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Jones SD, Safran MR. Current concepts: the hip, core and kinetic chain in the overhead athlete. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2024; 33:450-456. [PMID: 38007174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As overhead sports continue to grow in popularity, there has been increased interest in optimizing sports performance and injury prevention in these athletes. The hip, core, and kinetic chain have become a focus of research in recent decades, and their importance in upper extremity mechanics is now being recognized. METHODS An extensive review was carried out to identify papers correlating the hip, core and/or kinetic chain in overhead athletic performance and injury. RESULTS Recent literature has shown that efficiency and synchrony of the hips and core during an overhead movement (such as in baseball, golf, tennis, or volleyball) is essential for a powerful and precise execution of the task. Impairments of the hip and core, particularly abnormal joint mobility or weakness, can limit efficient energy transfer through the kinetic chain and may negatively impact performance. Recent epidemiologic studies have found hip pain to be common in adolescent, collegiate, and adult athletes. Moreover, hip pain in overhead athletes specifically has also been found to occur at a high rate. Abnormalities in hip range of motion, hip morphology, and core strength can lead to abnormal mechanics upstream in the kinetic chain, which may place athletes at risk of injuries. CONCLUSION In this review, the complex and multifaceted relationship between the hip, core, and kinetic chain is highlighted with an emphasis on recent literature and relevant findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Jones
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Medicine, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Marc R Safran
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Medicine, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA, USA.
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2
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Romero-Morales C, López-López D, Almazán-Polo J, Mogedano-Cruz S, Sosa-Reina MD, García-Pérez-de-Sevilla G, Martín-Pérez S, González-de-la-Flor Á. Prevalence, diagnosis and management of musculoskeletal disorders in elite athletes: A mini-review. Dis Mon 2024; 70:101629. [PMID: 37716840 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2023.101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal injuries in elite sports are ones of the most impact issue because their remarkable impact on performance caused by drastic absence of training and competition and a progressive deterioration in physical health, emotional and social athletes' dimensions. Also, the prevalence of epidemiologic research found an incidence of musculoskeletal disorders vary within sports and in elite athletes which is even higher as a consequence of higher demand physical performance. This way, the loss of physical performance due to an sport injury impacts not only the individual economic sphere of the professional but also that ofsports entities, reaching, according to some studies, a loss estimated in the range of 74.7 million pounds. Thus, the purpose of this article is to review and to provide an overview of the most common musculoskeletal injuries in elite sports precipitating factors, clinical presentation, evidence-based diagnostic evaluation, and treatment recommendations with a view to preventing medical conditions or musculoskeletal injuries that may alter performance and general health in the elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Romero-Morales
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel López-López
- Research, Health and Podiatry Group, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, Industrial Campus of Ferrol , Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain.
| | - Jaime Almazán-Polo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Mogedano-Cruz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Sosa-Reina
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sebastián Martín-Pérez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Canarias, La Orotava, Santa Cruz de Tenerife 38300, Spain
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3
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Keogh JAJ, Waddington EE, Masood Z, Mahmood S, Palanisamy AC, Ruder MC, Karsan S, Bishop C, Jordan MJ, Heisz JJ, Kobsar D. Monitoring lower limb biomechanical asymmetry and psychological measures in athletic populations-A scoping review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:2125-2148. [PMID: 37551046 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower limb biomechanics, including asymmetry, are frequently monitored to determine sport performance level and injury risk. However, contributing factors extend beyond biomechanical and asymmetry measures to include psychological, sociological, and environmental factors. Unfortunately, inadequate research has been conducted using holistic biopsychosocial models to characterize sport performance and injury risk. Therefore, this scoping review summarized the research landscape of studies concurrently assessing measures of lower limb biomechanics, asymmetry, and introspective psychological state (e.g., pain, fatigue, perceived exertion, stress, etc.) in healthy, competitive athletes. METHODS A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science Core Collections was designed and conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Fifty-one articles were included in this review. RESULTS Significant relationships between biomechanics (k = 22 studies) or asymmetry (k = 20 studies) and introspective state were found. Increased self-reported pain was associated with decreased range of motion, strength, and increased lower limb asymmetry. Higher ratings of perceived exertion were related to increased lower limb asymmetry, self-reported muscle soreness, and worse jump performance. Few studies (k = 4) monitored athletes longitudinally throughout one or more competitive season(s). CONCLUSION This review highlights the need for concurrent analysis of introspective, psychological state, and biomechanical asymmetry measures along with longitudinal research to understand the contributing factors to sport performance and injury risk from biopsychosocial modeling. In doing so, this framework of biopsychosocial preventive and prognostic patient-centered practices may provide an actionable means of optimizing health, well-being, and sport performance in competitive athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A J Keogh
