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Bram JT, Stevens AC, Greenberg E, DeFrancesco CJ, Gans I, Parisien RL, Ganley TJ. Postoperative Strength Differences at Short-Term Follow-Up Vary Based on Autograft Harvest Site After Adolescent Transphyseal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2024; 40:1591-1598. [PMID: 37898305 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the clinical and patient-reported outcomes of adolescent patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) with quadriceps tendon (QT) versus hamstring tendon (HT) autograft. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of adolescent patients aged 18 years or younger treated at a single tertiary care children's hospital who underwent primary transphyseal ACLR using QT or HT between January 2018 and December 2019. All patients had minimum 6-month follow-up. Outcomes included isokinetic strength testing, postoperative Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System and International Knee Documentation Committee scores, and complications; these were compared between the QT and HT cohorts. RESULTS A total of 84 patients (44 HT and 40 QT patients) were included. The QT cohort had a higher proportion of male patients (62.5% vs 34.1%, P = .01). At 3 months, HT patients had a lower hamstring-quadriceps (H/Q) strength ratio (60.7 ± 11.0 vs 79.5 ± 18.6, P < .01) and lower Limb Symmetry Index in flexion (85.6 ± 16.1 vs 95.5 ± 15.7, P = .01) whereas QT patients had a lower Limb Symmetry Index in extension (67.3 ± 9.5 vs 77.4 ± 10.7, P < .01). The H/Q ratio at 6 months was lower in HT patients (59.4 ± 11.5 vs 66.2 ± 7.5, P < .01). Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System and International Knee Documentation Committee scores were not different at 3 months or latest follow-up. QT patients had more wound issues (20.0% vs 2.3%, P = .01). Patients receiving HT autograft had more ipsilateral knee injuries (18.2% vs 2.5%, P = .03), but there was no difference in graft failure for ACLR using HT versus QT (9.1% vs 2.5%, P = .36). CONCLUSIONS There were no differences in patient-reported outcome measures between patients receiving QT autografts and those receiving HT autografts. Patients with QT grafts had more postoperative wound issues but a lower rate of ipsilateral knee complications (graft failure or meniscal tear). Differences in quadriceps and hamstring strength postoperatively compared with the contralateral limb were observed for adolescent ACLR patients receiving QT and HT autografts, respectively. This contributed to higher H/Q ratios seen at 3 and 6 months postoperatively for patients receiving QT autografts. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective comparative therapeutic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Bram
- Division of Orthopaedics, The Hub for Clinical Collaboration, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Alexandra C Stevens
- Division of Orthopaedics, The Hub for Clinical Collaboration, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Elliot Greenberg
- Department of Physical Therapy, Specialty Care and Surgery Center, Bucks County, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Chalfont, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Christopher J DeFrancesco
- Division of Orthopaedics, The Hub for Clinical Collaboration, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Itai Gans
- Division of Orthopaedics, The Hub for Clinical Collaboration, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Robert L Parisien
- Division of Orthopaedics, The Hub for Clinical Collaboration, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Theodore J Ganley
- Division of Orthopaedics, The Hub for Clinical Collaboration, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A..
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Man Q, Gao Y, Wang H, Ma Y, Meng Q. There is no difference in the efficacy of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autograft combined with or without ligament augmentation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2023; 31:5524-5534. [PMID: 37831110 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-023-07605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to determine the efficacy of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) using autograft combined with or without ligament augmentation. METHODS A computerized search of the databases was conducted, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus and the Cochrane Library. Only prospective or retrospective comparative studies with a minimum 2-year follow-up were considered for inclusion. Two independent reviewers performed data extraction and methodological quality assessment. A Mantel-Haenszel analysis was used for the pooling of results. Sensitivity analysis was performed to maintain the stability of results. The egger test was applied to assess the publication bias. RESULTS Fourteen studies were included. The total cohort was 1353 patients (non-augmented group: 763 patients; augmented group: 590 patients). There were three Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs, Level I), six retrospective comparative studies (Level III) and five case-control studies (Level III). The follow-up rate was ≥ 88% and the follow-up periods were ≥ 24 months in all included studies. The augmented graft used to compare with autograft included the Ligament Augmentation Device (LAD), the Ligament Advanced Reinforcement System (LARS) artificial ligament, FiberTape, hamstring tendon allograft, degradable poly (urethane urea). No significant differences were observed between the augmented and non-augmented groups regarding postoperative patient-reported outcomes (PROs), including the International Knee Documentation Committee score, Lysholm score and Tegner score, knee laxity, including KT-1000, side-to-side difference, Lachman test and pivot shift and rate of graft failure. CONCLUSIONS ACLR using autografts combined with ligament augmentation shows no advantages in PROs, knee laxity and graft failure rate compared with using autografts only. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III. TRIAL REGISTRATION The research protocol was registered at the PROSPERO database (CRD42022324784).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Man
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yitian Gao
- Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Hangle Wang
- Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyang Meng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
- Engineering Research Center of Sports Trauma Treatment Technology and Devices, Ministry of Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Aldag L, Dallman J, Henkelman E, Herda A, Randall J, Tarakemeh A, Morey T, Vopat BG. Various Definitions of Failure Are Used in Studies of Patients Who Underwent Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2023; 5:100801. [PMID: 37766857 PMCID: PMC10520319 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2023.100801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To conduct a literature review to assess the definitions of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) failure used throughout the orthopaedic literature. Methods A systematic search of Embase, Ovid Medline, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science was conducted by a university librarian to identity level I-IV clinical studies on ACLR failure. Inclusion criteria consisted of patients who underwent ACLR and included a definition of failure of ACLR. Patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repairs, animal/cadaver studies, review studies, non-English language articles, and non-full text articles were excluded. Failure data were extracted from each study and categorized. Other data that were extracted included follow-up time after ACLR, failure reoperation rate, and failure reoperation procedure. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data. Results Out of 2,775 studies, 104 (3.75%) met inclusion criteria and were analyzed in this review. The most common definition of ACLR failure included the use of a physical examination, specifically Lachman's test (21/104 [20.2%]), anterior laxity assessment, or a Pivot-Shift test (24/104 [35.2%]) or undergoing or requiring revision ACLR (39/104 [37.5%]). Although some studies used quantitative tests or imaging to help define "failure," others simply defined it as graft rerupture that was otherwise not defined (22/104 [22.5%]). Other common definitions included: the use of imaging (magnetic resonance imaging/radiographs) to confirm graft re-rupture (37/104 [35.6%]), patient-reported outcomes (recurrent instability)/patient reported outcomes measures (International Knee Documentation Committee [IKDC], Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score [KOOS], Tegner) (18/104 [17.3%]), and the use of an arthrometer (KT-1000/2000, Rollimeter, or Kneelax) (17/104 [16.3%]). The least common definitions included graft failure or rerupture confirmed by arthroscopy (13/104 [12.5%]) and nonrevision surgery (2/104 [1.0%]). The failure rate of this procedure ranged from 0% to 100% depending on the definition of "failure." Conclusion In this study, we found that a variety of definitions of failure are used among studies published in the orthopaedic literature. The most common criteria for failure of ACLR were the results of physical examination tests (35%), the need for undergoing a revision ACLR (36%), and the use of imaging to diagnose the failure (34%). About 17% of studies included in this review used patient-reported outcomes, specifically recurrent instability, or PROMs (IKDC, KOOS, Tegner) in their assessment of failure of ACLR. The least used definitions of "failure" of ACLR included nonrevision ACLR surgery (2%). Although some studies used similar tests or categories in their definition of failure, there were a variety of score and grade cutoff points between them. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Level II-IV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Aldag
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, the University of Kansas Health System, Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.A
| | - Johnathan Dallman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, the University of Kansas Health System, Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.A
| | - Erik Henkelman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, the University of Kansas Health System, Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.A
| | - Ashley Herda
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey Randall
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, the University of Kansas Health System, Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.A
| | - Armin Tarakemeh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, the University of Kansas Health System, Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.A
| | - Tucker Morey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, the University of Kansas Health System, Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.A
| | - Bryan G. Vopat
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, the University of Kansas Health System, Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.A
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Pauw AHJ, Buck TMF, Gokeler A, Tak IJR. Reconsideration of Return-to-Sport Decision-Making After Pediatric ACL Injury: A Scoping Review. Sports Health 2023; 15:898-907. [PMID: 36715226 PMCID: PMC10606966 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221146538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Up to 90% of pediatric athletes return to sport (RTS) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R); however, <50% RTS at the same level and second ACL injury rates are up to 32%. OBJECTIVES (1) Determine which physical and patient-reported outcome measures guide clinical decision-making on RTS in pediatric athletes after ACL-R and (2) present a framework with insights from cognitive and neurophysiological domains to enhance rehabilitation outcomes. DATA SOURCES PubMed, CINAHL, Embrase, and Cochrane library databases and gray literature. STUDY SELECTION Data on pediatric (<18 years) ACL-R patients, RTS, tests, and decision-making were reported in 1214 studies. Two authors independently reviewed titles and abstract, excluding 962 studies. Gray literature and cross-reference checking resulted in 7 extra studies for full-text screening of 259 studies. Final data extraction was from 63 eligible studies. STUDY DESIGN Scoping review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. DATA EXTRACTION Details on study population, aims, methodology, intervention, outcome measures, and important results were collected in a data chart. RESULTS Studies included 4456 patients (mean age, 14 years). Quadriceps and hamstring strength (n = 25), knee ligament arthrometer (n = 24), and hop tests (n = 22) were the most-reported physical outcome measures guiding RTS in <30% of studies with cutoff scores of limb symmetry index (LSI) ≥85% or arthrometer difference <3 mm. There were 19 different patient-reported outcome measures, most often reporting the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) (n = 24), Lysholm (n = 23), and Tegner (n = 15) scales. Only for the IKDC was a cutoff value of 85% reported. CONCLUSION RTS clearance in pediatric ACL-R patients is not based on clear criteria. If RTS tests were performed, outcomes did not influence time of RTS. Postoperative LSI thresholds likely overestimate knee function since biomechanics are impaired despite achieving RTS criteria. RTS should be considered a continuum, and biomechanical parameters and contextual rehab should be pursued with attention to the individual, task, and environment. There is a need for psychological monitoring of the ACL-R pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tristan Marcel Frank Buck
