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Davidson EJ, Figgie C, Nguyen J, Pedoia V, Majumdar S, Potter HG, Koff MF. Chondral Injury Associated With ACL Injury: Assessing Progressive Chondral Degeneration With Morphologic and Quantitative MRI Techniques. Sports Health 2024; 16:722-734. [PMID: 37876228 PMCID: PMC11346233 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231205276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are associated with a risk of post-traumatic osteoarthritis due to chondral damage. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques provide excellent visualization and assessment of cartilage and can detect subtle and early chondral damage. This is often preceding clinical and radiographic post-traumatic osteoarthritis. HYPOTHESIS Morphologic and quantitative MRI techniques can assess early and progressive degenerative chondral changes after acute ACL injury. STUDY DESIGN Prospective longitudinal cohort. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS Sixty-five participants with acute unilateral ACL injuries underwent bilateral knee MRI scans within 1 month of injury. Fifty-seven participants presented at 6 months, while 54 were evaluated at 12 months. MRI morphologic evaluation using a modified Noyes score assessed cartilage signal alteration, chondral damage, and subchondral bone status. Quantitative T1ρ and T2 mapping at standardized anatomic locations in both knees was assessed. Participant-reported outcomes at follow-up time points were recorded. RESULTS Baseline Noyes scores of MRI detectable cartilage damage were highest in the injured knee lateral tibial plateau (mean 2.5, standard error (SE) 0.20, P < 0.01), followed by lateral femoral condyle (mean 2.1, SE 0.18, P < 0.01), which progressed after 1 year. Longitudinal prolongation at 12 months in the injured knees was significant for T1ρ affecting the medial and lateral femoral condyles (P < 0.01) and trochlea (P < 0.01), whereas T2 values were prolonged for medial and lateral femoral condyles (P < 0.01) and trochlea (P < 0.01). The contralateral noninjured knees also demonstrated T1ρ and T2 prolongation in the medial and lateral compartment chondral subdivisions. Progressive chondral damage occurred despite improved patient-reported outcomes. CONCLUSION After ACL injury, initial and sustained chondral damage predominantly affects the lateral tibiofemoral compartment, but longitudinal chondral degeneration also occurred in other compartments of the injured and contralateral knee. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Early identification of chondral degeneration post-ACL injury using morphological and quantitative MRI techniques could enable interventions to be implemented early to prevent or delay PTOA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph Nguyen
- HSS MRI Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York
| | - Valentina Pedoia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Nishida Y, Hashimoto Y, Orita K, Nishino K, Kinoshita T, Iida K, Nakamura H. Longitudinal measurement of serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein can detect the progression of cartilage degeneration in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients. Asia Pac J Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Technol 2024; 37:27-32. [PMID: 39091893 PMCID: PMC11292425 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmart.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/objective Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) has utility as a diagnostic marker for osteoarthritis (OA). Our previous study revealed that the serum COMP level can be used to detect early cartilage change in non-OA patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-deficiency. However, there are still no studies on detecting the progression of cartilage degeneration in early OA. The aim of present study was to investigate whether serum COMP can detect the progression of cartilage degeneration after ACL reconstruction in non-OA patients. Methods Patients without cartilage degeneration of early OA at ACL reconstruction and whose serum COMP levels could be measured were included in the study. Cartilage degeneration of early OA were defined as International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) grade 1 to 4 in more than 2 compartments or ICRS grade 2 to 4 in 1 compartment. The patients were divided into two groups: those who had cartilage degeneration of early OA at second-look arthroscopy (cartilage degeneration progression group) and those who did not (non-progression group), and the serum COMP values between the two groups were compared. Results Thirty-one patients were included. There were 8 cases (25.8 %) in progression group and 23 cases (74.2 %) in non-progression group. There were significant differences between the two groups regarding age and change in serum COMP level. In terms of the rate of change in COMP, an increase of more than 1.24-fold was the cut-off value for detecting the progression of cartilage degeneration. Conclusions In this study, the increase in serum COMP levels was significantly greater in progressed cartilage degeneration group than non-progression group after ACL reconstruction. Longitudinal serum COMP measurement could detect the progression of cartilage degeneration. Level of evidence Level Ⅲ, retrospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Nishida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hashimoto
- Department of Health and Sport Management, Osaka University of Health and Sports Science, Graduate School of Sport and Exercise Science, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kumi Orita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nishino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Kinoshita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka Saiseikai Nakatsu Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Iida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Yu C, Chen R, Chen J, Wang T, Wang Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wu T, Yu T. Enhancing tendon-bone integration and healing with advanced multi-layer nanofiber-reinforced 3D scaffolds for acellular tendon complexes. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101099. [PMID: 38840797 PMCID: PMC11152696 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Advancements in tissue engineering are crucial for successfully healing tendon-bone connections, especially in situations like anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) restoration. This study presents a new and innovative three-dimensional scaffold, reinforced with nanofibers, that is specifically intended for acellular tendon complexes. The scaffold consists of a distinct layered arrangement comprising an acellular tendon core, a middle layer of polyurethane/type I collagen (PU/Col I) yarn, and an outside layer of poly (L-lactic acid)/bioactive glass (PLLA/BG) nanofiber membrane. Every layer is designed to fulfill specific yet harmonious purposes. The acellular tendon core is a solid structural base and a favorable environment for tendon cell functions, resulting in considerable tensile strength. The central PU/Col I yarn layer is vital in promoting the tendinogenic differentiation of stem cells derived from tendons and increasing the expression of critical tendinogenic factors. The external PLLA/BG nanofiber membrane fosters the process of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells differentiating into bone cells and enhances the expression of markers associated with bone formation. Our scaffold's biocompatibility and multi-functional design were confirmed through extensive in vivo evaluations, such as histological staining and biomechanical analyses. These assessments combined showed notable enhancements in ACL repair and healing. This study emphasizes the promise of multi-layered nanofiber scaffolds in orthopedic tissue engineering and also introduces new possibilities for the creation of improved materials for regenerating the tendon-bone interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical and Health Textile Materials, College of Textile & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- Beijing Jishuitan Hospital National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing, 102208, China
| | - Jinli Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
| | - Tianrui Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical and Health Textile Materials, College of Textile & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Xiaopei Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical and Health Textile Materials, College of Textile & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Yuanfei Wang
- Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266001, China