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma E Waddington
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zaryan Masood
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sobia Mahmood
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anil C Palanisamy
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew C Ruder
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sameena Karsan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Jordan
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport Medicine Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer J Heisz
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dylan Kobsar
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Association Between Nondominant Leg-Side Hip Internal Rotation Restriction and Low Back Pain in Male Elite High School Soft Tennis Players. J Sport Rehabil 2023; 32:158-164. [PMID: 35961645 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2022-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The incidence of low back pain (LBP) is high among high school male soft tennis players. In some sports for which the rotational component of the body is important, an association between restricted hip internal rotation of the nondominant leg and LBP has been reported; however, whether this association holds in soft tennis is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association between hip internal rotation, hip external rotation, hamstring flexibility, iliopsoas flexibility, and LBP incidence. DESIGN This study was designed as a cross-sectional study, conducted at a sports training center. METHODS Participants comprised 113 male elite high school soft tennis players (age: 16.1 [0.7] y) from 9 elite-level teams. The main outcome measures were the hip internal and external rotation range of motion, hamstring flexibility on the straight leg raise test, and iliopsoas flexibility on the Thomas test. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the influence of main outcomes on LBP incidence in the past 1 year. RESULTS A total of 35 participants had LBP (LBP group); 78 participants did not have LBP (non-LBP group). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds ratio for height was 1.08 (95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.16; P = .043) and for the hip internal rotation range of motion in the nondominant leg was 0.90 (95% confidence interval, 0.85-0.95; P < .001), indicating significant associations with LBP. CONCLUSION Hip internal rotation range of motion in the nondominant leg and height were crucial factors related to LBP in male elite high school soft tennis players.
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Cejudo A. Description of ROM-SPORT I Battery: Keys to Assess Lower Limb Flexibility. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10747. [PMID: 36078461 PMCID: PMC9517817 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Limited range of motion (ROM) is considered one of the most important intrinsic and modifiable risk factors for the most common sports-related injuries. In addition, controlling and monitoring an athlete's ROM is a strategy to achieve optimal ROM and improve athletic performance in sports, especially those that require high ROM in the major joints. Therefore, assessing ROM (pre-participation, during a rehabilitation process, on return to play, etc.) is important not only as a method to prevent sports injuries, but also as a quantitative determinant of the potential of athletic performance. However, despite the variety of different ROM assessment methods described in the literature, there is no consensus on which methods are best suited for this goal. Recently, the ROM-SPORT I battery has been shown to have advantages over other ROM assessment methods. This tool has not yet been fully described in detail for researchers, sports professionals, and clinicians to learn. The main objective of this study is to describe the ROM-SPORT I battery tests in detail using the following criteria: test description, simplicity of the test procedure, low need for human and material resources, predictive validity, and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cejudo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; ; Tel.: +34-868-888-430
- Locomotor System and Sport Research Group (E0B5-07), University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain
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Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate side-to-side differences and asymmetries regarding muscle characteristics in young tennis players. Thirty-four participants performed contractile property measurements (stiffness, tone, elasticity and time to relaxation) on the dominant and non-dominant extremities including nine muscle groups involved in the kinetic chain of main tennis strokes. Significant differences (p≤0.05) and small-to-moderate effect sizes for greater stiffness and tone were found for the dominant biceps femoris (-11.1% and -5.6%; ES=0.53 and 0.54) and the non-dominant vastus medialis (5.4% and 3.2%; ES=-0.33 and -0.41), while greater tone was present in the non-dominant pectoralis major (4.0%; ES=-0.56). Time to relaxation was increased in the dominant biceps femoris (10.3%; ES=-0.58), the non-dominant pectoralis major (5.1%; ES=-0.56) and the gastrocnemius (9.1%; ES=-0.5). The non-dominant infraspinatus and dominant rectus abdominis showed greater elasticity than contralateral muscles (9.9% and -8.0%; ES=-0.58 and 0.6, respectively). These results reflect the existence of small-to-moderate differences when comparing side-to-side values of contractile characteristics in a small amount of the muscle groups tested. However, passive measurements of a relaxed muscle do not seem to fully reflect possible adaptation and changes derived from gameplay in young tennis players.