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alli Gokeler
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Igor Joeri Ramon Tak
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Fysiotherapie Utrecht Oost, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Chang MJ, Choi YS, Shin JH, Yoon TH, Kim TW, Chang CB, Kang SB. Comparison of failure rates and functional outcomes between hamstring autografts and hybrid grafts in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2023; 109:103499. [PMID: 36462633 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2022.103499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The viability of augmenting small-diameter hamstring autografts with allografts remains unclear. Recent studies have reported different clinical results after allograft augmentation. Hence, we sought to determine whether hamstring autografts and hybrid grafts differed in terms of failure rates and functional outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. We also evaluated whether the results of the comparisons differed based on allograft sterilization methods. PATIENTS AND METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed by searching the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases to identify prospective or retrospective studies (evidence levels 1, 2, or 3) that compared the failure rates and functional outcomes of ACL reconstruction using autografts and hybrid grafts. RESULTS We identified 15 relevant studies, including 1,521 patients, with 798 and 723 treated using autografts and hybrid grafts, respectively. Fourteen studies were retrospective comparative studies, and one was a prospective randomized controlled trial. Of these, three studies used non-irradiated allografts. In the analysis of all participants, no significant differences in failure rates and subjective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores were observed between the autograft and hybrid graft groups. Comparing the autograft and hybrid graft groups that used non-irradiated allografts, no differences in the failure rates and subjective IKDC scores were also noted. Meanwhile, in the groups that used irradiated allograft, the autograft group demonstrated higher Lysholm knee scores and reduced anterior laxity than the hybrid graft group. DISCUSSION Overall, ACL reconstruction using hybrid grafts may not reduce failure rates compared to reconstructions using hamstring autografts, although hybrid grafts with irradiation may decrease functional outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III; systematic review of level II and III studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Jong Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Seong Choi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Tae Hyuck Yoon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chong Bum Chang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnamsi, South Korea; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Baik Kang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Zhao D, Pan JK, Lin FZ, Luo MH, Liang GH, Zeng LF, Huang HT, Han YH, Xu NJ, Yang WY, Liu J. Risk Factors for Revision or Rerupture After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:3053-3075. [PMID: 36189967 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221119787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rerupture or need for revision after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is a serious complication. Preventive strategies that target the early identification of risk factors are important to reduce the incidence of additional surgery. PURPOSE To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate risk factors for revision or rerupture after ACLR. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from database inception to November 2021 and updated in January 2022. Quantitative, original studies reporting potential adjusted risk factors were included. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for potential risk factors. RESULTS A total of 71 studies across 13 countries with a total sample size of 629,120 met the inclusion criteria. Fifteen factors were associated with an increase in the risk of revision or rerupture after ACLR: male sex (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.14-1.41), younger age (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.05-1.08), lower body mass index (BMI) (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00-1.06), family history (OR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.50-4.08), White race (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.08-1.60), higher posterolateral tibial slope (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.05-1.26), preoperative high-grade anterior knee laxity (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.46-3.64), higher baseline Marx activity level (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.13), return to a high activity level/sport (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.15-3.57), an ACLR within less than a year after injury (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.81-2.32), a concomitant medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.31-2.00), an anteromedial portal or transportal technique (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.22-1.51), hamstring tendon (HT) autografts (vs bone-patellar tendon-bone [BPTB] autografts) (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.40-1.82), allografts (OR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.65-4.19), and smaller graft diameter (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.05-1.38). The other factors failed to show an association with an increased risk of revision or rerupture after ACLR. CONCLUSION Male sex, younger age, lower BMI, family history, White race, higher posterolateral tibial slope, preoperative high-grade anterior knee laxity, higher baseline Marx activity level, return to a high activity level/sport, an ACLR within less than a year from injury, a concomitant MCL injury, an anteromedial portal or transportal technique, HT autografts (vs BPTB autografts), allografts, and smaller graft diameter may increase the risk of revision or rerupture after ACLR. Raising awareness and implementing effective preventions/interventions for risk factors are priorities for clinical practitioners to reduce the incidence of revision or rerupture after ACLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Bone and Joint Research Team of Degeneration and Injury, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ke Pan
- Bone and Joint Research Team of Degeneration and Injury, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Zheng Lin
- The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Hui Luo
- Bone and Joint Research Team of Degeneration and Injury, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gui-Hong Liang
- Bone and Joint Research Team of Degeneration and Injury, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Feng Zeng
- Bone and Joint Research Team of Degeneration and Injury, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - He-Tao Huang
- Bone and Joint Research Team of Degeneration and Injury, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hong Han
- Bone and Joint Research Team of Degeneration and Injury, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan-Jun Xu
- The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Yi Yang
- Bone and Joint Research Team of Degeneration and Injury, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Adams BG, Nowak MJ, Egan AC, Donohue MA, Galvin JW, Arrington ED. Autograft-Only and Allograft-Augmented Hamstring Autograft Have Similar Failure Rates After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2023; 5:e725-e730. [PMID: 37388891 PMCID: PMC10300597 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare failure rates and clinical outcomes after hamstring autograft anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with and without allograft augmentation by a single surgeon otherwise using the same surgical technique. Methods This was a retrospective analysis with prospectively collected patient-reported outcomes of primary hamstring autograft ACL reconstruction with and without allograft augmentation performed in a military population by a single surgeon. The primary outcome measure was graft failure, defined as graft rupture confirmed by use of magnetic resonance imaging scans and/or revision ACL reconstruction. The secondary outcome measure was the postoperative Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score. Results This study included 112 patients with a mean follow-up period of 65.3 months. In patients with a graft diameter of 8 mm or greater, there was no difference in failure rates (9.4% for autograft only vs 6.3% for hybrid, P = .59). There was a higher failure rate in patients in the autograft-only group with a graft diameter of less than 8 mm (29.4%) when compared with the hybrid graft group (6.3%, P = .008). There were no hybrid grafts less than 8 mm in diameter. There were no differences in the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score between groups as long as the graft diameter was 8 mm or greater. Conclusions In patients undergoing hamstring ACL reconstruction, there was no significant difference in graft failure rates or outcome scores between autograft only and autograft with allograft augmentation as long as grafts were 8 mm or greater. High failure rates were seen when the graft diameter was less than 8 mm. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan G. Adams
- A. Feagin, Jr. Sports Medicine Fellowship, Keller Army Community Hospital, West Point, New York, U.S.A
| | | | - Alec C. Egan
- Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Michael A. Donohue
- A. Feagin, Jr. Sports Medicine Fellowship, Keller Army Community Hospital, West Point, New York, U.S.A
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8
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Mirzayan R, Chang RN, Royse KE, Prentice HA, Maletis GB. No difference in revision risk between autologous hamstring graft less than 8 mm versus hybrid graft 8 mm or larger in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2023:10.1007/s00167-023-07437-5. [PMID: 37140654 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-023-07437-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hamstring autograft (HA) is commonly used for primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). However, if the harvested HA is inadequate in diameter, it is often augmented with an allograft tendon, forming a hybrid graft (HY). This study sought to evaluate aseptic revision risk following HA versus HY ACLR. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed using data obtained from our healthcare system's ACLR registry. Patients ≤ 25 years of age who underwent primary isolated ACLR were identified (2005-2020). Graft type and diameter size was the primary exposure of interest: < 8 mm HA and ≥ 8 mm HY. A secondary analysis was performed to examine 7 mm HA and 7.5 mm HA vs ≥ 8 mm HY. Propensity score-weighted Cox proportional hazard regression was used to evaluate the risk of aseptic revision. RESULTS The study sample included 1,945 ACLR: 548 ≥ 8 mm HY, 651 7 mm HA, and 672 7.5 mm HA. The crude cumulative aseptic revision probability at 8-years for ≥ 8 mm HY was 9.1%, 11.1% for 7 mm HA, and 11.2% for 7.5 mm HA. In adjusted analysis, no difference in revision risk was observed for < 8 mm HA (hazard ratio [HR] 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72-1.82), 7 mm HA (HR 1.23, 95% CI 0.71-2.11), or 7.5 mm HA (HR 1.16, 95% CI 0.74-1.82) compared to ≥ 8 mm HY. CONCLUSION In a US-based cohort of ACLR patients aged ≤ 25 years, we failed to observe any differences in aseptic revision risk for HA < 8 mm compared to HY ≥ 8 mm. Augmentation of a HA as small as 7 mm is not necessary to prevent a revision surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffy Mirzayan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, 1011 Baldwin Park Blvd, Baldwin Park, CA, 91706, USA.