| | - Tong Wu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical and Health Textile Materials, College of Textile & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
- Institute of Neuroregeneration & Neurorehabilitation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Tengbo Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
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杨 登, 王 福, 张 奇, 张 瑶, 申屠 昊, 王 凡. [Research progress of tibial-graft fixation methods on anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2023; 37:1162-1168. [PMID: 37718432 PMCID: PMC10505633 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.202306041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective To review the studies about the tibial-graft fixation methods on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, in order to provide clinical reference. Methods The literature about the tibial-graft fixation methods on ACL reconstruction at home and abroad was extensively reviewed, and the factors that affect the selection of fixation methods were summarized. Results The knee flexion angle, graft tension, and graft fixation device are mainly considered when the tibial-graft was fixed on ACL reconstruction. At present, the graft is mainly fixed at 0°/30° of knee flexion. The study shows that the knee joint is more stable after fixed at 30°, while the incidence of knee extension limitation decrease after fixed at 0°. In terms of graft tension, a good effectiveness can be obtained when the tension level is close to 90 N or the knee flexion is 30° to recover the affected knee over-restrained 2 mm relative to the healthy knee. In terms of the graft device, the interference screw is still the most commonly used method of tibial-graft fixation, with the development of all-inside ACL reconstruction in recent years, the cortical button fixation may become the mainstream. Conclusion Arthroscopic reconstruction is the main treatment of ACL rupture at present. However, there is no optimal fixation method for the tibial-graft, the advantages and disadvantages of each fixation methods need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- 登军 杨
- 昆明医科大学第一附属医院运动医学科(昆明 650032)Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan, 650032, P. R. China
| | - 福科 王
- 昆明医科大学第一附属医院运动医学科(昆明 650032)Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan, 650032, P. R. China
| | - 奇爱 张
- 昆明医科大学第一附属医院运动医学科(昆明 650032)Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan, 650032, P. R. China
| | - 瑶璋 张
- 昆明医科大学第一附属医院运动医学科(昆明 650032)Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan, 650032, P. R. China
| | - 昊鹏 申屠
- 昆明医科大学第一附属医院运动医学科(昆明 650032)Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan, 650032, P. R. China
| | - 凡 王
- 昆明医科大学第一附属医院运动医学科(昆明 650032)Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan, 650032, P. R. China
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Mabrouk AM, Abd El Raaof MM, Hemaida TW, Bassiouny AM. Degenerative changes through MR cartilage mapping in anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knees. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2023; 54:38. [DOI: 10.1186/s43055-022-00952-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury increases risk for post traumatic knee osteoarthritis. ACL injury causes lack of knee stability and frequently requires ACL-reconstruction (ACLR) in order to restore functional and anatomical joint stability. Magnetic resonance imaging with T2 mapping sequence is used to quantify the amount of water content in articular cartilage hence; it is considered a better tool and more beneficial than radiographic based assessment in early detection even before being symptomatic. The aim of work is to estimate the incidence of subclinical degenerative changes that happened early in patients who underwent ACL reconstruction and to identify the correlations of T2 mapping values with patients' BMI, meniscal state/operations, ACL graft assessment and presence of ACLR related complications.
Results
The study was conducted upon 71 patients, divided into 61 anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed knees and 10 control cases using 1.5 T MRI. Assessment of cartilage sub-compartment T2 values and comparison with average normal cartilage T2 values obtained from the control group. Multiple correlations of the grade of articular cartilage degeneration within anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed knees with Body Mass Index (BMI), time of operation as well associated meniscal operations and anterior cruciate ligament graft complications.
Conclusions
Adding the T2 cartilage mapping sequence improves the ability to detect subclinical early degenerative articular cartilage changes in patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, taking into consideration the relation of the patients' BMI, previous meniscal injuries/operation, ACL graft status and related graft complications with the T2 cartilage mapping values.
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Scholes C, Ektas N, Harrison-Brown M, Jegatheesan M, Rajesh A, Kirwan G, Bell C. Persistent knee extension deficits are common after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2023:10.1007/s00167-022-07299-3. [PMID: 36705690 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-022-07299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Knee extension deficits complicate recovery from ACL injury and reconstruction; however, the incidence of knee extension loss is not well defined. The aim of this review was to identify the incidence of loss of extension (LOE) following ACL rupture and reconstruction, explore the definitions of knee extension deficits reported and identify prognostic factors affecting LOE incidence. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in Medline, Cochrane Library and PEDro for studies in publication up to November 2021, with no restrictions on publication year. References were screened and assessed for inclusion using predetermined eligibility criteria. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that quantified knee angle, loss of extension or incidence of extension deficit were included for quality assessment and data extraction. Statistical summaries were generated and meta-analyses performed in two parts to examine: (i) the probability of a datapoint being zero incidence compared to a nonzero incidence and (ii) the relationship between the predictors and nonzero LOE incidence. RESULTS A sample of 15,494 studies were retrieved using the search criteria, with 53 studies meeting eligibility criteria. The pooled results from 4991 participants were included for analysis, with 4891 participants who had undergone ACLR. The proportion of included studies judged at an overall low risk of bias was small (7.8%). The observed group and study were the most important predictors for whether a datapoint reported an incidence of extension deficit. Time to follow-up (P < 0.001) and graft type (P = 0.02) were found to have a significant influence on nonzero LOE incidence (%). Covariate adjusted estimates of average LOE indicated 1 in 3 patients presenting with LOE at 12 month follow-up, reducing to 1 in 4 at 2 years. CONCLUSIONS This review examined the definitions for the measurement and interpretation of postoperative knee extension and established the trajectory of knee extension deficit after ACL injury and reconstruction. While factors associated with loss of extension were identified, the exact trajectory of knee extension deficits was difficult to infer due to discrepancies in measurement techniques and patient variation. On average, 1 in 3 patients may present with loss of extension of at least 3 degrees at 12-month follow-up, decreasing to 1 in 4 at 2 years. These results may be used by clinicians as an upper threshold for acceptable complication rates following ACLR. Future work should focus on LOE as a clinically relevant complication of ACL injury and treatment with appropriate attention to standardisation of definitions, measurements and better understanding of natural history. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018092295. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maha Jegatheesan
- Orthopaedics Department, Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Hospital, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
| | - Ashwin Rajesh
- Orthopaedics Department, Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Hospital, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
| | - Garry Kirwan
- Physiotherapy Department, Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Hospital, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
| | - Christopher Bell
- Orthopaedics Department, Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Hospital, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia.
