improvement was 25 points (confidence interval [CI] 12-37) and 25 points (CI 11-39), respectively (p < 0.001). The median postoperative KOOS score was pain: 93 (IQR, 64-96); symptoms: 94 (IQR, 83-97); activities of daily life: 96 (IQR, 90-100); sports: 75 (IQR, 50-90); and quality of life: 50 (IQR, 43-81). Postoperative median side-to-side KT-1000 arthrometer difference was 2 mm (IQR, 1-8 mm). The median radiographic posterior tibial slope was 10 degrees (IQR, 9-10). One patient was considered a failure at 16 months postoperative. Only 44% (four out of nine) patients were able to return to their sports. None of these patients had a cartilage injury, while three out of five patients who did not return to their sports had International Cartilage Regeneration & Joint Preservation Society grade III or IV cartilage injury. Patients should be counseled on the challenging outcomes of repeat revision ACL-R. This is Level IV, therapeutic case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás D Gorodischer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Institute of Orthopedics "Carlos E. Ottolenghi," Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Zicaro
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Institute of Orthopedics "Carlos E. Ottolenghi," Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Yacuzzi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Institute of Orthopedics "Carlos E. Ottolenghi," Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Costa Paz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Institute of Orthopedics "Carlos E. Ottolenghi," Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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[Research progress of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with over-the-top technique]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2022; 36:1166-1171. [PMID: 36111481 PMCID: PMC9626294 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.202203097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the research progress regarding the over-the-top technique for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. METHODS The relevant literature on ACL reconstruction using the over-the-top technique was analyzed for its evolution, clinical application, advantages, and limitations. RESULTS Over-the-top technique for ACL reconstruction is a combined intra- and extra-articular technique. Because it avoids drilling the femoral tunnel, its advantages are mainly highlighted in the protection of the femur. Therefore, it is widely used in children and adolescents with epiphyseal occlusion and in patients with revision reconstruction. In addition, significant improvements in postoperative joint stability, functional scores, and return to exercise rates are found in long-term follow-up studies of patients with primary ACL reconstruction and combined anterolateral tenodesis. However, the technique also has some limitations, such as poor stability of knee flexion after operation, high requirement for graft length, and easy impact of graft in the intercondylar fossa. CONCLUSION The current research results show the effectiveness and safety of the over-the-top technique for primary and revision ACL reconstruction, with the advantages of wide application, simple operation, and quick recovery; however, more researches are needed to further optimize the selection of grafts and femoral condyle management problems, and to clarify the long-term effectiveness.
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Marshall DC, Silva FD, Goldenberg BT, Quintero D, Baraga MG, Jose J. Imaging Findings of Complications After Lateral Extra-Articular Tenodesis of the Knee: A Current Concepts Review. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221114820. [PMID: 36062159 PMCID: PMC9434692 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221114820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite successful anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, many patients continue to experience persistent anterolateral rotatory instability. Lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET) is used to address this instability by harvesting a portion of the iliotibial band, passing it underneath the fibular collateral ligament, and attaching it just proximal and posterior to the lateral femoral epicondyle. Based on the most recent clinical evidence, the addition of LET to ACL reconstruction improves clinical outcomes, which has led to an increase in the use of this technique. Purpose To provide an overview of the postoperative complications of the LET procedure and their associated imaging findings, with a focus on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Study Design Narrative review. Methods In this scoping review, the authors reviewed available radiographic, computed tomography, and MRI scans of patients who experienced postoperative complications after ACL reconstruction with LET, in which the complication was determined to be from the LET procedure. Images were reviewed and subsequently described by an on-staff musculoskeletal radiologist. Results The authors found 9 different complications associated with LET: graft failure, hematoma, infection, chronic pain, tunnel convergence, fixation device migration, muscular hernia, peroneal nerve palsy, and knee stiffness. They supplemented these findings with radiographic evidence from 6 patients. Conclusion As extra-articular reconstruction techniques including LET become more popular among orthopaedic surgeons, it is important that radiologists and surgeons be adept at recognizing the normal imaging findings of LET and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle C. Marshall
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial
Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Flavio D. Silva
- Department of Radiology, Grupo Osteomuscular, Fleury Medicine e
Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brandon T. Goldenberg
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial
Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel Quintero
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial
Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial
Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Michael G. Baraga
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial
Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jean Jose
- Department of Radiology, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial
Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
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Runer A, Dammerer D, Kranewitter C, Giesinger JM, Henninger B, Hirschmann MT, Liebensteiner MC. Injuries to the anterolateral ligament are observed more frequently compared to lesions to the deep iliotibial tract (Kaplan fibers) in anterior cruciate ligamant deficient knees using magnetic resonance imaging. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2022; 30:309-318. [PMID: 33770221 PMCID: PMC8800892 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-021-06535-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the accuracy of detection, injury rate and inter- and intrarater reproducibility in visualizing lesions to the anterolateral ligament (ALL) and the deep portion of the iliotibial tract (dITT) in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficient knees. METHODS Ninety-one consecutive patients, out of those 25 children (age 14.3 ± 3.5 years), with diagnosed ACL tears were included. Two musculoskeletal radiologists retrospectively reviewed MRI data focusing on accuracy of detection and potential injuries to the ALL or dITT. Lesion were diagnosed in case of discontinued fibers in combination with intra- or peri-ligamentous edema and graded as intact, partial or complete tears. Cohen's Kappa and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were determined for inter- and intrarater reliability measures. RESULTS The ALL and dITT were visible in 52 (78.8%) and 56 (84.8%) of adult-and 25 (100%) and 19 (76.0%) of pediatric patients, respectively. The ALL was injured in 45 (58.5%; partial: 36.4%, compleate: 22.1%) patients. Partial and comleate tears, where visualized in 21 (40.4%) and 16 (30.8%) adult- and seven (28.0%) and one (4%) peditric patients. A total of 16 (21.3%; partial: 13.3%, compleate: 8.0%) dITT injuries were identified. Partal and complete lesions were seen in seven (12.5%) and five (8.9%) adult- and three (15.8%) and one (5.3%) pediatric patients. Combined injuries were visualized in nine (12.7%) patients. Inter-observer (0.91-0.95) and intra-observer (0.93-0.95) reproducibility was high. CONCLUSION In ACL injured knees, tears of the ALL are observed more frequently compared to lesions to the deep iliotibial tract. Combined injuries of both structures are rare. Clinically, the preoperative visualization of potentially injured structures of the anterolateral knee is crucial and is important for a more personalized preoperative planning and tailored anatomical reconstruction. The clinical implication of injuries to the anterolateral complex of the knee needs further investigation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Runer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Dammerer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Johannes M. Giesinger
- Innsbruck Institute of Patient-Centered Outcome Research (IIPCOR), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benjamin Henninger
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael T. Hirschmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Kantonsspital Baselland (Bruderholz, Liestal, Laufen), Bruderholz, Switzerland
| | - Michael C. Liebensteiner
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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12