| | - Richard N Chang
- Medical Device Surveillance and Assessment, Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn E Royse
- Medical Device Surveillance and Assessment, Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Heather A Prentice
- Medical Device Surveillance and Assessment, Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gregory B Maletis
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, 1011 Baldwin Park Blvd, Baldwin Park, CA, 91706, USA
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Ye Z, Wu X, Chen J, Cho E, Xie G, Dong S, Xu J, Zhao J. Association Between Anterior Tibial Subluxation of Lateral Compartment and High-Grade Knee Laxity in Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency. Am J Sports Med 2023:3635465231166712. [PMID: 37092733 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231166712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-grade knee laxity and excessive anterior tibial subluxation (ATS) are correlated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency and share similar risk factors; however, the association between excessive ATS and high-grade knee laxity remains unclear. PURPOSE To identify the association between excessive ATS and high-grade knee laxity in patients with ACL deficiency and determine the possibility that ATS can predict high-grade knee laxity. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS A total of 226 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction between May 2018 and March 2022 were analyzed in the present study; the high-grade group consisted of 113 patients who had a grade 3 result on the preoperative anterior drawer test, Lachman test, or pivot-shift test while under anesthesia, and the low-grade group consisted of 113 matched patients. The ATS values for medial and lateral compartments (ATSMC and ATSLC) were measured on magnetic resonance imaging while patients relaxed the quadriceps in the supine position under no anesthesia. The optimal cutoff values of ATSMC and ATSLC for high-grade knee laxity were determined using receiver operating characteristic curves. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses with stratification were performed to identify the association between excessive ATS and high-grade knee laxity. RESULTS Compared with the low-grade group, the high-grade group had a longer time from injury to surgery; higher rates of medial meniscus posterior horn tear (MMPHT), lateral meniscus posterior horn tear (LMPHT), and anterolateral ligament (ALL) abnormality; and larger lateral tibial slope, ATSMC, and ATSLC. The optimal cutoff value was 2.6 mm (sensitivity, 52.2%; specificity, 76.1%) for ATSMC and 4.5 mm (sensitivity, 67.3%; specificity, 64.6%) for ATSLC in predicting high-grade knee laxity. After adjustment for covariates, ATSLC ≥4.5 mm (odds ratio [OR], 2.94; 95% CI, 1.56-5.55; P = .001), MMPHT (OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.35-5.08; P = .004), LMPHT (OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.20-4.78; P = .014), and ALL abnormality (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.13-3.89; P = .019) were associated with high-grade knee laxity. The association between excessive ATSLC and high-grade knee laxity was validated in patients with acute ACL injury as well as those with chronic ACL injury. CONCLUSION Excessive ATSLC was associated with high-grade knee laxity in patients who had ACL deficiency, with a predictive cutoff value of 4.5 mm. This study may help surgeons estimate the degree of knee instability more accurately before anesthesia and may facilitate preliminary surgical decision-making, such as appropriate graft choices and consideration of extra-articular augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipeng Ye
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiulin Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiebo Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Eunshinae Cho
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoming Xie
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shikui Dong
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinzhong Zhao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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10
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Mao Y, Zhang K, Li J, Fu W. Transtibial Versus Anteromedial Portal Technique for Femoral Tunnel Drilling in Primary Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Meta-analysis of Level 1 and 2 Evidence of Clinical, Revision, and Radiological Outcomes. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:250-262. [PMID: 34652233 DOI: 10.1177/03635465211044476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although numerous clinical studies have compared transtibial (TT) and anteromedial portal (AMP) drilling of femoral tunnels during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), there is no high-quality, evidence-based consensus regarding which technique affords the best outcome. HYPOTHESIS There would be no difference between the TT and AMP techniques in terms of knee stability, patient-reported outcomes, incidence of revision, and radiological results. STUDY DESIGN Meta-analysis; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched from inception to February 1, 2021. Level 1 and 2 clinical trials that compared TT and AM techniques were included. Data were meta-analyzed for the outcome measures of knee stability, patient-reported functional outcomes, incidence of revision, and radiological results. Dichotomous variables were presented as odds ratios (ORs), and continuous variables were presented as mean differences (MDs) and standard mean differences (SMDs). RESULTS The meta-analysis included 18 clinical studies, level of evidence 1 or 2, that involved 53,888 patients. Pooled data showed that the AMP group had a lower side-to-side difference (SMD, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.39; P = .009), a lower incidence of pivot-shift phenomenon (OR, 3.69; 95% CI, 1.26 to 10.79; P = .02), and a higher postoperative Lysholm score (SMD, -0.26; 95% CI, -0.44 to -0.08; P = .005) than the TT group. However, no statistically significant differences were seen in other outcomes, including subjective International Knee Documentation Committee scores (SMD, -0.11; 95% CI, -0.30 to 0.09; P = .30) or grades (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.35 to 2.49; P = .89), postoperative activity level (MD, -0.14; 95% CI, -0.42 to 0.15; P = .35), and incidence of revision ACLR (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.93 to 1.16; P = .45). The TT technique was more likely to create longer (SMD, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.05 to 2.06; P = .04) and more oblique (SMD, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.51 to 1.11; P < .001) femoral tunnels than the AMP technique, and a higher height ratio of the aperture position was detected with the TT technique (SMD, -3.51; 95% CI, -5.54 to -1.49; P < .001). CONCLUSION The AMP technique for ACLR may be more likely to produce better knee stability and improved clinical outcomes than the TT technique, but no difference was found in the incidence of revision between the 2 groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaibo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weili Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Kremen TJ, Arnold MT, Trivellas M, Shi BY, Jones KJ, Garcia-Mansilla I. Combined Assessments of Patellar Tendon and Hamstring Tendon Parameters on Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Can Improve Predictability of Hamstring Tendon Autograft Diameter in the Setting of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 4:e1913-e1921. [PMID: 36579048 PMCID: PMC9791872 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate whether preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of multiple tendon autograft sources could be used to improve estimates of intraoperative hamstring tendon autograft (HTA) diameter. Methods Patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with HTA at our institution were identified through electronic health records. Preoperative MRI tendon measurements of the patellar tendon (PT) length, PT width, PT thickness, quadriceps tendon thickness, semitendinosus tendon (ST) cross-sectional area (CSA), and gracilis tendon (GT) CSA were conducted by 2 independent evaluators using digital imaging measurement tools. Results A total of 53 patients met the inclusion criteria, with a mean HTA diameter of 7.98 ± 0.7 mm. Height greater than 1.63 m, weight greater than 63.4 kg, PT length greater than 4.2 cm, PT thickness greater than 0.33 cm, ST CSA greater than 10.8 mm2, and GT CSA greater than 6.3 mm2 were associated with an HTA of 8 mm or greater (P < .005). Female sex was associated with an HTA of less than 8 mm (P < .05). PT length, PT thickness, and GT CSA were the strongest predictors of an HTA of 8 mm or greater and were combined into an additive logistic regression model: Score = -23.24 + (1.68 × PT length) + (20.104 × PT thickness) + (1.48 × GT CSA). If the score was greater than 0.237, the HTA graft diameter was predicted to be 8 mm or greater with 83% specificity, 91% sensitivity, and 87% accuracy. Conclusions By combining PT length and PT thickness measurements with GT CSA measurements in a logit function model, we were able to show improved overall specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of estimated HTA diameters in our data set when compared with assessments of anthropometric, ST CSA, GT CSA, or combined ST-GT CSA measurements in isolation. Clinical Relevance Preoperative MRI measurements may be used to screen whether a patient is likely to have an 8-mm graft in the setting of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with HTA and thus may help guide graft choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Kremen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA,Address correspondence to Thomas J. Kremen Jr, M.D., Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 1225 15th St, Ste 2100, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - Michael T. Arnold
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Myra Trivellas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brendan Y. Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kristofer J. Jones
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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12
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The Hybrid Transtibial Technique for Femoral Tunnel Drilling in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Finite Element Analysis Model of Graft Bending Angles and Peak Graft Stresses in Comparison With Transtibial and Anteromedial Portal Techniques. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2022; 30:e1195-e1206. [PMID: 36001883 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-21-00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this finite element analysis was to compare femoral tunnel length; anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction graft bending angle; and peak graft stress, contact force, and contact area created by the transtibial, anteromedial portal (AMP), and hybrid transtibial techniques. METHODS Finite element analysis modeling was used to examine anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction models based on transtibial, AMP, and hybrid transtibial femoral tunnel drilling techniques. An evaluation of femoral tunnel length, graft bending angle, peak graft stress, contact force, and contact area was done in comparison of these techniques. RESULTS The femoral tunnel created with the hybrid transtibial technique was 45.3 mm, which was 13.3% longer than that achieved with the AMP technique but 15.2% shorter than that with the transtibial technique. The femoral graft bending angle with the hybrid transtibial technique (105°) was less acute than that with the AMP technique (102°), but more acute than that with the transtibial technique (109°). At 11° knee flexion, the hybrid transtibial technique had 22% less femoral contact force, 21% less tibial contact force, 21% less graft tension than the AMP technique. Yet, the hybrid transtibial technique had 41% greater femoral contact force, 39% greater tibial contact force, 33% greater graft tension, and 6% greater graft von Mises stress than the transtibial technique. A similar trend was found for the anterior knee drawer test. At both 6-mm anterior tibial displacement and 11° knee flexion, the hybrid transtibial and AMP techniques had at least 51% more femoral contact area than the transtibial technique. CONCLUSION This finite element analysis highlights that the hybrid transtibial technique is a true hybrid between the AMP and transtibial techniques for femoral tunnel drilling regarding femoral tunnel length, graft bending angle, and peak graft stress.