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Forsythe B, Chahla J, Korrapati A, Lavoie-Gagne O, Forlenza E, Diaz CC, Chung CB, Bae WC, Bach BR, Cole B, Yanke AB, Verma NN. Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Augmentation May Accelerate Allograft Ligamentization in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial. Arthroscopy 2022; 38:2255-2264. [PMID: 35042007 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effect of bone marrow aspiration concentrate (BMAC) augmentation on clinical outcomes and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) with bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) allografts. METHODS A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted on 80 patients undergoing ACL reconstruction using BTB allografts. Patients were randomized to 2 groups: (1) bone marrow aspirate was collected from the iliac crest, concentrated, and approximately 2.5 mL was injected into the BTB allograft, or (2) a small sham incision was made at the iliac crest (control). MRI was performed at 3 months and 9 months postoperatively to determine the signal intensity ratio of the ACL graft. RESULTS Seventy-three patients were available for follow-up at 1-year postoperatively (36 BMAC, 37 control). International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores were significantly greater in the BMAC group versus the control at the 9-month postoperative period (81.6 ± 10.5 vs 74.6 ± 14.2, P = .048). There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients who met the minimal clinically important difference for IKDC between the BMAC and control groups at 9 months (89% vs 85%; P = .7). Three months postoperatively, signal intensity ratio of the inferior third of the ACL graft was significantly greater in the BMAC group versus the control group (3.2 ± 2.2 vs 2.1 ± 1.5; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS Patients who received BMAC augmentation of the BTB allograft during ACL reconstruction demonstrated greater signal intensity scores on MRI at 3 months, suggesting increased metabolic activity and remodeling, and potentially accelerated ligamentization. Additionally, patients in the BMAC group had greater patient-reported outcomes (IKDC) at 9 months postoperatively when compared with those who underwent a standard surgical procedure. There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients who met the minimal clinically important difference for IKDC between the BMAC and control groups at 9 months, suggesting limited clinical significance at this time point. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I, randomized control trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Forsythe
- Department of Sports Medicine, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A..
| | - Jorge Chahla
- Department of Sports Medicine, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Avinaash Korrapati
- Department of Sports Medicine, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Ophelie Lavoie-Gagne
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Enrico Forlenza
- Department of Sports Medicine, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Connor C Diaz
- Department of Sports Medicine, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Christine B Chung
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, U.S.A
| | - Won C Bae
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, U.S.A
| | - Bernard R Bach
- Department of Sports Medicine, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Brian Cole
- Department of Sports Medicine, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Adam B Yanke
- Department of Sports Medicine, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Nikhil N Verma
- Department of Sports Medicine, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
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Wellsandt E, Kallman T, Golightly Y, Podsiadlo D, Dudley A, Vas S, Michaud K, Tao M, Sajja B, Manzer M. Knee joint unloading and daily physical activity associate with cartilage T2 relaxation times 1 month after ACL injury. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:138-149. [PMID: 33783030 PMCID: PMC8478972 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is prevalent after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, but mechanismsunderlying its development are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine if gait biomechanics and daily physical activity (PA) associate with cartilage T2 relaxation times, a marker of collagen organization and water content, 1 month after ACL injury. Twenty-seven participants (15-35 years old) without chondral lesions completed magnetic resonance imaging, three-dimensional gait analysis, and 1 week of PA accelerometry. Interlimb differences and ratios were calculated for gait biomechanics and T2 relaxation times, respectively. Multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, and concomitant meniscus injury were used to determine the association between gait biomechanics and PA with T2 relaxation times, respectively. Altered knee adduction moment (KAM) impulse, less knee flexion excursion (kEXC) and higher daily step counts accounted for 35.8%-65.8% of T2 relaxation time variation in the weightbearing and posterior cartilage of the medial and lateral compartment (all p ≤ .011). KAM impulse was the strongest factor for T2 relaxation times in all models (all p ≤ .001). Lower KAM impulse associated with longer T2 relaxation times in the injured medial compartment (β = -.720 to -.901) and shorter T2 relaxation in the lateral compartment (β = .713 to .956). At 1 month after ACL injury, altered KAM impulse, less kEXC, and higher PA associated with longer T2 relaxation times, which may indicate poorer cartilage health. Statement of Clinical Significance: Gait biomechanics and daily PA are modifiable targets that may improve cartilage health acutely after ACL injury and slow progression to OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Wellsandt
- Division of Physical Therapy Education, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA,Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Tyler Kallman
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yvonne Golightly
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Division of Physical Therapy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel Podsiadlo
- Division of Physical Therapy Education, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Andrew Dudley
- Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Stephanie Vas
- Department of Clinical Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kaleb Michaud
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA,Forward, The National Databank for Rheumatic Diseases, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Matthew Tao
- Division of Physical Therapy Education, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA,Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Balasrinivasa Sajja
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Melissa Manzer