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7
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Rice RP, Roach K, Kirk-Sanchez N, Waltz B, Ellenbecker TS, Jayanthi N, Raya M. Age and Gender Differences in Injuries and Risk Factors in Elite Junior and Professional Tennis Players. Sports Health 2022; 14:466-477. [PMID: 35037501 PMCID: PMC9214903 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211062834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elite tennis athletes experience injuries throughout the entire body. Impairments in trunk stability, lower limb flexibility, and hip range of motion (ROM) are modifiable risk factors that can impact injuries and performance. Information on nonmodifiable risk factors such as age and gender is limited. The purpose of this investigation was to provide information on risk factors to direct clinical decision-making and injury prevention and rehab programming in this population. HYPOTHESIS Prevalence and location of injuries will differ by age group and gender. Trunk stability, lower limb flexibility, and hip ROM will differ by age group and gender. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS A de-identified database (n = 237; females = 126) from the United States Tennis Association High Performance Profile (HPP) 2014-2015 was used for the analysis. Subjects were elite junior and professional tennis players (mean age 14.6 [range, 9-27] years). The HPP is a tennis-specific assessment and questionnaire that includes retrospective information on injury history. Subjects were categorized by injury, gender, and age. Injury locations were classified by region. Trunk stability measures included drop vertical jump (DVJ), single-leg squat, and prone and side planks. Lower limb measures included hamstring, quadriceps and hip flexor flexibility, and hip rotation ROM. RESULTS A total of 46% of athletes reported an injury. Significant differences were found for injury prevalence and location by age group. Adolescent athletes (age 13-17 years) had more trunk injuries, while adult athletes (age ≥18 years) had more lower limb injuries. Adolescent athletes performed worse on DVJ, dominant side plank, and hamstring flexibility compared with young (age ≤12 years) and adult athletes. Significant gender differences in hip ROM included internal rotation on both the dominant and nondominant sides. CONCLUSION Impairments in trunk stability, lower limb flexibility, and hip rotation ROM may affect both health and performance outcomes in this population. Elite tennis athletes may benefit from additional off court programming to address trunk and lower limb impairments. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Adolescent elite tennis athletes may be at higher risk of trunk injuries. Age, gender, injury history, and impairments should be considered with all assessments and programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Porter Rice
- Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida,Robyn Porter Rice, PT, PhD, Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 5915 Ponce de Leon Boulevard, Coral Gables FL 33146 () (Twitter: @RiceRobynp)
| | - Kathryn Roach
- Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Neva Kirk-Sanchez
- Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Bret Waltz
- DocWaltz LLC, Scottsdale, Arizona,USTA Player Development, Orlando, Florida
| | - Todd S. Ellenbecker
- Vice President Medical Services, ATP Tour, Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida,Rehab Plus Sports Therapy Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Neeru Jayanthi
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Family Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michele Raya
- Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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8
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this narrative review, we highlight sex-specific anatomic and biomechanical features of the hip region in female athletes, as well as the potential impact of these characteristics on observed disparities in both intra-articular and extra-articular injury patterns between female and male athletes. It is our goal to broaden the scope of knowledge related to hip pathology in active female athletes among sports medicine providers with the hope of better optimizing sport participation and performance in female athletes. DATA SOURCES A literature review was conducted using PubMed database and Google Scholar search engine. Search terms included sport, female, athlete, sex differences, injury, hip, and all diagnoses discussed in this review. Cross-reference of these articles identified additional resources. MAIN RESULTS Sex-specific differences in both static design and dynamic function contribute to disparities in hip injury patterns between female and male athletes. Intra-articular injuries, including labral and ligamentum teres pathology, as well as extra-articular injuries, including iliopsoas tendon dysfunction, gluteal and proximal hamstring tendinopathy, ischiofemoral impingement, bone stress injuries, and certain nerve entrapment syndromes, seem to affect female athletes more commonly than male counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Given unique anatomic and functional considerations, the growing population of female athletes worldwide warrants specialized care and consideration. Potential predisposition to specific hip injuries should be taken into consideration during diagnostic evaluation of hip pain in the female athlete.