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Baydoun H, Engler ID, Hosseini A, LeClere L, Zoon J, Zoon L, Li G, Salzler MJ, Gill TJ. Stacked Biocomposite Screws in a Single-Stage Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Has Acceptable Fixation Strength in a Porcine Cadaveric Model. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49:2144-2149. [PMID: 34048276 DOI: 10.1177/03635465211015192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stacked screws is a commonly used technique in single-stage revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in the setting of bone loss, but there are limited data to support its use. HYPOTHESIS Two configurations of a biocomposite stacked screws construct have similar fixation strength and linear stiffness as a primary ACL reconstruction construct in a biomechanical model. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS A total of 30 porcine legs were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 underwent primary ACL reconstruction with a patellar tendon graft fixed into the femur, with an 8-mm biocomposite interference screw of beta-tricalcium phosphate and poly lactide-co-glycolide. For a revision ACL reconstruction model, groups 2 and 3 had bone tunnels created and subsequently filled with 12-mm biocomposite screws. New bone tunnels were drilled through the filler screw and the surrounding bone, and the patellar bone plug was inserted. Group 2 was fixed with 8-mm biocomposite screws on the side of the graft opposite the filler screw, while group 3 had the interference screw interposed between the graft and the filler screw. The construct was loaded at 1.5 mm/s in line with the tunnel until failure. Load to failure, linear stiffness, and mode of failure were recorded. RESULTS The mean pullout strength for groups 1, 2, and 3 was 626 ± 145 N, 653 ± 152 N, and 720 ± 125 N, respectively (P = .328). The mean linear stiffness of the construct in groups 1, 2, and 3 was 71.4 ± 9.9 N/mm, 84.1 ± 11.1 N/mm, and 82.0 ± 10.8 N/mm, respectively. Group 2 was significantly stiffer than group 1 (P = .037). CONCLUSION Two configurations of a biocomposite stacked screws construct for a single-stage revision ACL reconstruction in the setting of bone loss show a similar fixation strength and linear stiffness to a primary ACL reconstruction at time zero in a porcine model. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In the setting of bone loss from tunnel malpositioning, a single-stage revision ACL reconstruction using a stacked screws construct may provide adequate fixation strength and linear stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Baydoun
- Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ian D Engler
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ali Hosseini
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lance LeClere
- United States Naval Academy, Naval Health Clinic Annapolis, Annapolis, Maryland, USA
| | - Joeri Zoon
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luciano Zoon
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guoan Li
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Center, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton Centre, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew J Salzler
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas J Gill
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Steward Healthcare System, and Boston Sports Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Dini F, Tecame A, Ampollini A, Adravanti P. Multiple ACL Revision: Failure Analysis and Clinical Outcomes. J Knee Surg 2021; 34:801-809. [PMID: 31777033 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3400741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction represents one of the most successful orthopedic surgical procedures. Nevertheless, ACL revisions are still very frequent, with a small but relevant number of failures. The purpose of this study is to analyze the failure causes and the clinical outcomes of patients who underwent a re-revision ACL reconstruction. Between January 2009 and December 2017, 263 ACL revisions were performed by a single senior surgeon. Seventeen patients (12 males and 5 females) underwent re-revision ACL reconstruction meeting the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 28.4 years (range, 19-41 years). Before the re-revision, the patients were evaluated preoperatively and after a mean follow-up of 29 months (range, 13-58 months). Assessment included subjective and objective evaluations (Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee [IKDC]), KT-2000 arthrometer, radiographic study, and preoperative computed tomography scan. Five patients showed a too anterior previous femoral tunnel and seven a too vertical and posterior tibial tunnel; eight meniscal tears were found. Five patients had grade III-IV according to Outerbridge cartilage lesions. IKDC showed a statistically significant improvement (A + B 35%, C + D 65% preop, A + B 82%, C + D 18% postop, odds ratio: 0.1169; p = 0.0083). The mean Lysholm score ranged from 43 ± 9 to 87 ± 7 (p < 0.001). The KT-2000 arthrometer showed a statistically significant improvement from a mean of 5.8 ± 1.4 to 1.5 ± 1.1 (p < 0.001) at last follow-up. Out of 17 patients, only 4 returned to sports activity at the same preinjury levels. Postoperatively at the last follow-up after last revision surgery, no osteoarthritis evolution was observed. This study showed good clinical and radiological results after the last revision ACL surgery in patients with multiple failures of ACL reconstruction but only one-fourth of the patients returned to the same preoperative sport level. Traumatic events, technical errors, and untreated peripheral lesions are the main causes of multiple previous failures; the worst clinical outcomes were found in the patients with high grade of chondral lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Dini
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Città di Parma Clinic, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Tecame
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Città di Parma Clinic, Parma, Italy
| | - Aldo Ampollini
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Città di Parma Clinic, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Adravanti
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Città di Parma Clinic, Parma, Italy
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14
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White NP, Borque KA, Jones MH, Williams A. Single-Stage Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Experience With 91 Patients (40 Elite Athletes) Using an Algorithm. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49:364-373. [PMID: 33332154 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520976633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased prevalence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has led to an increased need for revision ACL reconstructions. Despite the growing body of literature indicating that single-stage revision ACL reconstruction can yield good outcomes, there is a lack of data for determining when and how to safely perform a single-stage revision. PURPOSE To assess the outcomes, graft failure rates, and return-to-play rates of a decision-making algorithm for single-stage revision ACL reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS We reviewed a consecutive series of revision ACL reconstructions performed by the senior author between September 2009 and July 2016 with minimum 2-year follow-up. All patients were assessed, and decision making was undertaken according to the algorithm. Outcomes measured were further surgery, graft rerupture, re-revision, Tegner score, and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). For the elite athlete population, return-to-play time, duration, and level of play after surgery as compared with preinjury were also determined. RESULTS During this period, 93 procedures were performed in 92 patients (40 elite athletes). Two 2-stage procedures were undertaken, leaving 91 single-stage procedures (91 patients) to form the basis for further study. At a mean 4.3 years (SD, 2.2 years) after surgery, there had been 2 re-revisions (2.2%) and 2 further instances of graft failure that had not been re-revised (total graft failure rate, 4.4%). There were 17 subsequent procedures, including 6 arthroscopic partial meniscectomies, 5 removals of prominent implants, and 1 total knee arthroplasty. The mean Tegner score was 8.02 before graft rerupture and 7.1 at follow-up. At follow-up, the mean KOOS outcomes were 79.3 for Symptoms, 88.0 for Pain, 94.2 for Activities of Daily Living, 73.6 for Sport, and 68.9 for Quality of Life. Of 40 elite athletes, 35 returned to play at a mean 11.2 months (SD, 3.6 months) after surgery. CONCLUSION Single-stage revision ACL reconstructions can be performed reliably in the majority of patients, with good clinical outcomes, low rerupture rates, and high-return-to play rates, even in the elite athlete population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P White
- Park Clinic Orthopaedics, Melbourne Knee Centre, Kew, Australia
| | - Kyle A Borque
- Houston Methodist Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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15
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Hurley ET, Manjunath AK, Strauss EJ, Jazrawi LM, Alaia MJ. Return to Play After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Extra-Articular Augmentation: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy 2021; 37:381-387. [PMID: 32562759 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the current study is to systematically review the current evidence in the literature to ascertain rates of return to play after ACLR with extra-articular augmentation (EA). METHODS A literature search was performed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were included if they evaluated and reported on return to play after ACLR + EA; case studies and review articles were excluded. The outcomes measured focused on (1) return to play, (2) return to play at the same or higher level, and (3) timing of return to play. Qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis were performed using SPSS. RESULTS Overall, 19 studies met our inclusion criteria. Among patients undergoing primary ACLR, 82.8% to 100% were able to return to play, with 64% to 100% able to return at the same or higher level of play. All professional athletes were able to return to play, and 85.7% to 100% were able to return to the same level of preoperative play. The mean time to return was 5 to 11 months in those undergoing primary ACLR + EA. Among those undergoing revision ACLR, 50% to 88.4% were able to return to play, with 41.5% to 77.8% able to return at the same or higher level of play. None of the 5 studies that compared rate of return to play (at any level) between ACLR + EA and ACLR alone found a significant difference between them. However, among the 6 studies that compared rate of return to play at the same level between ACLR + EA and ACLR alone, 2 studies found a significantly higher rate of return to play with ACLR + EA. CONCLUSION ACLR + EA resulted in high levels of return to play in those undergoing either primary or revision ACLR. Additionally, comparative studies of patients undergoing primary ACLR with or without EA reported similarly high rates of return to play. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, systematic review of level I to IV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoghan T Hurley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, U.S.A..