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Lutz PM, Achtnich A, Schütte V, Woertler K, Imhoff AB, Willinger L. Anterior cruciate ligament autograft maturation on sequential postoperative MRI is not correlated with clinical outcome and anterior knee stability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2022; 30:3258-3267. [PMID: 34739559 PMCID: PMC9464175 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-021-06777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity is correlated to structural postoperative changes of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) autograft. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ACL autograft maturation process via MRI over 2 years postoperatively, compare it to a native ACL signal and correlate the results with clinical outcome, return to preinjury sports levels, and knee laxity measurements. METHODS ACL autograft signal intensity was measured in 17 male patients (age, 28.3 ± 7.0 years) who underwent ACL reconstruction with hamstring autograft at 6 weeks, 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24 months postoperatively by 3 Tesla MRI. Controls with an intact ACL served as control group (22 males, 8 females; age, 26.7 ± 6.8 years). An ACL/PCL ratio (APR) and ACL/muscle ratio (AMR) was calculated to normalize signals to soft tissue signal. APR and AMR were compared across time and to native ACL signal. Clinical outcome scores (IKDC, Lysholm), return to preinjury sports levels (Tegner activity scale), and knee laxity measurement (KT-1000) were obtained and correlated to APR and AMR at the respective time points. RESULTS The APR and AMR of the ACL graft changed significantly from the lowest values at 6 weeks to reach the highest intensity after 6 months (p < 0.001). Then, the APR and AMR were significantly different from a native ACL 6 months after surgery (p < 0.01) but approached the APR and AMR of the native ACL at 1- and 2 years after surgery (p < 0.05). The APR changed significantly during the first 2 years postoperatively in the proximal (p < 0.001), mid-substance (p < 0.001), and distal (p < 0.01) intraarticular portion of the ACL autograft. A hypo-intense ACL MRI signal was associated with return to the preinjury sports level (p < 0.05). No correlation was found between ACL MRI graft signal and clinical outcome scores or KT-1000 measurements. CONCLUSION ACL grafts undergo a continuous maturation process in the first 2 years after surgery. The ACL graft signals became hyper-intense 6 months postoperatively and approximated the signal of a native intact ACL at 12- and 24 months. Patients with a hypo-intense ACL graft signal at 2 years follow-up were more likely to return to preinjury sports levels. The results of the present study provide a template for monitoring the normal ACL maturation process via MRI in case of prolonged clinical symptoms. However, subjective outcome and clinical examination of knee laxity remain important to assess the treatment success and to allow to return to sports. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M. Lutz
- Department for Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Achtnich
- Department for Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Vincent Schütte
- Department for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Strasse 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Klaus Woertler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas B. Imhoff
- Department for Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Willinger
- Department for Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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10
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Chu CR, Williams AA, Erhart-Hledik JC, Titchenal MR, Qian Y, Andriacchi TP. Visualizing pre-osteoarthritis: Integrating MRI UTE-T2* with mechanics and biology to combat osteoarthritis-The 2019 Elizabeth Winston Lanier Kappa Delta Award. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:1585-1595. [PMID: 33788306 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of pain and disability for which disease-modifying treatments remain lacking. This is because the symptoms and radiographic changes of OA occur after the onset of likely irreversible changes. Defining and treating earlier disease states are therefore needed to delay or to halt OA progression. Taking this concept a step further, studying OA pathogenesis before disease onset by characterizing potentially reversible markers of increased OA risk to identify a state of "pre-osteoarthritis (pre-OA)" shifts the paradigm towards OA prevention. The purpose of this review is to summarize the 42 studies comprising the 2019 Kappa Delta Elizabeth Lanier Award where conceptualization of a systems-based definition for "pre-osteoarthritis (pre-OA)" was followed by demonstration of potentially reversible markers of heightened OA risk in patients after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and reconstruction. In the process, these efforts contributed a new magnetic resonance imaging method of ultrashort echo time (UTE) enhanced T2* mapping to visualize joint tissue damage before the development of irreversible changes. The studies presented here support a transformative approach to OA that accounts for interactions between mechanical, biological, and structural markers of OA risk to develop and evaluate new treatment strategies that can delay or prevent the onset of clinical disease. This body of work was inspired by and performed for patients. Shifting the paradigm from attempting to modify symptomatic radiographic OA towards monitoring and reversing markers of "pre-OA" opens the door for transforming the clinical approach to OA from palliation to prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance R Chu
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Ashley A Williams
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Jennifer C Erhart-Hledik
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | | | - Yongxian Qian
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas P Andriacchi
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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11
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Potential In Vitro Tissue-Engineered Anterior Cruciate Ligament by Copolymerization of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Collagen. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:799-803. [PMID: 33705039 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Suitable tissue-engineered scaffolds to replace human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are well developed clinically as the development of tissue engineering. As water-soluble polymer compound, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been wildly used as the materials to replace ACL. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of constructing tissue-engineered ACL by the copolymerization of PVA and collagen (PVA/COL). METHODS PVA and COL were copolymerized at a mass ratio of 3:1. The pore size and porosity of the scaffold were observed by electron microscope. The maximum tensile strength of the scaffold was determined by electronic tension machine. The cytotoxicity of the scaffold was evaluated by MTT assay. The morphology of ACL cells cultured on the surface of the scaffold was observed by inverted microscope. The degradation of the scaffold was recorded in the rabbit model. RESULTS The average pore size of the polymer scaffold was 100 to 150 μm and the porosity was about 90%. The maximum tensile strength of the scaffold material was 8.10 ± 0.28 MPa. PVA/COL could promote the proliferation ability of 3T3 cells. ACL cells were successfully cultured on the surface of PVA/COL scaffold, with natural growth rate, differentiation, and proliferation. Twenty-four weeks after the plantation of scaffold, obvious degradations were observed in vivo. CONCLUSION The model of in-vitro tissue-engineered ACL was successfully established by PVA/COL scaffolds.