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9
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Cejudo A. Lower Extremity Flexibility Profile in Basketball Players: Gender Differences and Injury Risk Identification. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211956. [PMID: 34831712 PMCID: PMC8617794 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the flexibility profile of basketball players (BPs) can reveal differences in range of motion (ROM) by gender and also identify those players who are at higher risk for sports injuries. A descriptive observational study was conducted to determine the lower extremity flexibility profile of sixty-four basketball players and gender differences to identify players at higher risk of injury due to limited and asymmetric ROM in one or more movements. Participants: Sixty-four (33 male and 31 female) competitive athletes from the national leagues of the Spanish basketball league system participated in the present study (power of sample size ≥0.99). The eight passive ROM tests of the hip, knee and ankle were assessed using the ROM-SPORT battery. Each player completed a questionnaire on age, basic anthropometric data, dominant extremities, and training and sport-related variables. The lower extremity flexibility profile was established at 15° and 10° hip extension (HE), 39° and 38° ankle dorsiflexion with knee extended (ADF-KE), 40° and 39° ankle dorsiflexion with knee flexed (ADF-KF), 43° and 43° hip abduction (HAB), 75° and 61° hip abduction with the hip flexed (HAB-HF), 78° and 83° hip flexion with the knee extended (HF-KE), 134° and 120° knee flexion (KF), and 145° and 144° hip flexion (HF) by male and female basketball players, respectively. Sex differences in HE, HAB-HF, and KF were observed in BPs (p ≤ 0.01; Hedges’ g ≥ 1.04). Players reported limited ROM in ADF-KF, HE, HAB-HF, HF-KE, and KF; and asymmetric ROM mainly in HE, ADF-KE, KF, ADF-KF, and HF-KE. In conclusion, this study provides gender-specific lower extremity flexibility profile scores in BPs that can help athletic trainers and athletic and conditioning trainers to identify those players who are at higher risk of injury due to abnormal ROM scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cejudo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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10
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Shannon N, Cable B, Wood T, Kelly J. Common and Less Well-known Upper-limb Injuries in Elite Tennis Players. Curr Sports Med Rep 2021; 19:414-421. [PMID: 33031207 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A recent increase in epidemiology studies on injuries in elite tennis players has helped to shed light on the types of injuries these athletes sustain. This article reviews the common upper-limb injuries in elite players and includes less well known, but important, injuries. A search was conducted to identify current relevant studies involving elite tennis players. Injury frequency rates, injuries by regions, and types of injuries together with a list of commonly reported injuries in the upper limb were established. This list was then reviewed and refined by a sports medicine physician who cares for elite tennis players to include both those injuries of the upper limb that are common and those that are less well known but still important and frequently encountered. Common injuries include internal shoulder impingement, rotator cuff pathology, labral tears, elbow tendinopathies, as well as extensor carpi ulnaris tendinopathies and subluxation. Posterior shoulder instability, distal humeral bone stress, elbow medial collateral ligament, and nondominant wrist ulnar collateral ligament injuries are not commonly reported injuries, but they are of significant clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Cable
- Clinical Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Timothy Wood
- Clinical Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John Kelly
- Clinical Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Martin C, Sorel A, Touzard P, Bideau B, Gaborit R, DeGroot H, Kulpa R. Can the Open Stance Forehand Increase the Risk of Hip Injuries in Tennis Players? Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120966297. [PMID: 33354579 PMCID: PMC7734511 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120966297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The open stance forehand has been hypothesized by tennis experts (coaches, scientists, and clinicians) to be more traumatic than the neutral stance forehand as regards hip injuries in tennis. However, the influence of the forehand stance (open or neutral) on hip kinematics and loading has not been assessed. Purpose To compare the kinematics and kinetics at the hip joint during 3 common forehand stances (attacking neutral stance [ANS], attacking open stance [AOS], defensive open stance [DOS]) in advanced tennis players to determine whether the open stance forehand induces higher hip loading. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods The ANS, AOS, and DOS forehand strokes of 8 advanced right-handed tennis players were recorded with an optoelectronic motion capture system. The flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and external-internal rotation angles as well as intersegmental forces and torques of the right hip were calculated using inverse dynamics. Results The DOS demonstrated significantly higher values than both the ANS and AOS for anterior (P < .001), medial (P < .001), and distractive (P < .001) forces as well as extension (P = .004), abduction (P < .001), and external rotation (P < .001) torques. The AOS showed higher distractive forces than the ANS (P = .048). The DOS showed more extreme angles of hip flexion (P < .001), abduction (P < .001), and external rotation (P = .010). Conclusion The findings of this study imply that the DOS increased hip joint angles and loading, thus potentially increasing the risk of hip overuse injuries. The DOS-induced hip motion could put players at a higher risk of posterior-superior hip impingement compared with the ANS and AOS. Clinical Relevance Coaches and clinicians with players who have experienced hip pain or sustained injuries should encourage them to use a more neutral stance and develop a more aggressive playing style to avoid the DOS, during which hip motion and loading are more extreme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Sorel
- Univ Rennes, Inria, M2S - EA 7470, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Benoit Bideau