| | - Amit K Manjunath
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, U.S.A
| | - Eric J Strauss
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, U.S.A
| | - Laith M Jazrawi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, U.S.A
| | - Michael J Alaia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, U.S.A
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16
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Engler ID, Salzler MJ, Wall AJ, Johnson WR, Makani A, Shields MV, Gill TJ. Patient-Reported Outcomes After Multiple-Revision ACL Reconstruction: Good but Not Great. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2020; 2:e539-e546. [PMID: 33134992 PMCID: PMC7588625 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the patient-reported and objective functional outcomes of patients undergoing multiple-revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery. The secondary purpose was to determine failure rates and factors associated with failure, with a focus on posterior tibial slope. Methods All patients who underwent a repeat revision ACL reconstruction with a single surgeon over a 13-year period were identified. Chart data were obtained, including radiographic findings, operative details and findings, and postoperative examination findings. Failure was defined as subjective instability with evidence of graft incompetence on physical examination and MRI. Patients completed the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Evaluation Form (IKDC-SKF) and Tegner Activity Level Scale. Patients who had outcomes scores completed a minimum of 2 years postoperatively were included. Results Fourteen patients were available for follow-up; 12 underwent secondary revision procedures, and 2 underwent tertiary revisions. Three patients (21%) had subsequent failure of the revision graft with mean time to failure of 27 months. Posterior tibial slope was significantly higher in the failures than in the nonfailures (13.3˚; 95% CI 10.1-16.6 versus 10.1˚; 95% CI 6.7-11.4; P = 0.049). Eleven patients completed outcomes measures at a mean of 42 months postoperatively (range 24-79 months). The mean Tegner activity score was 6.3 at follow-up, compared with 8.3 prior to the original ACL injury. The mean IKDC-SKF score was 70 at follow-up. Conclusion Multiple revision ACL reconstruction surgery appears to have reasonable functional outcomes but is associated with a relatively high failure rate. Activity level following repeat revision surgery is diminished compared to the preinjury state, but most patients are able to return to recreational sports. Level of Evidence Therapeutic Study, Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D. Engler
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Matthew J. Salzler
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
- Address correspondence to Matthew J. Salzler, M.D., Tufts Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedics, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, U.S.A.
| | - Andrew J. Wall
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - William R. Johnson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Amun Makani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Margaret V. Shields
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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17
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Liebensteiner M, Runer A, Kranewitter C, Nachtigal P, Giesinger J, Dammerer D, Henninger B. MRI visibility of the anterolateral ligament and the deep structures of the iliotibial tract. J Exp Orthop 2020; 7:25. [PMID: 32377884 PMCID: PMC7203385 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-020-00244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The visualization of potentially injured anatomical structures is crucial. Lately the anterolateral ligament (ALL) and the deep structures of the iliotibial tract (ITT) have been of increased clinical interest because of their role as important lateral stabilizers of the knee. The aim of this study was to assess the visibility of the ALL and the deep structures of the ITT using MRI. Good intra- and inter-observer reproducibility was hypothesized. Methods Knee MRI data from patients without ligamentous lesions were retrospectively analyzed by two radiologists at two time points using axial and coronal sequences. The visibility of the different parts of the ALL (femoral, meniscal and tibial part) and of the deep ITT, namely the deep attachments of the ITT to the distal femur and capsulo-osseous layer of the ITT, were determined on a binary (yes/no) basis. Results Seventy-one cases (42 men, 29 women) were studied. Inter-observer agreement was high. Cohen’s kappa was 0.97 for the tibial part of the ALL and 0.76 for the femoral part. For the deep attachments of the ITT to the distal femur Cohen’s kappa was 0.94. For each of the investigated parameters absolute agreement between the observers was at least 88%. Regarding intra-observer agreement Cohen’s kappa was 0.62 for the femoral part of the ALL and 0.85 for the tibial part of the ALL. For the deep attachments of the ITT to the distal femur Cohen’s kappa was 0.94. For each investigated parameter absolute agreement between the two time points was at least 83%. Conclusions The presence of the anterolateral structures of the knee can be determined with substantial inter- and intra-observer agreement using MRI examination. This is applicable for both the ALL and the deep ITT. Level of evidence Diagnostic study – Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Liebensteiner
- Deptartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Armin Runer
- Deptartment of Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | | | - Johannes Giesinger
- Innsbruck Institute of Patient-centered Outcome Research (IIPCOR), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Dammerer
- Deptartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benjamin Henninger
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Noronha JC, Oliveira JP, Brito J. Return to play after three ipsilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions in an elite soccer player: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2020; 68:1-3. [PMID: 32109765 PMCID: PMC7044495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2020.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the reasonable success of ACL reconstruction, some athletes are not able to regain the level of play they once had. PRESENTATION OF CASE Here, we report the case of a 32-year-old male professional soccer player who sustained an ACL injury in his right knee. The patient had a history of two prior ipsilateral ACL injuries, which was reconstructed with ipsilateral hamstring autograft (first surgery) and ipsilateral patellar tendon autograft (revision surgery). Imaging examination revealed a small narrowing of the medial femoro-tibial compartment, a complete ACL rupture, partial medial meniscectomy, small cartilage lesions in the medial condyle, a 7° varus knee, an enlarged tibial tunnel, and a femoral tunnel positioned high above the intercondylar roof. A one-step re-revision surgery using a fresh-frozen, cadaveric, non-irradiated Achilles tendon allograft was planned. After surgery, physiotherapy was conducted once per day during 4 months. The patient started running at the 6th month, and returned to full training 8 months after surgery. The player returned to full competitive play 9 months after surgery and has been competing for the last 36 months at the highest level of play without any limitation, inflammation, pain, or perception of instability. CONCLUSION In professional sports, when re-revision ACL reconstruction is indicated and the patient expects to return to competition, surgery should not be delayed. In these cases, the usefulness of Achilles tendon allograft should be taken into consideration for re-revision ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Noronha
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Portugal; Trindade Hospital, Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Pedro Oliveira
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Portugal; Coimbra Hospital and University Center, Orthopaedic Department, Portugal.
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Portugal.