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12
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Wang LJ, Zeng N, Yan ZP, Li JT, Ni GX. Post-traumatic osteoarthritis following ACL injury. Arthritis Res Ther 2020; 22:57. [PMID: 32209130 PMCID: PMC7092615 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) develops after joint injury. Specifically, patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury have a high risk of developing PTOA. In this review, we outline the incidence of ACL injury that progresses to PTOA, analyze the role of ACL reconstruction in preventing PTOA, suggest possible mechanisms thought to be responsible for PTOA, evaluate current diagnostic methods for detecting early OA, and discuss potential interventions to combat PTOA. We also identify important directions for future research. Although much work has been done, the incidence of PTOA among patients with a history of ACL injury remains high due to the complexity of ACL injury progression to PTOA, the lack of sensitive and easily accessible diagnostic methods to detect OA development, and the limitations of current treatments. A number of factors are thought to be involved in the underlying mechanism, including structural factors, biological factors, mechanical factors, and neuromuscular factor. Since there is a clear "start point" for PTOA, early detection and intervention is of great importance. Currently, imaging modalities and specific biomarkers allow early detection of PTOA. However, none of them is both sensitive and easily accessible. After ACL injury, many patients undergo surgical reconstruction of ACL to restore joint stability and prevent excessive loading. However, convincing evidence is still lacking for the superiority of ACL-R to conservative management in term of the incidence of PTOA. As for non-surgical treatment such as anti-cytokine and chemokine interventions, most of them are investigated in animal studies and have not been applied to humans. A complete understanding of mechanisms to stratify the patients into different subgroups on the basis of risk factors is critical. And the improvement of standardized and quantitative assessment techniques is necessary to guide intervention. Moreover, treatments targeted toward different pathogenic pathways may be crucial to the management of PTOA in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Wang
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Ni Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Yan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie-Ting Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guo-Xin Ni
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
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13
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Chu CR. Concepts Important to Secondary Prevention of Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis. J Athl Train 2019; 54:987-988. [PMID: 31437015 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-54.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constance R Chu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood City, CA
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14
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Chu CR, Williams AA. Quantitative MRI UTE-T2* and T2* Show Progressive and Continued Graft Maturation Over 2 Years in Human Patients After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7:2325967119863056. [PMID: 31448301 PMCID: PMC6693027 DOI: 10.1177/2325967119863056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Noninvasive quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures to assess
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft maturity are needed to help inform
return to high-demand activities and to evaluate the effectiveness of new
treatments to accelerate ACL graft maturation. Quantitative MRI ultrashort
echo time T2* (UTE-T2*) and T2* mapping captures short T2 signals arising
from collagen-associated water in dense regular connective tissues, such as
tendon, ligament, and maturing grafts, which are invisible to conventional
MRI. Hypothesis: Quantitative MRI UTE-T2* and T2* mapping is sensitive to ACL graft changes
over the first 2 years after ACL reconstruction (ACLR). Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A total of 32 patients (18 men; mean ± SD age, 30 ± 9 years) undergoing
unilateral ACLR and 30 uninjured age-matched controls (18 men; age, 30 ± 9
years) underwent 3-T MRI examination. Patients who underwent ACLR were
imaged at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 and 2 years postoperatively. Two separate
ACLR cohorts were scanned with 2 MRI platforms at 2 institutions. Twelve
ACLR knees were scanned with a 3-dimensional acquisition-weighted stack of
spirals UTE sequence on a Siemens scanner, and 20 ACLR knees were scanned
with a 3-dimensional Cones UTE sequence on a GE scanner. UTE-T2* or T2* maps
were calculated for the intra-articular portion of the ACL graft. Results: Mean ACL graft UTE-T2* and T2* decreased from 1 to 2 years after ACLR. ACL
graft T2* increased 25% to 30% during the first 6 months (P
< .013) to a level not different from that of uninjured native ACL
(P > .4), stabilized between 6 months and 1 year
(P ≥ .999), and then decreased 19% between 1 and 2
years after ACLR (P = .027). At 6-month follow-up, ACL
graft UTE-T2* differed from that of tendon (P < .02) but
not uninjured native ACL (P > .7) and showed the
greatest variability among patients. Conclusion: UTE-T2* mapping suggested substantial changes within the graft during the
first 6 months postsurgery. T2* and UTE-T2* mapping showed relatively stable
graft composition from 6 months to 1 year, consistent with remodeling,
followed by decreases from 1 to 2 years, suggestive of continuing
maturation. MRI UTE-T2* and T2* mapping demonstrated potential clinical
utility as noninvasive quantitative imaging metrics for evaluation of human
ACL grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance R Chu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Ashley A Williams
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, USA
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15
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Barton KI, Shekarforoush M, Heard BJ, Sevick JL, Martin CR, Frank CB, Hart DA, Shrive NG. Three-dimensional in vivo kinematics and finite helical axis variables of the ovine stifle joint following partial anterior cruciate ligament transection. J Biomech 2019; 88:78-87. [PMID: 30955851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Partial anterior cruciate ligament (p-ACL) rupture is a common injury, but the impact of a p-ACL injury on in vivo joint kinematics has yet to be determined in an animal model. The in vivo kinematics of the ovine stifle joint were assessed during 'normal' gait, and at 20 and 40 weeks after p-ACL transection (Tx). Gross morphological scoring of the knee was conducted. p-ACL Tx creates significant progressive post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA)-like damage by 40 weeks. Statistically significant increases for flexion angles at hoof-strike (HS) and mid-stance (MST) were seen at 20 weeks post p-ACL Tx and the HS and hoof-off (HO) points at 40 weeks post p-ACL-Tx, therefore increased flexion angles occurred during stance phase. Statistically significant increases in posterior tibial shift at the mid-flexion (MF) and mid-extension (ME) points were seen during the swing phase of the gait cycle at 40 weeks post p-ACL Tx. Correlation analysis showed a strong and significant correlation between kinematic changes (instabilities) and gross morphological score in the inferior-superior direction at 40 weeks post p-ACL Tx at MST, HO, and MF. Further, there was a significant correlation between change in gross morphological combined score (ΔGCS) and the change in location of the helical axis in the anterior direction (ΔsAP) after p-ACL Tx for all points analyzed through the gait cycle. This study quantified in vivo joint kinematics before and after p-ACL Tx knee injury during gait, and demonstrated that a p-ACL knee injury leads to both PTOA-like damage and kinematic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen I Barton
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mehdi Shekarforoush
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bryan J Heard
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Johnathan L Sevick
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - C Ryan Martin