- Univ Rennes, Inria, M2S - EA 7470, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Hugo DeGroot
- Univ Rennes, M2S - EA 7470, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Richard Kulpa
- Univ Rennes, Inria, M2S - EA 7470, F-35000 Rennes, France
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12
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Ellenbecker TS, Dines DM, Renstrom PA, Windler GS. Visual Observation of Apparent Infraspinatus Muscle Atrophy in Male Professional Tennis Players. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120958834. [PMID: 33195711 PMCID: PMC7605003 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120958834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have reported visually observed apparent muscle atrophy in
the infraspinous fossa of the dominant arm of overhead athletes. Several
mechanisms have been proposed as etiological factors, including eccentric
overload, compressive spinoglenoid notch paralabral cysts, and cumulative
tensile suprascapular neurapraxia. Purpose: To report the prevalence of apparent infraspinatus atrophy in male
professional tennis players and to determine whether the suspected atrophy
correlates with objectively measured weakness of external rotation. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 153 male professional tennis players underwent a musculoskeletal
screening examination that included visual inspection of the infraspinous
fossa. Infraspinatus atrophy was defined as hollowing or loss of soft tissue
bulk inferior to the scapular spine in the infraspinous fossa of one
extremity that was visibly different from the contralateral extremity. This
finding was observed and independently agreed upon by both an orthopaedic
surgeon and a physical therapist during the examination. Also assessed were
rotator cuff instrument-assisted manual muscle testing, visual observation
of scapular kinesis (or motion), and glenohumeral joint range of motion for
internal and external rotation and horizontal adduction. Results: In the 153 players, dominant-arm infraspinatus atrophy was observed in 92
players (60.1%), and only 1 player (0.7%) was identified with nondominant
infraspinatus atrophy. A Pearson correlation showed a significant
relationship between the presence of dominant-arm infraspinatus atrophy and
dominant-arm external rotation strength measured in neutral
abduction/adduction (at the side) (P = .001) as well as
between the presence of dominant-arm infraspinatus atrophy and bilateral
external rotation strength measured at 90° of glenohumeral joint abduction
(P = .009 for dominant arm and .002 for nondominant
arm). No significant correlation was found with scapular dyskinesis,
glenohumeral range of motion, or instrument-assisted manual muscle testing
of the supraspinatus (empty-can test). Conclusion: Visually observed infraspinatus muscle atrophy is a common finding in the
dominant shoulder of asymptomatic male professional tennis players and is
significantly correlated with external rotation weakness. This condition is
present in uninjured players without known shoulder pathology and is not
related to glenohumeral joint internal rotation, total rotation range of
motion, or scapular dysfunction. Players with visually observed
infraspinatus atrophy should be evaluated for external rotation strength and
may require preventive strengthening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd S Ellenbecker
- Medical Services, ATP Tour, Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida, USA.,ATP Medical Services Committee, ATP Tour, Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida, USA.,Rehab Plus Sports Therapy Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - David M Dines
- ATP Medical Services Committee, ATP Tour, Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida, USA.,Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Per A Renstrom
- ATP Medical Services Committee, ATP Tour, Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida, USA.,Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gary S Windler
- ATP Medical Services Committee, ATP Tour, Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida, USA.,South Carolina Sports Medicine & Orthopaedics Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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13
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Flexibility in Spanish Elite Inline Hockey Players: Profile, Sex, Tightness and Asymmetry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093295. [PMID: 32397351 PMCID: PMC7246566 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Limited ranges of motion (ROM) have been considered as a relevant risk factor for team sports injuries. The main purposes of the current study were to describe the lower extremity ROM profile, muscular tightness and asymmetries in elite inline hockey players and to examine sex-related differences. Twenty professional inline hockey players from 2 Spanish National Teams (male and female) were measured of passive hip extension [HE], hip adduction with hip flexed 90° [HAD-HF], hip flexion with the knee flexed [HF-KF] and extended [HF-KE], hip abduction with the hip neutral [HAB] and hip flexed 90° [HAB-HF], hip external [HER] and internal [HIR] rotation, knee flexion [KF], ankle dorsiflexion with the knee flexed [ADF-KF] and extended [ADF-KE] ROMs of the dominant and non-dominant leg ROMs were taken. A paired t-test was carried out to assess asymmetries. ROM values were classified as “normal versus tightness”, and “normal versus asymmetry” according to the proposed reference values. The effect size for each variable was analyzed. Male team exhibited asymmetry in HF-KF (133.2° dominant vs. 129.8° non-dominant; p = 0.042; d = 0.7243 [moderate effect sizes]) and female team in ADF-KF (38.8° dominant vs. 41.0 non-dominant; p = 0.001; d = 0.6 [moderate effect sizes]) and HAB ROM (41.2° dominant vs. 38.8 non-dominant; p = 0.005; d = 1.1767 [moderate effect sizes]). Male players reported asymmetry in HAD-HF (n = 5), HER (n = 4) and HE (n = 3), whereas female players presented asymmetries in HER (n = 4), HE (n = 3) and KF (n = 2). Overall, 20–100% of all participants showed limited KF, HF_KE, HIR, HE, ADF_KF, HAD-HF, HF-KF, ADF_KE, HTR and HER ROM. The results of this study reinforce the requirement of prescribing exercises aimed at improving hip, knee and ankle ROM within everyday inline hockey practices. In addition, as some asymmetries were found, unilateral flexibility training should be considered where appropriate.