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Nagai K, Rothrauff BB, Li RT, Fu FH. Over-the-top ACL reconstruction restores anterior and rotatory knee laxity in skeletally immature individuals and revision settings. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28:538-543. [PMID: 31549207 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-019-05719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the objective outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) with the over-the-top (OTT) technique. METHODS Thirty-five ACL-deficient patients with mean follow-up of 2.2 years were retrospectively reviewed. This included 14 skeletally immature individuals (age: 14 ± 1 years) who underwent primary OTT ACLR (adolescent group) and 21 skeletally mature individuals (age: 25 ± 8 years) who underwent OTT revision ACLR (revision group). The tibial tunnel was created at the anatomic position for all cases. No lateral extra-articular tenodesis was performed. Before and after surgery, the side-to-side difference (SSD) in anterior laxity was measured using KT-1000 arthrometer. Lachman and pivot-shift tests were assessed according to IKDC grade. The graft failure rate was assessed. RESULTS The post-operative SSD in anterior laxity was significantly reduced in the adolescent (pre-op, 3.9 ± 1.8 mm; post-op, 1.2 ± 0.8 mm; p = 0.040) and revision groups (pre-op, 4.2 ± 1.7 mm; post-op, 1.2 ± 1.4 mm; p < 0.001). Postoperative knee laxity measured by Lachman and pivot-shift tests were also significantly improved in both groups. Graft rupture occurred in two patients in the adolescent group (14.3%), and one patient in the revision group (4.8%). CONCLUSION ACLR with the OTT technique restored anterior and rotatory knee laxity in skeletally immature individuals and in revision settings. This one-step procedure may be a good option for skeletally immature individuals and revision settings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanto Nagai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Kaufmann Building Suite 1011, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Benjamin B Rothrauff
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Kaufmann Building Suite 1011, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ryan T Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Kaufmann Building Suite 1011, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Freddie H Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Kaufmann Building Suite 1011, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Grassi A, Zicaro JP, Costa-Paz M, Samuelsson K, Wilson A, Zaffagnini S, Condello V. Good mid-term outcomes and low rates of residual rotatory laxity, complications and failures after revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL) and lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET). Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28:418-431. [PMID: 31324964 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-019-05625-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residual rotational instability remains a controversial factor when analysing failure rates of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Anatomical and biomechanical studies have demonstrated a very important role of anterolateral structures for rotational control. Revision ACL is considered one of the main indications for a lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET). Yet, few series evaluating these procedures are published. PURPOSE To perform a systematic review of studies that assessed outcomes in patients treated with revision ACL surgery associated with a lateral extra-articular procedure. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed in February 2018 using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Search and Cochrane. Inclusion criteria were series of ACL revision reconstructions associated with lateral extra-articular procedures. Clinical outcomes (Lysholm, subjective IKDC, KOOS, Cincinnati and WOMAC), joint stability measures (Lachman test, pivot-shift, arthrometer assessment and navigation assessment), graft type, reported chondral and meniscal injury, radiographic outcomes, complications and failures were recorded. Articles were assessed for level of evidence and methodology using a modification of the ACL Methodology Score (AMS) system. RESULTS Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria out of the 231 abstracts; 9 retrospective evaluations, two prospective cohorts and one combination of two populations (a retrospective and prospective series). A total of 851 patients evaluated with a mean age of 28.8 years (range 16-68 years) and a weighted mean follow-up of 4.9 years (range 1-10 years). The mean time from primary ACL reconstruction to revision was 5.3 years (reported in 7 studies, including 710 patients). The Lysholm, IKDC, and KOOS scores indicated favorable results in studies that reported these outcomes. Objective evaluations reported 86% objective A and B IKDC results, 2.6 mm mean side-to-side arthrometric difference and 80% negative pivot-shift. About 74% of patients returned to their previous sport (evaluated in six studies). Few studies reported radiological evaluation. Fifty-nine complications (8.0%) and 24 failures (3.6%) were reported. The mean modified ACL Methodology Score was 55.5 (range 32-72). CONCLUSION Good mid-term results were obtained for combined revision ACL reconstruction and lateral extra-articular procedures. Despite the fact that in clinical practice LET are a common indication associated with revision ACL, there are no high-level studies supporting this technique. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Grassi
- IIa Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Juan Pablo Zicaro
- Department of Knee Arthroscopy, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matias Costa-Paz
- Department of Knee Arthroscopy, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kristian Samuelsson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adrian Wilson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Aldermaston Road, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG24 9NA, UK
| | - Stefano Zaffagnini
- IIa Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie DIBINEM, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Condello
- Joint Preservation and Reconstructive Surgery and Sports Medicine Unit, Humanitas Castelli Clinic, Bergamo, Italy
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21
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Cooper JD, Wang W, Prentice HA, Funahashi TT, Maletis GB. The Association Between Tibial Slope and Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Patients ≤21 Years Old: A Matched Case-Control Study Including 317 Revisions. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47:3330-3338. [PMID: 31634002 DOI: 10.1177/0363546519878436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that tibial slope may play a role in revision risk after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR); however, prior studies are inconsistent. PURPOSE To determine (1) whether there is a difference in lateral tibial posterior slope (LTPS) or medial tibial posterior slope (MTPS) between patients undergoing revised ACLR and those not requiring revision and (2) whether the medial-to-lateral slope difference is different between these 2 groups. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS We conducted a matched case-control study (2006-2015). Cases were patients aged ≤21 years who underwent revision surgery after primary unilateral ACLR; controls were patients aged ≤21 years without revision who were identified from the same source population. Controls were matched to cases by age, sex, body mass index, race, graft type, femoral fixation device, and post-ACLR follow-up time. Tibial slope measurements were made by a single blinded reviewer using magnetic resonance imaging. The Wilcoxon signed rank test and McNemar test were used for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. RESULTS No difference was observed between revised and nonrevised ACLR groups for LTPS (median: 6° vs 6°, P = .973) or MTPS (median: 4° vs 5°, P = .281). Furthermore, no difference was found for medial-to-lateral slope difference (median: -1 vs -1, P = .289). A greater proportion of patients with revised ACLR had an LTPS ≥12° (7.6% vs 3.8%) and ≥13° (4.7% vs 1.3%); however, this was not statistically significant after accounting for multiple testing. CONCLUSION We failed to observe an association between revision ACLR surgery and LTPS, MTPS, or medial-to-lateral slope difference. However, there was a greater proportion of patients in the revision ACLR group with an LTPS ≥12°, suggesting that a minority of patients who have more extreme values of LTPS have a higher revision risk after primary ACLR. A future cohort study evaluating the angle that best differentiates patients at highest risk for revision is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Cooper
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Surgical Outcomes and Analysis, Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Heather A Prentice
- Surgical Outcomes and Analysis, Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tadashi T Funahashi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Gregory B Maletis
- Department of Orthopaedics, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Baldwin Park, California, USA
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22