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Section of Orthopaedics, Department of Surgery, Foothills Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - David A Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Section of Orthopaedics, Department of Surgery, Foothills Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Bone & Joint Strategic Clinical Network, Alberta Health Services, AB, Canada
| | - Nigel G Shrive
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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16
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Williams AA, Titchenal MR, Do BH, Guha A, Chu CR. MRI UTE-T2* shows high incidence of cartilage subsurface matrix changes 2 years after ACL reconstruction. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:370-377. [PMID: 30030866 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alteration of deep cartilage matrix has been observed following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, evidenced by elevated MRI UTE-T2* values measured in small, 2-D cartilage regions of interest. This Level I diagnostic study seeks to more thoroughly evaluate deep cartilage matrix changes to medial tibiofemoral UTE-T2* maps 2 years after ACL reconstruction and examine the relative utilities of 3-D compared to 2-D assessments of cartilage UTE-T2* maps. Thirty-eight ACL-reconstructed and 20 uninjured subjects underwent MRI UTE-T2* mapping. "Small" single mid-sagittal 2-D and larger 3-D "tread mark" regions of interest were manually segmented and found to be correlated in medial cartilage (r > 0.58, p < 0.005). 3-D analyses of UTE-T2* maps showed differences to medial tibial cartilage between ACL-reconstructed and uninjured subjects (p = 0.007) that were not detected by smaller 2-D regions (p > 0.46). Quantitative comparisons show 14/38 (37%) ACL-reconstructed subjects have values >2 standard deviations higher than uninjured controls. Among a subset of ACL-reconstructed subjects with no morphologic MRI evidence of medial tibiofemoral cartilage or meniscal pathology (n = 12), elevated UTE-T2* values in "small" 2-D femoral (p = 0.011), but not larger 3-D tread mark regions of interest (p > 0.13), were observed. These data show the utility of 2-D UTE-T2* assessments of mid-sagittal weight-bearing regions of medial femoral cartilage for identifying subclinical deep cartilage matrix changes 2 years after ACLR. Clinical Significance: Mid-sagittal single slice 2-D UTE-T2* mapping may be an efficient means to assess medial femoral cartilage for subsurface matrix changes early after ACL reconstruction while 3-D assessments provide additional sensitivity to changes in the medial tibial plateau. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:370-377, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Williams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, 450 Broadway Street, MC 6342, Redwood City, California 94063
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Matthew R Titchenal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, 450 Broadway Street, MC 6342, Redwood City, California 94063
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Bao H Do
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Aditi Guha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, 450 Broadway Street, MC 6342, Redwood City, California 94063
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Constance R Chu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, 450 Broadway Street, MC 6342, Redwood City, California 94063
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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17
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Markes AR, Knox J, Zhong Q, Pedoia V, Li X, Ma CB. An Abnormal Tibial Position Is Associated With Alterations in the Meniscal Matrix: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7:2325967118820057. [PMID: 30671489 PMCID: PMC6329038 DOI: 10.1177/2325967118820057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An altered tibial position is still present despite anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. It has been demonstrated that an abnormal tibial position after an ACL injury may play a role in subsequent injuries to the meniscus, which can lead to early cartilage degeneration. Purpose: To determine changes in both the tibial position and the meniscal matrix present before and after ACL reconstruction as well as to evaluate the association between these 2 variables in ACL-injured knees 3 years after reconstruction. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Bilateral knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 32 patients with unilateral ACL injuries was performed before reconstruction; 13 control participants also underwent MRI. Follow-up MRI was performed up to 3 years after surgery. Tibial position, internal tibial rotation, and T1ρ and T2 values of the menisci were calculated using an in-house MATLAB program. Student t tests and multiple linear regression were used to compare differences between injured, uninjured, and control knees as well as to assess correlations between the tibial position at 3 years and 3-year changes in quantitative MRI meniscal relaxation values. Results: The tibial position of injured knees was more anterior than that of uninjured knees at baseline, 6 months, and 1, 2, and 3 years (P < .05 for all). The T1ρ and T2 values of the menisci of injured knees were greater than those of uninjured and control knees in the posterior lateral and posterior medial horns up to 1 and 2 years after surgery, respectively (P < .05 for all). The tibial position at 3 years was associated with increased T2 values from baseline to 3 years in the posterior medial horn (β = 0.397; P = .031) and anterior medial horn (β = 0.360; P = .040). Conclusion: Results of the current study indicate that there is a persistently altered tibial position after ACL reconstruction. Initial preoperative meniscal abnormalities show prolonged but gradual improvement. Additionally, correlations between the tibial position and changes in the medial meniscal matrix suggest that the tibial position may play a role in the increased susceptibility to medial meniscal tears seen after reconstruction. The development of newer surgical techniques must address a persistently altered tibial position. Quantitative MRI is an effective instrument to evaluate meniscal matrix changes and can serve as an early radiological tool for meniscal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Markes
- University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joseph Knox
- University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Qunjie Zhong
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Valentina Pedoia
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - C Benjamin Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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18
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Pietrosimone B, Blackburn JT, Padua DA, Pfeiffer SJ, Davis HC, Luc-Harkey BA, Harkey MS, Stanley Pietrosimone L, Frank BS, Creighton RA, Kamath GM, Spang JT. Walking gait asymmetries 6 months following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction predict 12-month patient-reported outcomes. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:2932-2940. [PMID: 29781550 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The study sought to determine the association between gait biomechanics (vertical ground reaction force [vGRF], vGRF loading rate [vGRF-LR]) collected 6 months following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) with patient-reported outcomes at 12 months following ACLR. Walking gait biomechanics and all subsections of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcomes Score (KOOS) were collected at 6 and 12 months following ACLR, respectively, in 25 individuals with a unilateral ACLR. Peak vGRF and peak instantaneous vGRF-LR were extracted from the first 50% of the stance phase. Limb symmetry indices (LSI) were used to normalize outcomes in the ACLR limb to that of the uninjured limb (ACLR/uninjured). Linear regression analyses were used to determine associations between biomechanical outcomes and KOOS while accounting for walking speed. Receiver operator characteristic curves were used to determine the accuracy of 6-month biomechanical outcomes for identifying individuals with acceptable patient-reported outcomes, using previously defined KOOS cut-off scores, 12 months post-ACLR. Individuals with lower peak vGRF LSI 6 months post-ACLR demonstrated worse patient-reported outcomes (KOOS Pain, Activities of Daily life, Sport and Recreation, Quality of Life) at the 12-month exam. A peak vGRF LSI ≥0.99 6 months following ACLR associated with 13.33× higher odds of reporting acceptable patient-reported outcomes 12 months post-ACLR. Lesser peak vGRF LSI during walking at 6-months post-ACLR may be a critical indicator of worse future patient-reported outcomes. Clinical significance achieving early symmetrical lower extremity loading and minimizing under-loading of the ACLR limb during walking may be a potential therapeutic target for improving patient-reported outcomes post-ACLR. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2932-2940, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Pietrosimone