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Occurrence and degree of iliopsoas muscle contracture in regular male squash players. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2020.4-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Moreno-Pérez V, López-Valenciano A, Ayala F, Fernandez-Fernandez J, Vera-Garcia FJ. Comparison of hip extension and rotation ranges of motion in young elite tennis players with and without history of low back pain. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2019; 32:629-638. [PMID: 30614792 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-181296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although low back pain (LBP) is known to be multi-factorial, certain studies have suggested that a deficit in hip extension and rotation range of motion (ROM) may be associated with LBP in athletes. OBJETIVE The purpose of this study was to compare hip extension and rotation ROMs in elite tennis players with and without a history of LBP. METHODS Forty-two male and 22 female young elite tennis players completed this study. Participants were divided into two groups: (1) 32 with history of LBP and (2) 32 without history of LBP. Descriptive measures of passive hip extension and rotation ROMs of the dominant and non-dominant limbs were taken. Active hip rotation ROMs were also assessed. Magnitude-based inferences on differences between groups and legs were made by standardizing differences. RESULTS The inter-group statistical analysis reported no significant differences (p> 0.05; trivial effect with a probability higher than 95%; d⩽ 0.4) in any ROM measure analyzed. Further, neither LBP group nor control group reported significant bilateral or side-to-side differences (p> 0.05; trivial effect with a probability higher than 99%; d< 0.3) between legs regarding hip extension and rotation ROM measures. CONCLUSION No relationship between hip extension and rotation ROM and history of LBP was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Moreno-Pérez
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Sport Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - A López-Valenciano
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - F Ayala
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | | | - F J Vera-Garcia
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche (Alicante), Spain
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Myers NL, Kibler WB, Axtell AH, Herde BJ, Westgate PM, Uhl TL. Musculoskeletal capacity and serve mechanics in professional women’s tennis players. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-019-00574-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sanders L, McCaig S, Felton PJ, King MA. Passive range of motion of the hips and shoulders and their relationship with ball spin rate in elite finger spin bowlers. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:1146-1150. [PMID: 31103573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Investigate rotational passive range of motion of the hips and shoulders for elite finger spin bowlers and their relationship with spin rate. DESIGN Correlational. METHODS Spin rates and twelve rotational range of motion measurements for the hips and shoulders were collected for sixteen elite male finger spin bowlers. Side to side differences in the rotational range of motion measurements were assessed using paired t-tests. Stepwise linear regression and Pearson product moment correlations were used to identify which range of motion measurements were linked to spin rate. RESULTS Side to side differences were found with more external rotation (p = 0.039) and less internal rotation (p = 0.089) in the bowling shoulder, and more internal rotation in the front hip (p = 0.041). Total arc of rotation of the front hip was found to be the best predictor of spin rate (r = 0.552, p = 0.027), explaining 26% of the observed variance. Internal rotation of the rear hip (r = 0.466, p = 0.059) and the bowling shoulder (r = 0.476, p = 0.063) were also associated with spin rate. CONCLUSIONS The technique and performance of elite finger spin bowlers may be limited by the passive range of motion of their hips and shoulders. The observed side to side differences may indicate that due to the repetitive nature of finger spin bowling adaptive changes in the rotational range of motion of the hip and shoulder occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Sanders
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
| | - Steve McCaig
- English Institute of Sport, Loughborough University, UK
| | - Paul J Felton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK.