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Liebensteiner MC, Henninger B, Kittl C, Attal R, Giesinger JM, Kranewitter C. The anterolateral ligament and the deep structures of the iliotibial tract: MRI visibility in the paediatric patient. Injury 2019; 50:602-606. [PMID: 30391071 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2018.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the visibility of both the anterolateral ligament (ALL) and the deep structures of the iliotibial tract (ITT) by means of MRI in paediatric patients. To determine reproducibility for such measurements. METHODS Knee MRI data from patients aged <18a without lesions of the capsule or ligaments, fractures, bone edemas, foreign material or motion artifacts were analyzed by two musculoskeletal radiologists separately and twice. The visibility of the different parts of the ALL was determined (femoral, meniscal, tibial parts). Similarly, the visibility of the different parts of the deep ITT was determined: deep attachments of the ITT to the distal femur (insertion near septum, supracondylar insertion and retrograde insertion) and capsulo-osseous layer of the ITT. RESULTS We studied 61 cases (36 female, 25 male). Age was 15 years (±2.3). Interobserver agreement was high. Cohen's Kappa was 0.864 (95%CI: 0.715-1.000) for the tibial part of the ALL and 1.0 for the femoral part of the ALL. For the deep attachments of the ITT to the distal femur Kappa was 0.828 (95%CI: 0.685-0.971). Regarding intraobserver agreement, Cohen's Kappa was 1.0 for the femoral part of the ALL and 0.955 (95%CI: 0.867-1.000) for the tibial part of the ALL. For the deep attachments of the ITT to the distal femur Cohen's Kappa was 0.896 (95%CI: 0.782-1.000). CONCLUSION On the basis of our findings it is concluded that the presence of the anterolateral structures of the knee can be determined by MRI in a pediatric population with substantial inter- and intraobserver agreement. This is true for both the ALL and the deep structures of the ITT. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic study - Level 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Liebensteiner
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - B Henninger
- Dept. of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Kittl
- Dept. of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Muenster University Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - R Attal
- Dept. of Trauma Surgery, Feldkirch Hospital, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - J M Giesinger
- Innsbruck Institute of Patient-centered Outcome Research (IIPCOR), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Kranewitter
- Dept. of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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23
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Over-the-top ACL reconstruction yields comparable outcomes to traditional ACL reconstruction in primary and revision settings: a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2019; 27:427-444. [PMID: 30078121 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-018-5084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess clinical outcomes of over-the-top (OTT) ACL reconstruction (ACLR) in skeletally mature patients, where physeal sparing is not a consideration. The hypothesis is that OTT will produce successful yet inferior outcomes compared to anatomic ACL approaches in both primary and revision settings. METHODS Two reviewers searched two online databases (EMBASE and MEDLINE) from inception to October 2017 for literature on OTT ACLR in skeletally mature patients. The systematic screening process was completed in duplicate, independently, and based on predetermined criteria. An expert in the field was consulted to resolve disagreements for full-text screening. Quality assessment of included papers was performed independently and in duplicate. RESULTS From 3148 initial studies, 16 eligible studies (three RCTs and 13 case series) satisfied inclusion criteria. Three focused on the revision setting. The mean age of patients undergoing primary reconstruction was 26.9 ± 3.6, with 21.3% female patients and 31.4 ± 1.2 (26.1% female) in revision settings. Of primary studies reporting return to sport (n = 151), 69% of patients returned to pre-injury sports participation, with a total 94% returning to any sports activity. In revision settings (n = 48), 52.1% of patients returned to pre-injury sports participation, 25.2% returned to a lower level and 12.5% ceased sporting activity. Primary reconstruction studies reported a mean post-operative Tegner score of 6.5 ± 0.5 (n = 181) and mean KOOS of 82.8 ± 8.1 (n = 96). Primary studies reported a total 13 graft failures (3.7%), seven of which were re-ruptures (2.0%). The revision failure rate was 8.4% (four patients). CONCLUSION Clinically important outcomes for OTT ACLR are comparable to literature figures for traditional all-inside, transtibial and/or anteromedial portal drilling techniques. This holds true in revision settings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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24
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Redler A, Iorio R, Monaco E, Puglia F, Wolf MR, Mazza D, Ferretti A. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Hamstrings and Extra-articular Tenodesis: A Mid- to Long-Term Clinical and Radiological Study. Arthroscopy 2018; 34:3204-3213. [PMID: 30292594 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present the mid- to long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of a series of patients who underwent revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with doubled gracilis and semitendinosus (DGST) autograft and a lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET). METHODS Patients who underwent revision ACL reconstruction with DGST and LET by a single surgeon between January 1997 and December 2013 were included. Revision was indicated by ACL failure noted on magnetic resonance imaging, persistent clinical instability, or laxity on clinical exam. Patients were evaluated preoperatively and at latest follow-up by an independent board-certified orthopaedic surgeon. Outcomes included Lachman and pivot shift tests, validated clinical and patient reported outcomes scores, and radiographic analysis. The presence of previous meniscectomy or chondral injury was recorded intraoperatively. RESULTS A total of 118/132 potential patients (89.4%) was available for follow-up at a mean 10.6 years (3-19 years) postoperatively. Lachman and pivot shift examinations as well as the side-to-side difference on an KT-1000 arthrometer demonstrated significant improvement at latest follow-up (P < .05) versus preoperative evaluation. Severe degenerative disease was present in 25% of patients on radiograph and correlated with worsened clinical outcomes. Previous meniscectomy was the only risk factor analyzed that correlated with worsened radiographic grade. No patients had a graft tear based on clinical and/or magnetic resonance imaging evaluation, but 9 (7.6%) failed based on a side-to-side difference of >5 mm on the KT-1000, a grade ≥2+ on pivot shift, or report of continued instability. CONCLUSIONS Revision ACL reconstruction with DGST and LET at mid- to long-term follow-up provides continued improvement in clinical and radiological outcomes from preoperative assessment. Meniscectomy was the only factor related to worsened radiological grades and clinical outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Redler
- Orthopaedic Unit and Kirk Kilgour Sports Injury Centre, Sant Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Iorio
- Orthopaedic Unit and Kirk Kilgour Sports Injury Centre, Sant Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Monaco
- Orthopaedic Unit and Kirk Kilgour Sports Injury Centre, Sant Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Puglia
- Orthopaedic Unit and Kirk Kilgour Sports Injury Centre, Sant Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Megan R Wolf
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, U.S.A
| | - Daniele Mazza
- Orthopaedic Unit and Kirk Kilgour Sports Injury Centre, Sant Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferretti
- Orthopaedic Unit and Kirk Kilgour Sports Injury Centre, Sant Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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25
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van Eck CF, Limpisvasti O, ElAttrache NS. Is There a Role for Internal Bracing and Repair of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament? A Systematic Literature Review. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:2291-2298. [PMID: 28783472 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517717956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renewed interest has arisen in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair techniques. HYPOTHESIS ACL repair with or without some form of internal bracing could lead to good outcomes in a carefully selected subset of patients. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS An electronic database search was performed to identify 89 papers describing preclinical and clinical studies on the outcome of ACL repair. RESULTS Proximal ACL tear patterns showed a better healing potential with primary repair than distal or midsubstance tears. Some form of internal bracing increased the success rate of ACL repair. Improvement in the biological characteristics of the repair was obtained by bone marrow access by drilling tunnels or microfracture. Augmentation with platelet-rich plasma was beneficial only in combination with a structural scaffold. Skeletally immature patients had the best outcomes. Acute repair offered improved outcomes with regard to load, stiffness, laxity, and rerupture. CONCLUSION ACL repair may be a viable option in young patients with acute, proximal ACL tears. The use of internal bracing, biological augmentation, and scaffold tissue may increase the success rate of repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Orr Limpisvasti