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13
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Li N, Xue X, Tu H, Zhang M, He C. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Hybrid Graft versus Autograft: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:7562649. [PMID: 34659692 PMCID: PMC8514892 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7562649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The standard surgical treatment for ACL tear is ACL reconstruction. There is a debate of a choice between autograft or hybrid graft for treating ACL reconstruction. The purpose of this paper is to compare both case scenarios. Methods A lot of libraries were searched like PubMed, Cochrane, and EMBASE Library for clinical trials which were then compared and analyzed via meta-analysis. The systematic review and meta-analysis were performed as per PRISMA guidelines, and RevMan software was used to perform the meta-analysis. Results We analyzed 6 studies where patients of both autograft and hybrid graft were studied. The study outcomes, graft failures, graft diameters, reoperations, and so on were compared via forest plot and funnel plot. No significant difference was noted in both cases. Conclusions In this meta-analysis, the performance of both autograft and hybrid graft was similar. Though the diameters were larger in hybrid, other factors also had an influence like graft failures, reoperations, and age at reconstruction which must be further investigated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiali Xue
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huan Tu
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chengqi He
- Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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14
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Murray MM. Optimizing outcomes of ACL surgery-Is autograft reconstruction the only reasonable option? J Orthop Res 2021; 39:1843-1850. [PMID: 34191344 PMCID: PMC8387392 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur at a high frequency in the United States with approximately 400,000 ACL reconstructions being performed each year. While ACL reconstruction is our current gold standard of treatment, it does not restore joint motion, or prevent the premature development of posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) in many patients. Thus, new treatments for an ACL injury, which are less invasive and minimize patient morbidity, including cartilage damage, are highly desirable. We have used a tissue-engineered approach to stimulate ligament healing, to improve upon current treatment options. In this review, we describe and discuss our work moving a tissue engineering strategy from the concept to bench, preclinical, clinical trials and ultimately FDA 510(k) de Novo approval, providing clinicians and patients with a viable alternative to ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M. Murray
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
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15
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Walczak BE, Hetzel SJ, Akoh CC, Baer GS. Intraoperative Conversion to Five-Strand Hamstring Autograft Configuration Significantly Increases Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Diameter Independent of Patient Characteristics. J Knee Surg 2021; 34:828-833. [PMID: 31841167 PMCID: PMC7266707 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3400955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intraoperative conversion of a four-strand hamstring autograft to a five-strand configuration during an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has been reported. However, the expected change in graft size and the dependence on patient characteristics are currently not well described. The purpose of this study was to determine the effective change in hamstring graft diameter and reliance on patient characteristics when intraoperatively converting a four-strand hamstring autograft into a five-strand configuration during an ACL reconstruction. A prospective, paired cohort study design was used to measure individual hamstring autograft diameter intraoperatively using traditional four-strand configuration followed by a five-strand configuration. All hamstring tendons included were long enough to consider a five-strand configuration. Five-strand hamstring autograft increased graft diameter in all patients. Hamstring tendon graft diameter increased by an average of 0.99 mm (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.84-1.11) in the five-strand configuration compared with the traditional four-strand configuration (mean: 7.8 mm). There was no significant difference in the average increase in graft diameter between males (1.04 mm) and females (0.92 mm) (p = 0.323). Eighty-three percent (95% CI: 57.8-95.6) of average graft diameters ≤ 8 mm in the four-strand configuration achieved an average graft diameter of >8 mm in the five-strand configuration, and 70% (95% CI: 35.4- 91.9) of four-strand configuration average diameters < 8 mm achieved an average graft diameter > 8.0 mm in the five-strand configuration. Five-strand hamstring autograft reliably increased intraoperative hamstring tendon autograft diameter, with an average of 1 mm, compared with traditional four-strand configuration. This increase in diameter is independent of sex and remained significant when controlling for age, laterality, body mass index, and semitendinosus length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. Walczak
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Scott J. Hetzel
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Craig Chike Akoh
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Geoffrey S. Baer
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792
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16
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Heyworth BE, Zheng ET, Vavken P, Liotta ES, Kramer DE, Yen YM, Micheli LJ, Kocher MS. Early Outcomes of Adolescent ACL Reconstruction With Hybrid Hamstring Tendon Autograft-Allograft Versus Hamstring Tendon Autograft Alone. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:2325967120979985. [PMID: 33553459 PMCID: PMC7841686 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120979985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Small-diameter semitendinosus-gracilis tendon autografts may be encountered intraoperatively during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR); these have been shown to be at increased risk of graft rupture. One option that surgeons have pursued to reduce the theoretical failure rate of these smaller-diameter grafts is augmenting them with allograft material, thereby forming a larger-diameter hybrid autograft-allograft construct. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes in adolescent athletes of primary ACLR using a hybrid autologous hamstring tendon and soft tissue allograft construct versus ACLR using small-diameter hamstring tendon autograft. The hypothesis was that the hybrid hamstring autograft-allograft construct would provide superior short-term results. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 47 patients aged between 12 and 20 years who underwent hybrid graft ACLR (mean diameter, 9.1 mm) at a single institution. Electronic medical records including clinic notes, radiographic images, operative notes, and pathology reports were reviewed for study analysis. A control group of 64 patients who underwent small-diameter hamstring reconstruction (mean diameter, 7.1 mm) without allograft supplementation was compiled. Corresponding clinical, radiographic, and surgical characteristics were collected for the control group to allow for comparative analysis. Results: Mean follow-up was 2.7 years for the hybrid cohort and 2.3 years for the control group. Despite a significantly larger mean graft diameter in the hybrid group as compared with the control group (P < .001), no significant difference in retear rate was seen between cohorts (hybrid, 9%; control, 13%; P = .554). Patients with hybrid anterior cruciate ligament constructs also underwent a comparable number of reoperations overall (P = .838). Functionally, all patients with adequate follow-up returned to sports, with no significant difference in time to return to sports between the groups (P = .213). Radiographically, hybrid graft constructs did not undergo a significantly larger degree of tunnel lysis (P = .126). Conclusion: A cohort of adolescents with hybrid anterior cruciate ligament grafts was shown to have retear rates and overall clinical results comparable with those of a control group that received small-diameter hamstring tendon autografts alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benton E Heyworth
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Evan T Zheng
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth S Liotta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dennis E Kramer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yi-Meng Yen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lyle J Micheli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mininder S Kocher
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Rao AJ, Macknet DM, Stuhlman CR, Yeatts NC, Trofa DP, Odum SM, Saltzman BM, Fleischli JE. Allograft Augmentation of Hamstring Autograft in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Results in Equivalent Outcomes to Autograft Alone. Arthroscopy 2021; 37:173-182.e2. [PMID: 32679297 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine allograft augmentation of undersized hamstring (HS) autograft tendons at the time of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, compared with un-augmented autograft HS ACL reconstruction. METHODS Patients who underwent ACL reconstruction at our institution between 2005 and 2015 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria included patients who underwent (1) primary ACL reconstruction, (2) use of a hybrid HS autograft with allograft augmentation, and (3) had a minimum 2-year postoperative follow-up. Patients with revision ACL, multiligamentous injuries, all-epiphyseal fixation techniques, or additional procedures beyond chondroplasty or meniscal repair/debridement were excluded. Data collected included demographics, graft size, concomitant procedures, revision operation, revision ACL reconstruction, and patient-reported outcomes. RESULTS In total, 59 patients met criteria for inclusion into the hybrid group, and 80 patients were eligible for inclusion into the control group. The average age of the cohort was 22.9 (interquartile range Q1:17, Q3: 38.3), and 51.8% of the patients were female. Seven patients (11.9%) in the hybrid ACL group underwent revision ACL surgery versus 15 (18.8%) in the control group (P = .27). There was no difference in patient-reported outcomes between groups. CONCLUSIONS Augmenting an HS ACL autograft that is 8 mm or less with allograft tissue to increase the overall size of the ACL graft shows no difference in overall reoperation or revision of ACL failure. The hybrid autograft/allograft ACL reconstruction patients showed no clinically important difference between groups in patient-reported outcome measures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, case-control comparative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Rao
- OrthoCarolina Sports Medicine Center, Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - David M Macknet
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.A.; Musculoskeletal Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Casey R Stuhlman
- OrthoCarolina Sports Medicine Center, Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas C Yeatts
- OrthoCarolina Sports Medicine Center, Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.A.; Musculoskeletal Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - David P Trofa
- Department of Orthopaedics, Columbia University, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Susan M Odum
- Musculoskeletal Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.A.; OrthoCarolina Research Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Bryan M Saltzman
- OrthoCarolina Sports Medicine Center, Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.A.; Musculoskeletal Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.A..