| | - Mark A King
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
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Šrimpf R, Filipčič T, Filipčič A. The effect of tennis match play on joint range of motion in junior players. ACTA GYMNICA 2019. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2018.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Hogg JA, Schmitz RJ, Nguyen AD, Shultz SJ. Passive Hip Range-of-Motion Values Across Sex and Sport. J Athl Train 2018; 53:560-567. [PMID: 29897784 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-426-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Greater passive hip range of motion (ROM) has been associated with greater dynamic knee valgus and thus the potential for increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Normative data for passive hip ROM by sex are lacking. OBJECTIVE To establish and compare passive hip ROM values by sex and sport and to quantify side-to-side differences in internal-rotation ROM (ROMIR), external-rotation ROM (ROMER), and total ROM (ROMTOT). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Station-based, preparticipation screening. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 339 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes, consisting of 168 women (age = 19.2 ± 1.2 years, height = 169.0 ± 7.2 cm, mass = 65.3 ± 10.2 kg) and 171 men (age = 19.4 ± 1.3 years, height = 200.0 ± 8.6 cm, mass = 78.4 ± 12.0 kg) in 6 sports screened over 3 years: soccer (58 women, 67 men), tennis (20 women, 22 men), basketball (28 women, 22 men), softball or baseball (38 women, 31 men), cross-country (18 women, 19 men), and golf (6 women, 10 men). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Passive hip ROM was measured with the athlete lying prone with the hip abducted to 20° to 30° and knee flexed to 90°. The leg was passively internally and externally rotated until the point of sacral movement. Three measures were averaged for each direction and leg and used for analysis. We compared ROMIR, ROMER, ROMTOT (ROMTOT = ROMIR + ROMER), and relative ROM (ROMREL = ROMIR - ROMER) between sexes and among sports using separate 2 × 6 repeated-measures analyses of variance. RESULTS Women had greater ROMIR (38.1° ± 8.2° versus 28.6° ± 8.4°; F1,327 = 91.74, P < .001), ROMTOT (72.1° ± 10.6° versus 64.4° ± 10.1°; F1,327 = 33.47, P < .001), and ROMREL (1.5° ± 16.0° versus -7.6° ± 16.5°; F1,327 = 37.05, P < .001) than men but similar ROMER (34.0° ± 12.2° versus 35.8° ± 11.5°; F1,327 = 1.65, P = .20) to men. Cross-country athletes exhibited greater ROMIR (37.0° ± 9.3° versus 30.9° ± 9.4° to 33.3° ± 9.5°; P = .001) and ROMREL (5.9° ± 18.3° versus -9.6° ± 16.9° to -2.7° ± 17.3°; P = .001) and less ROMER (25.7° ± 7.5° versus 35.0° ± 13.0° to 40.2° ± 12.0°; P < .001) than basketball, soccer, softball or baseball, and tennis athletes. They also displayed less ROMTOT (62.7° ± 8.1° versus 70.0° ± 9.1° to 72.9° ± 11.9°; P < .001) than basketball, softball or baseball, and tennis athletes. CONCLUSIONS Women had greater ROMIR than men, resulting in greater ROMTOT and ROMREL. Researchers should examine the extent to which this greater bias toward ROMIR may explain women's greater tendency for dynamic knee valgus. With the exception of cross-country, ROM values were similar across sports. The clinical implications of these aberrant cross-country values require further study.
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Decreased Hip Internal Rotation Increases the Risk of Back and Abdominal Muscle Injuries in Professional Baseball Players: Analysis of 258 Player-seasons. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2018. [PMID: 29543598 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-17-00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The relationship of hip range of motion (ROM) to shoulder, elbow, abdominal, and back injuries remains undefined. METHODS We assessed hip ROM on players reporting to Major League Spring Training for an organization over six seasons (2010 to 2015). Hip ROM was correlated with player abdominal, back, shoulder, and elbow injury status for those seasons using multivariate binomial logistic regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 258 player-seasons (129 pitchers and 129 position players) resulted in 20 back and 35 abdominal injuries across all players and 28 elbow and 25 shoulder injuries in pitchers. Hip ROM did not correlate with shoulder or elbow injuries. Hip internal rotation deficit of 5° correlated with core injury (odds ratio [OR], 1.40; P = 0.024 for pitchers; OR, 1.35; P = 0.026 for position players) and back injury (OR, 1.160; P = 0.022 for pitchers). DISCUSSION Hip internal rotation deficits were predictive of back and abdominal injuries but not shoulder or elbow injury.