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - J Troy Blackburn
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Darin A Padua
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Steven J Pfeiffer
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hope C Davis
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Brittney A Luc-Harkey
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic and Arthritis Center for Outcomes Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew S Harkey
- Division of Rheumatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura Stanley Pietrosimone
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Barnett S Frank
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Robert Alexander Creighton
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ganesh M Kamath
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jeffery T Spang
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Vasta S, Andrade R, Pereira R, Bastos R, Battaglia AG, Papalia R, Espregueira-Mendes J. Bone morphology and morphometry of the lateral femoral condyle is a risk factor for ACL injury. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2018; 26:2817-2825. [PMID: 29299611 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-017-4761-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the knee lateral compartment bony morphology and morphometry on risk of sustaining an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. METHODS A total of 400 age and sex-matched patients (200 ACL-ruptured and 200 ACL-intact) were included. The lateral femoral and tibial bone morphology and morphometric parameters were measured on knee lateral radiographs, taken at 30° of knee flexion with overlapping of the femoral condyles. Radiographic measurements included: anteroposterior-flattened surface of the femur's lateral condyle (XY); femur's diaphysis anteroposterior distance (A); anteroposterior distance of the femur's lateral condyle (B); height of the femur's lateral condyle (C); anteroposterior distance of the tibial plateaus (AB); tibial slope. In addition, three morphological ratios were calculated: B/AB; B/XY; XY/AB (Porto ratio). RESULTS Most of bone morphological parameters were different between genders (P < 0.05). ACL-ruptured female subjects showed statistical significant smaller condyle heights (C), smaller distances of the flattened surface of the distal femoral condyle (XY), smaller tibial plateau anteroposterior distances (AB), and higher XY/AB ratio (P < 0.05). ACL-ruptured male subjects had statistical significant smaller condyle height (C), anteroposterior distance of the femur's lateral condyle (B), tibial plateau anteroposterior distances (AB), and tibial slope (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression model showed that five morphological parameters (A, XW, XY, XZ, and AB) were significantly associated with ACL rupture (AUC = 0.967, P < 0.001). Calculated ratios (XY/AB; B/AB; B/XY) showed a significant accuracy in identifying individuals with ACL injury (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The most important finding of this study was that the calculated ratios (XY/AB; B/AB; B/XY) showed a significant accuracy in identifying the individuals with and without an ACL injury. Within this line, a longer flat surface of the lateral femoral condyle or higher Porto ratio (XY/AB) is associated with a lower the risk of ACL injury. Moreover, when considering the combination of five primary bone morphology and morphometric parameters (A, XW, XY, XZ, and AB), the accuracy in identifying these individuals was excellent (AUC = 0.967). These findings may contribute to injury risk assessment, sports participation, and injury prevention counseling and surgical planning refining by identifying high-risk patients who would benefit from the addition of associated procedures to the anatomic ACL reconstruction aiming the improvement of knee stability and decrease the risk of further injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III, case-control study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Vasta
- Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery Department, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Renato Andrade
- Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre-FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rogério Pereira
- Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre-FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Bastos
- Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre-FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal.,Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal.,Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonino Giulio Battaglia
- Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Residency program, Università degli Studi di Milano Statale, Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Papalia
- Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery Department, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - João Espregueira-Mendes
- Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre-FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal. .,Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal. .,3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. .,Orthopaedics Department, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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20
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van Eck CF, Limpisvasti O, ElAttrache NS. Is There a Role for Internal Bracing and Repair of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament? A Systematic Literature Review. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:2291-2298. [PMID: 28783472 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517717956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renewed interest has arisen in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair techniques. HYPOTHESIS ACL repair with or without some form of internal bracing could lead to good outcomes in a carefully selected subset of patients. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS An electronic database search was performed to identify 89 papers describing preclinical and clinical studies on the outcome of ACL repair. RESULTS Proximal ACL tear patterns showed a better healing potential with primary repair than distal or midsubstance tears. Some form of internal bracing increased the success rate of ACL repair. Improvement in the biological characteristics of the repair was obtained by bone marrow access by drilling tunnels or microfracture. Augmentation with platelet-rich plasma was beneficial only in combination with a structural scaffold. Skeletally immature patients had the best outcomes. Acute repair offered improved outcomes with regard to load, stiffness, laxity, and rerupture. CONCLUSION ACL repair may be a viable option in young patients with acute, proximal ACL tears. The use of internal bracing, biological augmentation, and scaffold tissue may increase the success rate of repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Orr Limpisvasti