| | - James E Fleischli
- OrthoCarolina Sports Medicine Center, Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.A.; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.A.; Musculoskeletal Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.A
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18
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Wang HD, Wang TR, Sui Y, Wang J, Chen W, Zhang YZ. An Autograft for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Results in Better Biomechanical Performance and Tendon-Bone Incorporation Than Does a Hybrid Graft in a Rat Model. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:3515-3524. [PMID: 33141598 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520967668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biomechanical and tendon-bone incorporation properties of allograft-augmented hybrid grafts for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction compared with traditional autografts are unknown. HYPOTHESIS Using an autograft for ACL reconstruction yields better results on biomechanical testing, radiographic analysis, and histological evaluation versus using a hybrid graft. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS A total of 66 adult male Sprague Dawley rats underwent unilateral ACL reconstruction with an autograft (AT group; n = 33) or a hybrid graft (HB group; n = 33). The grafts used in both groups were harvested from the peroneus longus tendon and were fixed by suturing to the surrounding periosteum. Samples were harvested for biomechanical testing, micro-computed tomography (CT), and histological evaluation at 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Bone tunnels on the femoral and tibial sides were divided into 3 subregions: intra-articular (IA), midtunnel (MT), and extra-articular (EA). A cylinder-like volume of interest in the bone tunnel and a tubular-like volume of interest around the bone tunnel were used to evaluate new bone formation and bone remodeling, respectively, via micro-CT. RESULTS In the AT group, there were significantly higher failure loads and stiffness at 8 weeks (failure load: 3.04 ± 0.40 vs 2.09 ± 0.54 N, respectively; P = .006) (stiffness: 3.43 ± 0.56 vs 1.75 ± 0.52 N/mm, respectively; P < .001) and 12 weeks (failure load: 9.10 ± 1.13 vs 7.14 ± 0.94 N, respectively; P = .008) (stiffness: 4.45 ± 0.75 vs 3.36 ± 0.29 N/mm, respectively; P = .008) than in the HB group. With regard to new bone formation in the bone tunnel, in the AT group, the bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) was significantly higher than in the HB group on the tibial side at 8 weeks (IA: 22.21 ± 4.98 vs 5.16 ± 3.98, respectively; P < .001) (EA: 19.66 ± 7.19 vs 10.85 ± 2.16, respectively; P = .030) and 12 weeks (IA: 30.50 ± 5.04 vs 17.11 ± 7.31, respectively; P = .010) (MT: 21.15 ± 2.58 vs 15.55 ± 4.48, respectively; P = .041) (EA: 20.75 ± 3.87 vs 10.64 ± 3.94, respectively; P = .003). With regard to bone remodeling around the tunnel, the BV/TV was also significantly higher on the tibial side at 8 weeks (MT: 33.17 ± 8.05 vs 15.21 ± 7.60, respectively; P = .007) (EA: 25.19 ± 6.38 vs 13.94 ± 7.10, respectively; P = .030) and 12 weeks (IA: 69.46 ± 4.45 vs 47.80 ± 6.16, respectively; P < .001) (MT: 33.15 ± 3.88 vs 13.76 ± 4.07, respectively; P < .001) in the AT group than in the HB group. Sharpey-like fibers had formed at 8 weeks in the AT group. A large number of fibroblasts withdrew at 12 weeks. In the AT group, the width of the interface was significantly narrower at 4 weeks (85.86 ± 17.49 vs 182.97 ± 14.35 μm, respectively; P < .001), 8 weeks (58.86 ± 10.99 vs 90.15 ± 11.53 μm, respectively; P = .002), and 12 weeks (42.70 ± 7.96 vs 67.29 ± 6.55 μm, respectively; P = .001) than in the HB group. CONCLUSION Using an autograft for ACL reconstruction may result in improved biomechanical properties and tendon-bone incorporation compared with a hybrid graft. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Augmenting small autografts with allograft tissue may result in decreased biomechanical performance and worse tendon-bone incorporation, increasing the risk of graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-De Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tian-Rui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yao Sui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying-Ze Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Chinese Academy of Engineering, Beijing, China
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Trofa DP, Saltzman BM, Corpus KT, Connor PM, Fleischli JE, Piasecki DP. A Hybrid Transtibial Technique Combines the Advantages of Anteromedial Portal and Transtibial Approaches: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:3200-3207. [PMID: 33017169 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520956645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anteromedial (AM) portal and transtibial (TT) approaches are 2 common anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) femoral tunnel drilling techniques, each with unique benefits and disadvantages. A hybrid TT (HTT) technique using medial portal guidance of a flexible TT guide wire has recently been described that may combine the strengths of both the AM portal and the TT approaches. HYPOTHESIS The HTT technique will achieve anatomic femoral tunnel apertures similar to the AM portal technique, with improved femoral tunnel length and orientation. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS A total of 30 consecutive patients with primary ACL tears were randomized to undergo the TT, AM portal, or HTT technique for femoral tunnel positioning at the time of reconstruction. All patients underwent 3-dimensional computed tomography of the operative knee at 6 weeks postoperatively. Femoral and tibial tunnel aperture positions and tunnel lengths, as well as graft bending angles in the sagittal and coronal planes, were measured. RESULTS Tibial tunnel lengths and aperture positions were identical between the 3 groups. The AM portal and HTT techniques achieved identical femoral aperture positions in regard to both height (P = .629) and depth (P = .582). By contrast, compared with the AM portal and HTT techniques, femoral apertures created with the TT technique were significantly higher (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively) and shallower (P = .014 and P = .022, respectively) in the notch. The mean femoral tunnel length varied significantly between the groups, measuring 35.2, 41.6, and 54.1 mm for the AM portal, HTT, and TT groups, respectively (P < .001). Last, there was no difference between the mean coronal (P = .190) and sagittal (P = .358) graft bending angles between the TT and HTT groups. By contrast, compared with the TT and HTT techniques, femoral tunnels created with the AM portal technique were significantly more angulated in the coronal plane (17.7° [P < .001] and 12.5° [P = .006], respectively) and sagittal plane (13.5° [P < .001] and 10.5° [P = .013], respectively). CONCLUSION This prospective randomized controlled trial found that the HTT technique achieved femoral aperture positions equally as anatomic as the AM portal technique but produced longer, less angulated femoral tunnels, which may help reduce graft strain and mismatch. As such, this hybrid approach may represent a beneficial combination of both the TT and the AM portal techniques. REGISTRATION NCT02795247 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Trofa
- Department of Orthopedics, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bryan M Saltzman
- Sports Medicine Center, OrthoCarolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.,Musculoskeletal Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Keith T Corpus
- Sports Medicine Center, OrthoCarolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.,Musculoskeletal Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patrick M Connor
- Sports Medicine Center, OrthoCarolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.,Musculoskeletal Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - James E Fleischli
- Sports Medicine Center, OrthoCarolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.,Musculoskeletal Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dana P Piasecki
- Sports Medicine Center, OrthoCarolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.,Musculoskeletal Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
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20
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Rugg CM, Pitcher AA, Allen C, Pandya NK. Revision ACL Reconstruction in Adolescent Patients. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120953337. [PMID: 33062768 PMCID: PMC7534089 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120953337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High failure rates have been documented after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) in pediatric patients, and revision surgery is indicated due to high activity levels of children and adolescents. Purpose: To define trends in revision ACLR in patients who underwent initial ACLR at younger than 18 years. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: An electronic medical record was used to retrospectively identify revision ACLR procedures performed by 2 surgeons between the years 2010 and 2016 in patients younger than 18 years at initial reconstruction. Descriptive information, intraoperative findings, surgical techniques, and rehabilitation data were recorded from initial and revision surgeries. Descriptive statistics were used. Results: A total of 32 patients (17 girls, 15 boys) met the inclusion criteria, with a mean age of 15.8 years at initial reconstruction. For initial reconstructions, 15 patients underwent transphyseal procedures, 3 patients underwent adult-type procedures using an anatomic reconstruction technique that did not take into account the physis, and 2 patients underwent partial intraepiphyseal procedures. Graft types included hamstring autograft (n = 17), allograft (n = 5), hybrid (n = 4), and bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft (BTB; n = 3). Average primary reconstruction graft diameter was 8.0 mm (girls, 7.72 mm; boys, 8.36 mm; P = .045). After initial reconstruction, 10 patients had postoperative protocol noncompliance, and 8 patients reported delayed recovery. Mean time to retear was 565 days (range, 25-1539 days). At revision, BTB autograft was used in 50% (n = 16), followed by hamstring autograph (31.3%; n = 10) and allograft (12.5%; n = 4); mean graft diameter was 9.05 mm. Chondral surgery was more common during revision (25% for revision vs 0% for index; P = .031). There were 4 patients who required staged reconstruction with bone grafting. At mean final follow-up of 29.5 months (SD, 22.2 months), there were 3 graft failures (9.4%) and 5 contralateral ACL ruptures (15.6%). Conclusion: Most patients with ACL graft failure were adequately treated with a single revision. Conversion from a soft tissue graft to a BTB autograft was the most common procedure. Infrequently, patients required staged reconstructions. Providers should have a high index of suspicion for associated intra-articular injuries resulting from graft failure in adolescent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Rugg