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Lorenz D, Maddalone D. Postrehabilitation Performance Enhancement Training and Injury Prevention in the Upper Extremity. OPER TECHN SPORT MED 2017. [DOI: 10.1053/j.otsm.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abadi L, Salahzadeh Z, Rezaei M, Oskouei AE, Azghani MR. Hip joint torques in type II diabetes with and without neuropathy. Hong Kong Physiother J 2017; 37:27-33. [PMID: 30931043 PMCID: PMC6385154 DOI: 10.1016/j.hkpj.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy demonstrate significantly reduced peak torques at the peripheral joints. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess isometric and concentric peak torques of the hip joint in people with type II diabetes with and without peripheral neuropathy in comparison with healthy participants. Methods 27 patients with type II diabetes including 15 patients without peripheral neuropathy, 12 patients with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy and 15 healthy people participated. Isometric and concentric peak torques of hip flexion, extension, adduction and abduction of the non-dominant leg were measured by motorized dynamometer. Results Peak and average peak concentric torques of the hip extension and abduction in patients with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy were lower than those patients with diabetes and control group. Angle of extension peak torque was significantly greater in patients with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy compared with other groups. Angle of flexion peak torque was lower in the patients with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy. Conclusions Torque related parameters in patients with type II diabetes with or without peripheral neuropathy, are different from healthy subjects. As a result, patients with diabetes especially with peripheral neuropathy are more susceptible of injury and disability in lower limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Abadi
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Salahzadeh
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mandana Rezaei
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali E Oskouei
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmood Reza Azghani
- Biomechanics Department, Faculty of Biomechanics Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
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Moreno-Pérez V, Ayala F, Fernandez-Fernandez J, Vera-Garcia FJ. Descriptive profile of hip range of motion in elite tennis players. Phys Ther Sport 2016; 19:43-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Young SW, Dakic J, Stroia K, Nguyen ML, Harris AHS, Safran MR. High Incidence of Infraspinatus Muscle Atrophy in Elite Professional Female Tennis Players. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43:1989-93. [PMID: 26078449 DOI: 10.1177/0363546515588177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isolated infraspinatus muscle atrophy is common in overhead athletes, who place significant and repetitive stresses across their dominant shoulders. Studies on volleyball and baseball players report infraspinatus atrophy in 4% to 34% of players; however, the prevalence of infraspinatus atrophy in professional tennis players has not been reported. PURPOSE To investigate the incidence of isolated infraspinatus atrophy in professional tennis players and to identify any correlations with other physical examination findings, ranking performance, and concurrent shoulder injuries. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS A total of 125 professional female tennis players underwent a comprehensive preparticipation physical health status examination. Two orthopaedic surgeons examined the shoulders of all players and obtained digital goniometric measurements of range of motion (ROM). Infraspinatus atrophy was defined as loss of soft tissue bulk in the infraspinatus scapula fossa (and increased prominence of dorsal scapular bony anatomy) of the dominant shoulder with clear asymmetry when compared with the contralateral side. Correlations were examined between infraspinatus atrophy and concurrent shoulder disorders, clinical examination findings, ROM, glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, singles tennis ranking, and age. RESULTS There were 65 players (52%) with evidence of infraspinatus atrophy in their dominant shoulders. No wasting was noted in the nondominant shoulder of any player. No statistically significant differences were seen in mean age, left- or right-hand dominance, height, weight, or body mass index for players with or without atrophy. Of the 77 players ranked in the top 100, 58% had clinical infraspinatus atrophy, compared with 40% of players ranked outside the top 100. No associations were found with static physical examination findings (scapular dyskinesis, ROM glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, postural abnormalities), concurrent shoulder disorders, or compromised performance when measured by singles ranking. CONCLUSION This study reports a high level of clinical infraspinatus atrophy in the dominant shoulder of elite female tennis players. Infraspinatus atrophy was associated with a higher performance ranking, and no functional deficits or associations with concurrent shoulder disorders were found. Team physicians can be reassured that infraspinatus atrophy is a common finding in high-performing tennis players and, if asymptomatic, does not appear to significantly compromise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon W Young
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, North Shore Hospital, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jodie Dakic
- Sport Sciences and Medicine, Women's Tennis Association Tour, St Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Kathleen Stroia
- Sport Sciences and Medicine, Women's Tennis Association Tour, St Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Michael L Nguyen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alex H S Harris
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Marc R Safran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Sainz de Baranda P, Cejudo A, Ayala F, Santonja F. Perfil óptimo de flexibilidad del miembro inferior en jugadoras de fútbol sala / Optimal Data of Lower-Limb Muscle Flexibility in Female Futsal Players. REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE MEDICINA Y CIENCIAS DE LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y DEL DEPORTE 2015. [DOI: 10.15366/rimcafd2015.60.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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