- Kerlan Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Correlation between translational and rotational kinematic abnormalities and osteoarthritis-like damage in two in vivo sheep injury models. J Biomech 2018; 75:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Erhart-Hledik JC, Chu CR, Asay JL, Andriacchi TP. Longitudinal changes in knee gait mechanics between 2 and 8 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1478-1486. [PMID: 28984381 PMCID: PMC5889359 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to longitudinally investigate changes in knee joint kinematics and kinetics from 2 to 8 years post-ACLR. Seventeen subjects with primary unilateral transtibial ACLR performed bilateral gait analysis approximately 2 years and 8 years post-ACLR. Seventeen matched healthy control subjects were also analyzed. Kinematic and kinetic comparisons between the ACLR and contralateral limbs over time were completed using a 2 × 2 (time, limb) repeated-measures ANOVA. Unpaired Student's t-tests were used to compare the ACLR and contralateral kinematics and kinetics to the control group. The ACLR and contralateral limbs had similar gait changes over time. Kinetic changes over time included a reduction in first (p = 0.048) and second (p < 0.001) peak extension moments, internal rotation moment (p < 0.001), adduction moment (first peak: p = 0.002, second peak: p = 0.009, impulse: p = 0.004) and an increase in peak knee flexion moment (p = 0.002). Kinematic changes over time included increases in peak knee flexion angle in the first half of stance (p = 0.026), minimum knee flexion angle in the second half of stance (p < 0.001), and average external rotation angle during stance (p = 0.007), and a reduction in average anterior femoral displacement during stance (p = 0.006). Comparison to healthy controls demonstrated improvement in some gait metrics over time. The results demonstrated longitudinal changes from 2 to 8 years after ACLR in knee joint kinetics and kinematics that have been related to clinical outcome after ACLR and the progression of knee OA, and support future larger and comprehensive investigations into long-term changes in joint mechanics in the ACLR population. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1478-1486, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Constance R. Chu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Jessica L. Asay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Thomas P. Andriacchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
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Williams A, Titchenal M, Andriacchi T, Chu C. MRI UTE-T2* profile characteristics correlate to walking mechanics and patient reported outcomes 2 years after ACL reconstruction. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:569-579. [PMID: 29426012 PMCID: PMC6548437 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ultrashort echo time (UTE) T2* is sensitive to cartilage deep tissue matrix changes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). This study was performed to determine whether UTE-T2* profile analysis is a useful clinical metric for assessing cartilage matrix degeneration. This work tests the hypotheses that UTE-T2* depthwise rates of change (profile slopes) correlate with clinical outcome metrics of walking mechanics and patient reported outcomes (PRO) in patients 2 years after ACLR. DESIGN Thirty-six patients 2 years after ACLR completed knee MRI, gait analysis, and PRO. UTE-T2* maps were generated from MRI images and depthwise UTE-T2* profiles were calculated for weight-bearing cartilage in the medial compartment. UTE-T2* profiles from 14 uninjured subjects provided reference values. UTE-T2* profile characteristics, including several different measures of profile slope, were tested for correlation to kinetic and kinematic measures of gait and also to PRO. RESULTS Decreasing UTE-T2* profile slopes in ACLR knees moderately correlated with increasing knee adduction moments (r = 0.41, P < 0.015), greater external tibial rotation (r = 0.44, P = 0.007), and moderately negatively correlated with PRO (r = -0.36, P = 0.032). UTE-T2* profiles from both ACLR and contralateral knees of ACLR subjects differed from that of uninjured controls (P < 0.015). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that decreasing UTE-T2* profile slopes reflect cartilage deep tissue collagen matrix disruption in a population at increased risk for knee osteoarthritis (OA). That UTE-T2* profiles were associated with mechanical and patient reported measures of clinical outcomes support further study into a potential mechanistic relationship between these factors and OA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.A. Williams
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA, USA,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto,
CA, USA
| | - M.R. Titchenal
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA, USA,Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA,
USA,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto,
CA, USA
| | - T.P. Andriacchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA, USA,Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA,
USA,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto,
CA, USA
| | - C.R. Chu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University,
Stanford, CA, USA,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto,
CA, USA,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: C.R.
Chu, Stanford University Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 450
Broadway Street, MC 6342, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA. Fax: 1-650-721-3470.
(C.R. Chu)
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Titchenal MR, Williams AA, Chehab EF, Asay JL, Dragoo JL, Gold GE, McAdams TR, Andriacchi TP, Chu CR. Cartilage Subsurface Changes to Magnetic Resonance Imaging UTE-T2* 2 Years After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Correlate With Walking Mechanics Associated With Knee Osteoarthritis. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:565-572. [PMID: 29293364 PMCID: PMC6548433 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517743969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury increases risk for posttraumatic knee osteoarthritis (OA). Quantitative ultrashort echo time enhanced T2* (UTE-T2*) mapping shows promise for early detection of potentially reversible subsurface cartilage abnormalities after ACL reconstruction (ACLR) but needs further validation against established clinical metrics of OA risk such as knee adduction moment (KAM) and mechanical alignment. HYPOTHESIS Elevated UTE-T2* values in medial knee cartilage 2 years after ACLR correlate with varus alignment and higher KAM during walking. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS Twenty patients (mean age, 33.1 ± 10.5 years; 11 female) 2 years after ACLR underwent 3.0-T knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radiography, and gait analysis, after which mechanical alignment was measured, KAM during walking was calculated, and UTE-T2* maps were generated. The mechanical axis and the first and second peaks of KAM (KAM1 and KAM2, respectively) were tested using linear regressions for correlations with deep UTE-T2* values in the central and posterior medial femoral condyle (cMFC and pMFC, respectively) and central medial tibial plateau (cMTP). UTE-T2* values from ACL-reconstructed patients were additionally compared with those of 14 uninjured participants (mean age, 30.9 ± 8.9 years; 6 female) using Mann-Whitney U and standard t tests. RESULTS Central weightbearing medial compartment cartilage of ACL-reconstructed knees was intact on morphological MRI. Mean UTE-T2* values were elevated in both the cMFC and pMFC of ACL-reconstructed knees compared with those of uninjured knees ( P = .003 and P = .012, respectively). In ACL-reconstructed knees, UTE-T2* values of cMFC cartilage positively correlated with increasing varus alignment ( R = 0.568). Higher UTE-T2* values in cMFC and cMTP cartilage of ACL-reconstructed knees also correlated with greater KAM1 ( R = 0.452 and R = 0.463, respectively) and KAM2 ( R = 0.465 and R = 0.764, respectively) and with KAM2 in pMFC cartilage ( R = 0.602). CONCLUSION Elevated deep UTE-T2* values of medial knee cartilage 2 years after ACLR correlate with 2 clinical markers of increased risk of medial knee OA. These results support the clinical utility of MRI UTE-T2* for early diagnosis of subsurface cartilage abnormalities. Longitudinal follow-up of larger cohorts is needed to determine the predictive and staging potential of UTE-T2* for posttraumatic OA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Constance R. Chu
- Address correspondence to Constance R. Chu, MD, Stanford University, 450 Broadway Street, MC 6342, Redwood City, CA 94061, USA ()
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