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Austin A Pitcher
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christina Allen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nirav K Pandya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Fabricant PD, Brusalis CM, Schachne JM, Matava MJ. Which Metrics Are Being Used to Evaluate Children and Adolescents After ACL Reconstruction? A Systematic Review. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2020; 2:e417-e428. [PMID: 32875306 PMCID: PMC7451873 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify a comprehensive list of outcome measures previously used in the literature to evaluate clinical outcomes after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in patients 18 years of age or younger. Methods A literature search was performed by querying MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane computerized databases for relevant articles that reported clinical outcomes in pediatric patients undergoing ACL reconstruction. Studies that were nonclinical, that reported on patients older than 19 years, that were not available in English, or that included fewer than 10 patients were excluded. Outcome measures of all eligible studies were recorded. Results We identified 77 studies published between 1986 and 2018 in 20 peer-reviewed journals. The mean age of the patients was 13.9 years. The ACL rerupture rate was reported in 60% of studies; 32 studies (42%) reported a rate of return to preinjury activity or sports. The use of adult-validated patient-reported outcome measures were reported in 63 (82%) articles. The Lysholm (64%), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) (56%) and Tegner (37%) scores were the most commonly reported. Two patient-reported outcome measures designed for pediatric patients (the Pedi-IKDC and Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (Pedi-FABS) were employed in 5 (6%) recent studies. Conclusions There is variability across studies in the metrics used to assess clinical outcomes following ACL reconstruction in children and adolescents. Validated pediatric-specific instruments were used infrequently. Clinical Relevance A large body of existing pediatric ACL-reconstruction literature relies on a variable set of outcome measures that have not been developed or validated for children and adolescents. More recently, contemporary studies have begun to employ pediatric- and adolescent-specific validated measures, yet their use remains uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Fabricant
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, U.S.A.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Christopher M Brusalis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan M Schachne
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | | | - Matthew J Matava
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
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22
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Murray MM, Fleming BC, Badger GJ, Freiberger C, Henderson R, Barnett S, Kiapour A, Ecklund K, Proffen B, Sant N, Kramer DE, Micheli LJ, Yen YM. Bridge-Enhanced Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair Is Not Inferior to Autograft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction at 2 Years: Results of a Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:1305-1315. [PMID: 32298131 PMCID: PMC7227128 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520913532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical studies suggest that for complete midsubstance anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, a suture repair of the ACL augmented with a protein implant placed in the gap between the torn ends (bridge-enhanced ACL repair [BEAR]) may be a viable alternative to ACL reconstruction (ACLR). HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that patients treated with BEAR would have a noninferior patient-reported outcomes (International Knee Documentation Committee [IKDC] Subjective Score; prespecified noninferiority margin, -11.5 points) and instrumented anteroposterior (AP) knee laxity (prespecified noninferiority margin, +2-mm side-to-side difference) and superior muscle strength at 2 years after surgery when compared with patients who underwent ACLR with autograft. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS One hundred patients (median age, 17 years; median preoperative Marx activity score, 16) with complete midsubstance ACL injuries were enrolled and underwent surgery within 45 days of injury. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either BEAR (n = 65) or autograft ACLR (n = 35 [33 with quadrupled semitendinosus-gracilis and 2 with bone-patellar tendon-bone]). Outcomes-including the IKDC Subjective Score, the side-to-side difference in instrumented AP knee laxity, and muscle strength-were assessed at 2 years by an independent examiner blinded to the procedure. Patients were unblinded after their 2-year visit. RESULTS In total, 96% of the patients returned for 2-year follow-up. Noninferiority criteria were met for both the IKDC Subjective Score (BEAR, 88.9 points; ACLR, 84.8 points; mean difference, 4.1 points [95% CI, -1.5 to 9.7]) and the side-to-side difference in AP knee laxity (BEAR, 1.61 mm; ACLR, 1.77 mm; mean difference, -0.15 mm [95% CI, -1.48 to 1.17]). The BEAR group had a significantly higher mean hamstring muscle strength index than the ACLR group at 2 years (98.2% vs 63.2%; P < .001). In addition, 14% of the BEAR group and 6% of the ACLR group had a reinjury that required a second ipsilateral ACL surgical procedure (P = .32). Furthermore, the 8 patients who converted from BEAR to ACLR in the study period and returned for the 2-year postoperative visit had similar primary outcomes to patients who had a single ipsilateral ACL procedure. CONCLUSION BEAR resulted in noninferior patient-reported outcomes and AP knee laxity and superior hamstring muscle strength when compared with autograft ACLR at 2-year follow-up in a young and active cohort. These promising results suggest that longer-term studies of this technique are justified. REGISTRATION NCT02664545 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M. Murray
- Martha M. Murray, MD, Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Hunnewell 2, Boston, MA 02115, USA ()
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23
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Comparing Hamstring Autograft With Hybrid Graft for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy 2020; 36:1189-1201. [PMID: 31919024 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To systematically review the literature in an effort to compare the demographics and clinical outcomes of patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) with a hamstring tendon autograft (HT) versus an irradiated or nonirradiated hybrid autograft-allograft. METHODS A systematic review of the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. All English-language literature that reported general demographics and compared the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing primary ACLR with autograft versus hybrid graft (HG) with a minimum 2-year follow-up was reviewed by 2 independent reviewers. Search terms used were "anterior cruciate ligament" and "hybrid graft." Patients were assessed based on graft failure, anteroposterior laxity, and patient-reported outcomes (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, visual analog scale, Subjective International Knee Documentation Committee score, Lysholm, and Tegner scores). Study quality was evaluated with the Modified Coleman Methodology Score and ROBINS-I risk of bias tool. RESULTS Twelve studies (1 level II, 11 level III) met inclusion criteria (follow-up, 2.0-8.9 years), including 471 patients undergoing ACLR with an irradiated hybrid graft (IH), 89 patients with a nonirradiated hybrid graft, and 829 patients with HT. Graft diameter ranged from 7.5 to 10.0 mm and from 6.5 to 10.0 mm in HG and HT patients, respectively. Overall, graft failure ranged from 0% to 30.0% and from 0% to 28.3% in HG and HT patients, respectively (I2 = 35.9%; 95% confidence interval 0%-74.8%). Among HG patients, graft failure ranged from 0%-30.0% and from 2.4%-4.2% in IH and nonirradiated hybrid graft groups, respectively (I2 = 33.6%; 95% confidence interval, 0%-71.8%). Results for postoperative anteroposterior laxity and patient-reported outcomes were also inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS Patients undergoing ACLR with HT demonstrate inconsistent differences in clinical outcomes at midterm follow-up compared with IH patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III, systematic review of level II and III studies.