- Kerlan Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic, Los Angeles, California, USA
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26
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Zaffagnini S, Grassi A, Marcheggiani Muccioli GM, Roberti Di Sarsina T, Macchiarola L, Mosca M, Neri MP, Marcacci M. Anterior cruciate ligament revision with Achilles tendon allograft in young athletes. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2018; 104:209-215. [PMID: 29032309 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Return to sport after revision ACL reconstruction is a controversial topic, several studies reported the results of different techniques and graft in sportsman, presenting an incredibly wide range of return to the same pre-injury activity level, from 0% to 100%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes and return to sport rate in young athletes after non anatomic double-bundle revision ACL reconstruction with Achilles allograft. HYPOTHESIS The present revision technique was effective in terms of stability, return to sport and functional outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS All the athletes undergone Revision ACL reconstruction with non-irradiated Achilles tendon allograft with a non-anatomical double-bundle technique were included in the study. A split Achilles tendon allograft was used to reproduce the anteromedial (AM) bundle using the over-the-top position, while the posterolateral (PL) bundle was reconstructed through a femoral tunnel located in the anatomical PL footprint. Sport activity, knee function with Lysholm score, knee laxity and re-injury or re-operations were evaluated. RESULTS Twenty-six athletes (23 males, three females) with a mean age of 23.4±3.6 years were evaluated at a mean follow-up of 6.0±1.6 years. Overall 69% of patients returned to sport both at elite (44%) or county level (56%) after a mean 6.7±1.5 (3-9 range) months. The mean Lysholm score showed a significant improvement from 64.4±8.1 at pre-operative status to 83.8±11.3 at final follow-up (P<.0001). Seven patients (30%) were rated as excellent, nine (39%) as good, five (22%) as fair and 2 (9%) as poor. Three patients (12%) experienced a further graft rupture after a mean 2.6 years, (3.5 months-48 months range) and two had >5mm side-to-side difference at KT-1000. Therefore, the overall survival rate at mean six years follow-up was 81%. CONCLUSION The ACL revision with a double-bundle technique using Achilles tendon allograft was successful in 81% of athletes at six years mean follow-up. TYPE OF STUDY AND LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Retrospective case series, level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zaffagnini
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy; Laboratorio di Biomeccanica ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Grassi
- Laboratorio di Biomeccanica ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - G M Marcheggiani Muccioli
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy; Laboratorio di Biomeccanica ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - T Roberti Di Sarsina
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy; Laboratorio di Biomeccanica ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - L Macchiarola
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy; Laboratorio di Biomeccanica ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - M Mosca
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - M P Neri
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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27
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Zaffagnini S, Roberti di Sarsina T, Bonanzinga T, Nitri M, Macchiarola L, Stefanelli F, Lucidi G, Grassi A. Does Donor Age of Nonirradiated Achilles Tendon Allograft Influence Mid-Term Results of Revision ACL Reconstruction? JOINTS 2018; 6:10-15. [PMID: 29675501 PMCID: PMC5906117 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1626739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of the present study was to investigate if the donor age of nonirradiated Achilles tendon allograft could influence the clinical results of revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.
Methods
All patients that underwent ACL revision between 2004 and 2008 with at least 4 years of follow-up were included. For all the patients that met the inclusion criteria, the age of the graft donor was obtained from the tissue bank. Lysholm score was administered to patients that met inclusion criteria. In addition, patients were divided in two groups based on the donor age (<45 years vs. ≥45 years), and the baseline characteristics and outcomes were compared.
Results
Fifty-two patients were evaluated at a mean 4.8 ± 0.8 years follow-up with Lysholm score. The Lysholm significantly improved from 62.3 ± 6.6 at preoperative status to 84.4 ± 12.3 at final follow-up. The mean donor age was 48.7 ± 8.4 years; a significant difference in Lysholm score was noted between patients that received an allograft with a donor age <45 years (14 patients; 27%) and those receiving an allograft with a donor age ≥45 years (38; 73%) (89.5 ± 3.2 vs. 80.1 ± 11.1, respectively;
p
= 0.0469). The multiple regression model showed the donor age, the final follow-up, and the preoperative Lysholm score as significant predictors of postoperative Lysholm score (
p
< 0.0002).
Conclusion
Donor age of nonirradiated Achilles tendon allograft influenced the mid-term results of revision ACL reconstruction, thus advising the use of grafts from young donors.
Level of Evidence
Level III, retrospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Zaffagnini
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,Laboratorio di Biomeccanica ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tommaso Roberti di Sarsina
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,Laboratorio di Biomeccanica ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bonanzinga
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,Laboratorio di Biomeccanica ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Nitri
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,Laboratorio di Biomeccanica ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Macchiarola
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,Laboratorio di Biomeccanica ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Stefanelli
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,Laboratorio di Biomeccanica ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianandrea Lucidi
- Laboratorio di Biomeccanica ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Grassi
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,Laboratorio di Biomeccanica ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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28
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Ntagiopoulos P, Dejour D. Extra-Articular Plasty for Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Clin Sports Med 2018; 37:115-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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29
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Zanovello J, Rosso F, Bistolfi A, Rossi R, Castoldi F. Combined Intra- and Extra-Articular Technique in Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. JOINTS 2017; 5:156-163. [PMID: 29270546 PMCID: PMC5738484 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1605590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Purpose
The aim of the study was to evaluate the “over the top” (OTT) nonanatomical technique for revision of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.
Methods
Twenty-four patients with a mean age of 31.9 ± 11.2 years underwent revision of ACL reconstruction using OTT technique. International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Lysholm score, Tegner score, Subjective Patient Outcome for Return to Sport (SPORTS) score, Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Return to Sport After Injury (ACL-RSI) scale, and KT-1000 evaluation were recorded at a mean follow-up of 30.7 ± 18.9 months.
Results
Postoperatively, the IKDC objective total score significantly improved (
p
= 0.0046). The KOOS, Lysholm, and Tegner scores also improved, but the results were not statistically significant (62.4 vs. 72.6, 6.5 vs. 75.8, and 4.1 vs. 6.0, respectively). The subjective IKDC evaluation score improved from an average of 51.1 points to 63.7 points at the last follow-up (
p
= 0.0027). The RTP prevalence was 81.8%, with 44.4% of the patients returning to the same preinjury level. According to the SPORTS score, 16.6% of patients played sport without limitations in activity and performance. The average ACL-RSI score was 52.1 ± 27.0. No major complications were reported. A total of 21.5% of patients underwent surgical removal of staples. The failure prevalence was 14.3% and the cumulative survivorship, calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method, was equal to 70% at 60 months of follow-up.
Conclusion
The OTT technique in the revision ACL reconstruction provided improvement in objective and subjective scores, good RTP prevalence, and acceptable rate of complication and failure. One of the advantages was the possibility to avoid the femoral tunnel.