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Jiang XJ, Shen JJ, Huang JF, Tong PJ. Reconstruction of Myerson type III chronic Achilles tendon ruptures using semitendinosus tendon and gracilis tendon autograft. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2020; 27:2309499019832717. [PMID: 30808253 DOI: 10.1177/2309499019832717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reconstruction of Myerson type III (defect size more than 5 cm) chronic Achilles tendon ruptures (CATRs) is a surgical challenge due to its large Achilles tendon defect. This study aims to describe our operative technique for Myerson type III CATR and its clinical outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS From May 2012 to April 2015, we treated seven patients (6 males, 1 female) with Myerson type III CATR using semitendinosus tendon and gracilis tendon autograft. The mean age was 47.3 years (range: 37-56). Patients were followed for a mean time of 31.3 months. All patients' defect size between Achilles ends after debridement was more than 5 cm and hence classified as Myerson type III. The clinical outcomes were evaluated by visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle and hindfoot score, Achilles tendon total rupture score (ATRS), and the Short Form 36 (SF-36). RESULTS All patients reported good postoperative clinical outcomes. The average AOFAS score increased from 54.29 points (range: 46-65 points) preoperatively to 97.57 points (range: 90-100 points) at last follow-up. The average ATRS increased from 51.43 points (range: 40-61 points) preoperatively to 92.71 points (range: 83-100 points) at last follow-up. And the average VAS for pain was 0 at the last follow-up. The mean value of SF-36 physical increased from 32.14 points (range: 25-35 points) to 90 points (range: 80-95 points). And the mean value of SF-36 mental was improved from 37.14 points (range: 32-40 points) to 90.86 points (range: 84-96 points). CONCLUSIONS Semitendinosus tendon combined gracilis tendon autograft is a safe and effective technique in the reconstruction of Myerson type III CATR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Jun Jiang
- 1 The First Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,2 Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Jian Shen
- 3 Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Cixi Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi, China
| | - Jie-Feng Huang
- 1 The First Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,2 Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Jian Tong
- 1 The First Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,2 Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Mirzayan R, Prentice HA, Essilfie A, Burfeind WE, Ding DY, Maletis GB. Revision Risk of Soft Tissue Allograft Versus Hybrid Graft After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:799-805. [PMID: 32167839 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520903264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When a harvested hamstring autograft is deemed by the surgeon to be of inadequate diameter, the options include using the small graft, using another autograft from a different site, augmenting with an allograft (hybrid graft), using a different configuration of the graft (eg, 5- or 6-stranded), or abandoning the autograft and using allograft alone. A small graft diameter is associated with a higher revision risk, and using another autograft site includes added harvest-site morbidity; therefore, use of a hybrid graft or an allograft alone may be appealing alternative options. Revision risk for hybrid graft compared with soft tissue allograft is not known. PURPOSE To evaluate the risk for aseptic revision surgery after primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) using a soft tissue allograft compared with ACLR using a hybrid graft in patients 25 years and younger. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS Data from a health care system's ACLR registry were used to identify primary isolated unilateral ACLRs between 2009 and 2016 using either a hybrid graft (hamstring autograft with soft tissue allograft) or a soft tissue allograft alone. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate risk for aseptic revision after ACLR according to graft used after adjustment for age, allograft processing, tunnel drilling technique, and region where the primary ACLR was performed. RESULTS The cohort included 2080 ACLR procedures; a hybrid graft was used for 479 (23.0%) ACLRs. Median follow-up time was 3.4 years (interquartile range, 1.8-5.1 years). The crude 2-year aseptic revision probability was 5.4% (95% CI, 4.3%-6.7%) for soft tissue allograft ACLR and 3.8% (95% CI, 2.3%-6.4%) for hybrid graft ACLR. After adjustment for covariates, soft tissue allograft ACLR had a higher risk of aseptic revision during follow-up compared with hybrid graft ACLR (hazard ratio, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.21-3.31; P = .007). CONCLUSION Soft tissue allografts had a 2-fold higher risk of aseptic revision compared with hybrid graft after ACLR. Future studies evaluating the indications for using hybrid grafts and the optimal hybrid graft diameter is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffy Mirzayan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Baldwin Park, California, USA
| | - Heather A Prentice
- Surgical Outcomes and Analysis, Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Anthony Essilfie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - William E Burfeind
- Surgical Outcomes and Analysis, Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, California, USA
| | - David Y Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, Podiatry, Injury Center & Sports Medicine, The Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gregory B Maletis
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Baldwin Park, California, USA
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26
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Wang HD, Gao SJ, Zhang YZ. Hamstring Autograft Versus Hybrid Graft for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:1014-1022. [PMID: 31166113 DOI: 10.1177/0363546519849483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hamstring tendon autografts are commonly used for primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Some patients have small hamstring tendons however, which may compromise the clinical outcome of the autograft. To solve this problem, many surgeons use hybrid grafting that involves augmentation of small hamstring autografts with allograft tissue. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS The purpose was to compare the clinical outcomes between primary ACL reconstructions performed with hamstring autografts and those performed with hybrid grafts in terms of patient-reported evaluation, failure rate, and knee stability. The hypothesis was that primary ACL reconstruction performed with hamstring autograft alone will not differ significantly from that performed with a hybrid graft in terms of patient-reported evaluation, failure rate, or knee stability. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS A systematic review was performed to identify prospective and retrospective comparative studies and cohort studies (evidence levels 1-3) comparing outcomes of primary ACL reconstructions performed with hamstring autografting alone and hybrid grafting. Outcomes included patient-reported evaluation, failure rate, and knee stability. RESULTS Ten studies were included: 1 of level 2 and 9 of level 3. Collectively, they included 398 autografts and 341 hybrid grafts. Mean respective follow-up durations ranged from 24.0 to 69.6 months and from 24.0 to 70.8 months. Patient-reported evaluations, including Lysholm, Tegner, and subjective International Knee Documentation Committee scores, were reported in 8 of 10 studies. Failure rates were reported in all 10 studies. Results of knee stability examinations-including KT-1000 arthrometer measurements, the pivot-shift test, Lachman test, and overall International Knee Documentation Committee results-were reported in 4 of 10 studies. In this review, there were no statistically significant differences between autografts and hybrid grafts in terms of patient-reported evaluations, failure rates, or KT-1000 measurements. CONCLUSION In this systematic review, there was no significant difference in patient-reported evaluation or failure rate between primary ACL reconstructions performed with autografts alone and those performed with hybrid grafts. Whether there is a substantial difference in knee stability examination results between autografts and hybrid grafts remains unknown, given a relative lack of reports on knee stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-De Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Jun Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ze Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Academy of Engineering, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Noonan BC, Bachmaier S, Wijdicks CA, Bedi A. Independent Suture Tape Reinforcement of Tripled Smaller-Diameter and Quadrupled Grafts for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Tibial Screw Fixation: A Biomechanical Full Construct Model. Arthroscopy 2020; 36:481-489. [PMID: 31901386 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2019.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effect of independent suture tape reinforcement on the dynamic elongation and stiffness behavior as well as ultimate strength of tripled smaller-diameter and quadrupled soft-tissue grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) with tibial screw fixation in a biomechanical in vitro study. METHODS Tripled smaller-diameter (8 mm) and quadrupled (9 mm) bovine tendon grafts with and without suture tape reinforcement (n = 8 in each group) were tested using femoral suspensory and tibial interference screw fixation. The suture tape was femoral sided and fixed independent from the graft by passing it through the suspensory button and securing the 2 open tibial strands with a secondary interference screw. Dynamic testing was performed in position and force control at 250 N and 400 N, followed by pull to failure with the mode of failure noted. Dynamic elongation, stiffness, and ultimate strength were analyzed. RESULTS Tripled constructs showed a significantly worse structural performance than quadrupled constructs at higher loads. Reinforcement of tripled and quadrupled grafts substantially decreased total elongation by 56% (4.54 ± 0.75 mm vs 2.01 ± 0.50 mm, P < .001) and 39% (3.25 ± 0.49 mm vs 1.98 ± 0.51 mm, P < .001), respectively, by significantly increasing dynamic stiffness. No statistical significance was found between the reinforced groups. Failure loads of reinforced tripled (1,074 ± 148 N vs 829 ± 100 N, P = .003) and quadrupled (1,125 ± 157 N vs 939 ± 76 N, P = .023) grafts were also significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS Independent reinforcement of soft-tissue grafts with suture tape strengthened the performance especially of tripled smaller-diameter grafts for ACLR with tibial screw fixation by significantly improving dynamic elongation at increased stiffness and ultimate strength. Quadrupled reinforced grafts showed no over-constraining and structurally behaved similarly to tripled grafts with reinforcement. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Independent reinforcement for ACLR may provide an option for protecting autografts or allografts against irreversible lengthening during the maturation and remodeling phases of healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Coen A Wijdicks
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Arthrex, Munich, Germany.