Level of Evidence
Level IV, therapeutic case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Zanovello
- Department of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Rehabilitation, Orthopaedic and Trauma Centre, University of Turin, Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Rosso
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Turin, AO Mauriziano "Umberto I" Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bistolfi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Rehabilitation, Orthopaedic and Trauma Centre, Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Rossi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Turin, AO Mauriziano "Umberto I" Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Filippo Castoldi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital of Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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Kraeutler MJ, Welton KL, McCarty EC, Bravman JT. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2017; 99:1689-1696. [PMID: 28976434 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.17.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kraeutler
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Seton Hall-Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, South Orange, New Jersey 2Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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Grassi A, Nitri M, Moulton SG, Marcheggiani Muccioli GM, Bondi A, Romagnoli M, Zaffagnini S. Does the type of graft affect the outcome of revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? a meta-analysis of 32 studies. Bone Joint J 2017; 99-B:714-723. [PMID: 28566389 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.99b6.bjj-2016-0929.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Our aim was to perform a meta-analysis of the outcomes of revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, comparing the use of different types of graft. MATERIALS AND METHODS A search was performed of Medline and Pubmed using the terms "Anterior Cruciate Ligament" and "ACL" combined with "revision", "re-operation" and "failure". Only studies that reported the outcome at a minimum follow-up of two years were included. Two authors reviewed the papers, and outcomes were subdivided into autograft and allograft. Autograft was subdivided into hamstring (HS) and bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB). Subjective and objective outcome measures were analysed and odds ratios with confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS A total of 32 studies met the inclusion criteria. Five studies used HS autografts, eight reported using BPTB autografts, two used quadriceps tendon autografts and eight used various types. Seven studies reported using allografts, while the two remaining used both BPTB autografts and allografts. Overall, 1192 patients with a mean age of 28.7 years (22.5 to 39) and a mean follow-up of 5.4 years (2.0 to 9.6) were treated with autografts, while 269 patients with a mean age of 28.4 years (25 to 34.6) and a mean follow-up of 4.0 years (2.3 to 6.0) were treated with allografts. Regarding allografts, irradiation with 2.5 mrad was used in two studies while the graft was not irradiated in the seven remaining studies. Reconstructions following the use of autografts had better outcomes than those using allograft with respect to laxity, measured by KT-1000/2000 (MEDmetric Corporation) and the rates of complications and re-operations. Those following the use of allografts had better mean Lysholm and Tegner activity scores compared with autografts. If irradiated allografts were excluded from the analysis, outcomes no longer differed between the use of autografts and allografts. Comparing the types of autograft, all outcomes were similar except for HS grafts which had better International Knee Documentation Committee scores compared with BPTB grafts. CONCLUSION Autografts had better outcomes than allografts in revision ACL reconstruction, with lower post-operative laxity and rates of complications and re-operations. However, after excluding irradiated allografts, outcomes were similar between autografts and allografts. Overall, the choice of graft at revision ACL reconstruction should be on an individual basis considering, for instance, the preferred technique of the surgeon, whether a combined reconstruction is required, the type of graft that was previously used, whether the tunnels are enlarged and the availability of allograft. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:714-23.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grassi
- Orthopedic Institute Rizzoli, 90011 Bologna, Italy
| | - M Nitri
- Orthopedic Institute Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - S G Moulton
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW, Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - A Bondi
- Orthopedic Institute Rizzoli, 90011 Bologna, Italy
| | - M Romagnoli
- Orthopedic Institute Rizzoli, 90011 Bologna, Italy
| | - S Zaffagnini
- Orthopedic Institute Rizzoli, 90011 Bologna, Italy
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von Recum J, Schwaab J, Guehring T, Grützner PA, Schnetzke M. Bone Incorporation of Silicate-Substituted Calcium Phosphate in 2-Stage Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Histologic and Radiographic Study. Arthroscopy 2017; 33:819-827. [PMID: 28043751 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the histologic and radiographic outcomes of using silicate-substituted calcium phosphate (Si-CaP) as bone graft substitute for the augmentation of tunnel defects in 2-stage revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. METHODS Forty patients undergoing 2-stage revision ACL reconstruction were included in a prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial between 2012 and 2015. The inclusion criteria were tunnel diameter of the tibial and/or femoral tunnel of 10 mm or greater after failed ACL reconstruction. Twenty patients received autologous bone from the iliac crest and 20 patients received Si-CaP as a bone graft substitute for tunnel grafting at the first-stage procedure. Punch biopsy specimens of the augmented tunnels were taken at the second-stage procedure, and histologic examination included quantitative analysis of the area of immature bone formation, lamellar bone, and bone marrow. Radiographic analysis included determination of the filling rates of the tunnels on postoperative computed tomography scans. RESULTS Forty patients with a mean age of 32 years (standard deviation [SD], 11.0 years) were analyzed. Histologic examination of the tunnels filled with Si-CaP showed that 15% (SD, 14%) of the area was covered with immature bone formation, 41% (SD, 10%) with well-organized lamellar bone, and 44% (SD, 8%) with bone marrow. In the control group (autologous bone), 58% (SD, 3%) of the area was covered with well-organized lamellar bone and 42% (SD, 3%) with bone marrow. Quantitative evaluation of the postoperative computed tomography scans showed a trend of better filling rates in patients with Si-CaP for the tibial tunnel (86% [SD, 17%] vs 78% [SD, 14%]; P = .131). Intraoperatively, Si-CaP was completely integrated into the original bone tunnel providing good stability for tunnel placement and tendon graft fixation comparable to autologous bone. CONCLUSIONS Si-CaP as bone graft substitute for tunnel augmentation in 2-stage revision ACL reconstruction shows good histologic, radiographic, and intraoperative integration comparable to autologous bone. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I, prospective randomized controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan von Recum
- Department for Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen on the Rhine, Germany
| | - Johannes Schwaab
- Department for Pathology, Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen on the Rhine, Germany
| | - Thorsten Guehring
- Department for Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen on the Rhine, Germany
| | - Paul-Alfred Grützner
- Department for Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen on the Rhine, Germany
| | - Marc Schnetzke
- Department for Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen on the Rhine, Germany.
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Kay J, Naji L, de SA D, Simunovic N, Peterson D, Samuelsson K, Musahl V, Ayeni OR. Graft choice has no significant influence on the rate of return to sport at the preinjury level after revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J ISAKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/jisakos-2016-000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Outcomes and Risk Factors of Rerevision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy 2016; 32:2151-2159. [PMID: 27289278 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature on rerevision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, focusing on patient outcomes. The secondary aims of this study were to (1) identify risk factors that contribute to multiple ACL reconstruction failures (defined as a complete tear of a revision ACL graft with knee instability) and (2) assess concomitant knee injuries, such as articular cartilage and menisci lesions. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed. Inclusion criteria were as follows: outcomes of rerevision ACL reconstruction, English language, minimum of 2 years of follow-up, and human studies. We excluded cadaveric studies, animal studies, basic science articles, editorial articles, surgical technique descriptions, surveys, and rerevision ACL articles in which rerevision reconstruction subgroups were not reported independently of first-time ACL revision groups. RESULTS Six studies met the inclusion criteria and were considered for review. One was a case-control study (Level III evidence), and 5 studies were case series (Level IV evidence). Compared with preoperative scores, patient outcomes improved after rerevision ACL reconstruction. However, more meniscal and cartilage pathologies were present in rerevision cases compared with after primary and revision ACL reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS Although rerevision ACL reconstruction can restore stability and improve functional outcomes compared with the preoperative state, outcomes remained inferior when compared with primary ACL reconstructions, particularly regarding a patient's ability to return to his or her preinjury level of activity. Additional factors that place increased stress on the ACL graft, such as increased posterior tibial sagittal plane slope or undiagnosed concomitant ligament injuries, should be investigated, especially in atraumatic failures. If present, operative treatment of these factors should be considered. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, systematic review of Level III and IV studies.
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Grassi A, Ardern CL, Marcheggiani Muccioli GM, Neri MP, Marcacci M, Zaffagnini S. Does revision ACL reconstruction measure up to primary surgery? A meta-analysis comparing patient-reported and clinician-reported outcomes, and radiographic results. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50:716-24. [PMID: 26809259 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare patient-reported and clinician-reported outcomes, and radiographic results between patients who had had revision ACL reconstruction and those who had had primary ACL reconstruction. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis DATA SOURCES The MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE and SPORTDiscus electronic databases were searched on 6 August 2015, using 3 main concepts: (1) revision ACL reconstruction, (2) primary ACL reconstruction and (3) treatment outcomes. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Articles that compared patient-reported or clinician-reported outcomes or radiographic results between patients who had had revision ACL reconstruction and those who had had primary surgery with a minimum of 2 years follow-up were included. The outcomes evaluated were the Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, objective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) classification, Tegner Activity Scale, side-to-side difference in anterior tibial translation measured with KT-1000/2000 arthrometer, pivot shift test, tibiofemoral osteoarthritis grading on plain radiographs and subsequent knee surgeries. RESULTS 8 studies (300 revision ACL reconstructions and 413 primary ACL reconstructions) were included in the meta-analysis. Patients who had had revision surgery reported inferior Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale scores (mean difference: 7.8 points), had inferior clinician-reported knee function as assessed with the objective IKDC classification (IKDC category A: 27% vs 57%; IKDC category C or D: 22% vs 8%) and pivot shift test (grade II or III: 7% vs 2%), and more radiographic evidence of tibiofemoral osteoarthritis (50% vs 25%) compared with patients who had had primary surgery. CONCLUSIONS Revision ACL reconstruction restored similar anterior-posterior knee laxity compared with primary ACL reconstruction. Patients who had had revision surgery reported inferior Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale scores, had inferior clinician-reported knee function and more radiographic signs of tibiofemoral osteoarthritis compared with patients with primary ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Grassi
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Clare L Ardern
- Aspetar Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar Division of Physiotherapy, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Maria Pia Neri
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurilio Marcacci
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zaffagnini
- II Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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Andriolo L, Filardo G, Kon E, Ricci M, Della Villa F, Della Villa S, Zaffagnini S, Marcacci M. Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: clinical outcome and evidence for return to sport. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2015. [PMID: 26202138 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-015-3702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE An increasing number of patients undergo revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, with the intention of returning to sport being a major indication. The aim of this study is to assess the available evidence for clinical improvement and return to sport, to understand the real potential of this procedure in regaining functional activity, and to facilitate improved counselling of patients regarding the expected outcome after revision ACL reconstruction. METHODS The search was conducted on the PubMed database. Articles reporting clinical results for revision ACL reconstruction were included. A meta-analysis was performed on return to sport, and results were compared to the literature on primary ACL reconstruction. Other specific clinical outcomes (Lysholm, Tegner, IKDC Objective scores) were also included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS Of the 503 identified records, a total of 59 studies involving 5365 patients were included in the qualitative data synthesis. Only 31 articles reported the rate of return to sport. Whereas 73 % of good objective results and satisfactory subjective results were documented, 57 % of patients did not return to the same level of sport activity, significantly inferior to that of a primary procedure. CONCLUSION The real potential of revision ACL reconstruction should not be overestimated due to the low number of patients able to return to their previous activity level, significantly inferior with respect to that reported for primary ACL reconstruction. This finding will help physicians in the clinical practice providing realistic expectations to the patients. Future studies should focus on participation-based outcome measures such as return to sport and in strategies to improve the results in terms of return to previous activities after revision ACL reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Systematic review and meta-analysis including Level IV studies, Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Andriolo
- II Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic - Biomechanics and Technology Innovation Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Filardo
- II Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic - Biomechanics and Technology Innovation Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elizaveta Kon
- II Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic - Biomechanics and Technology Innovation Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.,Nano-Biotechnology Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Margherita Ricci
- Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Zaffagnini
- II Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic - Biomechanics and Technology Innovation Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurilio Marcacci
- II Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic - Biomechanics and Technology Innovation Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
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Ruffilli A, Buda R, Pagliazzi G, Baldassarri M, Cavallo M, Luciani D, Ferranti E, Giannini S. Over-the-Top Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Single- or Double-Strand Hamstrings Autograft. Orthopedics 2015; 38:e635-43. [PMID: 26186328 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20150701-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to (1) report the long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of a nonanatomical anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using an over-the-top (OTT) femoral route and (2) compare single-strand (1SHG) and double-strand (2SHG) hamstrings graft reconstruction. Fifty-one consecutive patients (mean age, 29.2±3.8 years) underwent nonanatomical ACL reconstruction using OTT femoral passage. Twenty patients underwent 1SHG reconstruction and 31 underwent 2SHG reconstruction. International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Tegner score, and KT-1000 (Medmetric Corporation, San Diego, California) evaluation were recorded at a mean follow-up of 12.1±1.6 years. At final follow-up, radiographic evaluation was performed according to the IKDC grading system. Mean IKDC subjective score at follow-up was 76.6±21.9 in the 1SHG group and 88.9±10.0 in the 2SHG (P=.009). Average KOOS was 82.6±18.7 in the 1SHG group and 92.4±9.2 in the 2SHG group (P=.016). Objective IKDC evaluation showed a higher percentage of normal knees in the 2SHG group (P=.018). Pivot shift testing revealed a significantly higher number of normal knees in the 2SHG group (P=.001). Radiographs showed fewer degenerative changes in the 2SHG group at final follow-up in the medial (P=.01) and lateral (P=.037) compartments. Nonanatomical ACL reconstruction using the OTT technique provided satisfactory results in terms of control of both static and dynamic instability at long-term follow-up, thus preventing degenerative joint disease. The 2SHG group showed better subjective and functional outcomes with fewer degenerative changes compared with the 1SHG group at long-term follow-up.
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Grassi A, Zaffagnini S, Marcheggiani Muccioli GM, Neri MP, Della Villa S, Marcacci M. After revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, who returns to sport? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49:1295-304. [PMID: 26062956 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-094089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Return to sport and to pre-injury level represents an important outcome after both primary and revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions. PURPOSE The aim of the present meta-analysis was to determine the return to sport rate after revision ACL reconstruction. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic search was performed of the MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials Databases. All the studies that reported return to sport, return to pre-injury sport level and return to high level/competitive sport was considered for the meta-analysis. The overall pooled mean of post-operative knee laxity and pooled rate of positive pivot-shift and objective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) categories was calculated as well. RESULTS Overall, 472 abstracts were identified and screened for inclusion and only 16 studies reported the rate of return to any level of sport activity at the final follow-up of 4.7 years (range 1.0-13.2 years), showing a pooled rate of 85.3% (CI 79.7 to 90.2). The return to pre-injury sport level was achieved in 53.4% (CI 37.8 to 68.7) of cases. Normal or quasi-normal objective IKDC, less than 5 mm of side-to-side difference at arthrometric evaluations and grade I-II pivot-shift test were reported in 84%, 88% and 93% patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In spite of almost 8 patients out of 10 returning to sport after revision ACL reconstruction and showing good stability, only half of the patients returned to the same pre-injury sport level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Grassi
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica II-Lab. di Biomeccanica, ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zaffagnini
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica II-Lab. di Biomeccanica, ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Maria Pia Neri
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica II-Lab. di Biomeccanica, ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Maurilio Marcacci
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica II-Lab. di Biomeccanica, ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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