| | - Asheesh Bedi
- MedSport and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A
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Zheng X, Hu Y, Xie P, Li T, Feng YE, Gu J, Gao S. Clinical outcomes and second-look arthroscopic findings of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autograft, hybrid graft, and allograft. J Orthop Surg Res 2019; 14:380. [PMID: 31752931 PMCID: PMC6868796 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-019-1439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is no consensus as to the choice of grafts for primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and second-look arthroscopic outcomes after ACL reconstruction by use of autograft, hybrid graft, and γ-irradiated allograft. Methods Ninety-seven patients who underwent second-look arthroscopy after ACL reconstruction with autografts (28 patients, hamstring autograft), hybrid grafts (32 patients, hamstring autograft augmented with γ-irradiated tibialis anterior tendon allograft), or γ-irradiated allografts (37 patients, tibialis anterior tendons) were included in this study. The clinical outcomes were compared by using Lysholm score, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, and Tegner activity score, and the side-to-side differences of KT-1000 measurement. Second-look arthroscopic findings were compared in terms of synovial coverage and graft tension. Results There were no statistical significances among the three groups in Lysholm score, IKDC score, or Tegner activity score (P > 0.05). The KT-1000 examination showed more anterior laxity in the γ-irradiated allograft group than in the autograft or hybrid graft groups (P = 0.006, and P = 0.013, respectively). Two patients in the autograft group, 2 patients in the hybrid graft group and 4 patients in the allograft group were evaluated as graft failure on second-look arthroscopy. The synovial coverage was superior in the autograft group than that in the hybrid graft group or the allograft group (P = 0.013 and P = 0.010, respectively), and was comparable between the hybrid graft group and allograft group (P = 0.876). With regard to graft tension, the autograft group and hybrid group were comparable (P = 0.883) but showed better results than the allograft group (P = 0.011 and P = 0.007, respectively). Conclusion The hamstring autografts and hybrid grafts used for ACL reconstruction produced equal efficacy but provided better knee stability than allografts. In addition, the hamstring autografts showed better synovial coverage than the other two graft types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozuo Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China. .,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
| | - Yang Hu
- The Second Department of Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, No. 133 Jianhua Road, Shijiazhuang, 050030, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.,Department of Nuclear medicine, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Yu-E Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Juyuan Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Shijun Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China. .,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
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30
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Perkins CA, Busch MT, Christino M, Herzog MM, Willimon SC. Allograft Augmentation of Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Autografts Is Associated With Increased Graft Failure in Children and Adolescents. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47:1576-1582. [PMID: 31095404 DOI: 10.1177/0363546519849607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in adolescents is commonly performed with hamstring tendon autografts. Small graft diameter is one risk factor for graft failure and options to upsize the autologous hamstring graft include allograft augmentation and tripling one or both of the hamstring tendons. PURPOSE To evaluate the association of upsized hamstring graft constructs and graft rupture after ACL reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS A retrospective review was performed of patients 19 years of age and younger who underwent hamstring autograft ACL reconstruction with or without soft tissue allograft augmentation from 2012 to 2016. All patients were skeletally mature or had less than 2 years of growth remaining. Graft constructs included 4-strand doubled semitendinosus and gracilis autograft (4-STG), 5-strand tripled semitendinosus and doubled gracilis autograft (5-STG), and 6-strand doubled gracilis and semitendinosus autograft augmented with a soft tissue allograft (6-STGAllo). The primary outcome measure was graft rupture. RESULTS A total of 354 patients with a mean age of 15.3 years (range, 10-19 years) were included. Graft constructs included 4-STG (198 knees), 5-STG (91 knees), and 6-STGAllo (65 knees). The average diameter of the graft constructs was 8.3 mm for 4-STG, 8.9 mm for 5-STG, and 9.2 mm for 6-STGAllo ( P < .001). The mean follow-up was 26 months (range, 6-56 months). There were 50 (14%) graft ruptures and 24 (7%) contralateral ACL tears. The graft failure rates were 14% for 4-STG, 12% for 5-STG, and 20% for 6-STGAllo ( P = .51). The average time to graft failure was 16 months (range, 2-40 months). After adjusting for age and graft size, patients who had allograft-augmented grafts (6-STGAllo) had 2.6 (95% CI, 1.02, 6.50) times the odds of graft rupture compared with 4-STG. There was no significant difference in failure rate between patients who had 5-STG grafts compared with 4-STG (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.5, 2.7). CONCLUSION ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendon autografts augmented with allografts has a significantly increased risk of graft rupture compared with comparably sized hamstring tendon autografts. In situations where the surgeon harvests an inadequately sized 4-strand autograft, we recommend obtaining a larger graft diameter by tripling the semitendinosus rather than augmenting with an allograft.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mackenzie M Herzog
- Professional Research Institute for Sports Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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31
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Tisherman R, Wilson K, Horvath A, Byrne K, De Groot J, Musahl V. Allograft for knee ligament surgery: an American perspective. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2019; 27:1882-1890. [PMID: 30888445 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-019-05425-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Allografts are frequently use for ligamentous reconstruction at the knee. In the United States, tissue donation and distribution are highly regulated processes with thorough oversight from private and government entities. Allograft is widely available in the United States and allograft procurement is a large industry with varying procurement, sterilization, processing, and distribution procedures. It is important to understand allograft regulation and processing which may affect graft mechanical properties and biological graft integration. METHODS English-language literature, United States government and regulatory agency statues pertaining to allograft procurement, distribution, and usage were reviewed and the findings summarized. RESULTS During the processing of allograft, multiple factors including sterilization procedures, irradiation, storage conditions, and graft type all affect the biomechanical properties of the allograft tissue. Biological incorporation and ligamentization of allograft does occur, but at a slower rate compared with autograft. For ligamentous reconstruction around the knee, allograft offers shorter operative time, no donor-site morbidity, but has shown an increased risk for graft failure compared to autograft. CONCLUSION This article reviews the regulations on graft tissue within the United States, factors affecting the biomechanics of allograft tissue, differences in allograft tissue choices, and the use of allograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and multiligamentous knee injury reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Tisherman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue Suite 1010, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Kevin Wilson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue Suite 1010, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Alexandra Horvath
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Kevin Byrne
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue Suite 1010, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Joseph De Groot
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue Suite 1010, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Volker Musahl
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue Suite 1010, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Wang L, Cao JG, Liu J. Hybrid graft vs autograft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a meta-analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2019; 15:487-495. [PMID: 30936710 PMCID: PMC6422411 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s187979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We conducted this meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of hybrid grafts in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Methods We performed an electronic search of the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and ScienceDirect from the inception of these databases to February 2018, based on the terms “anterior cruciate ligament or ACL reconstruction”, “autograft”, “hybrid”, and “augment”. Relevant journals and conference proceedings were searched manually. Quality assessment, data extraction, and calculation of data from the included studies were conducted independently by two reviewers using RevMan 5.1. Results One randomized controlled trial and eight nonrandomized controlled trials met inclusion criteria. Larger graft diameters were found in the hybrid-graft group (mean difference −1.47, P=0.0001). There was no significant difference in failure rate (OR 2.13, P=0.21), retearing (OR 2.23, P=0.12), revision of ACLR (OR 1.05, P=0.87) or reoperation (OR 1.27, P=0.35). Subgroup analysis showed that hybrid-graft patients with meniscus injury suffered more revision (OR 4.10, P=0.02) and reoperation (OR 5.74, P=0.001). Both autografts and hybrid grafts performed similarly in most knee-score systems. However, autograft patients had better KT-1000 (mean difference 0.24, P=0.05) and quality-of-life results on the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score measure (mean difference 7.23, P=0.05). Conclusion This meta-analysis of the current literature indicates similar performance of hybrid or autologous grafts in ACLR, though hybrid grafts had larger diameters than autografts. Other potential factors to influence failure, revision, or postoperative knee function, such as irradiation, age at reconstruction, meniscus injury/treatment, and hybrid-graft remodeling, should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jian-Gang Cao
- Department of Sport Medicine, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
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Beck JJ, Takamura K, Beck JM, Bowen RE. Hamstring Autograft Too Small: How Much Allograft Do You Need to Supplement to a Desired Hybrid Graft Size? Arthroscopy 2019; 35:530-534. [PMID: 30612777 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine a simple rule for choosing supplemental allograft size for hybrid anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using mathematical and cadaveric models. METHODS Mathematical and cadaveric models were used to determine the rule. The mathematical model required application of the geometric Pythagorean theorem to add areas of circles. Cadaveric semitendinosus and gracilis tendons were combined in multiple quadrupled hamstring size combinations and then sized using standard surgical techniques to confirm the mathematical model. RESULTS Geometric measurement, not simple addition, of graft diameters was required to determine the final graft size. Direct comparison of cadaveric and mathematical models showed close relations. If a final graft size of 7 mm is desired, an added diameter of all grafts of approximately 9.5 mm is needed. If a final graft size of 8 mm is desired, an added diameter of all grafts of approximately 11 mm is needed. If a final graft size of 9 mm is desired, an added diameter of all grafts of approximately 12.5 mm is needed. If a final graft size of 10 mm is desired, an added graft diameter of approximately 14 mm is needed. Cadaveric hamstring measurements were similar to the mathematical model. CONCLUSIONS By use of mathematical and cadaveric models, simple rules for determining the additional size of allograft diameter needed to supplement undersized hamstring autograft were created. CLINICAL RELEVANCE With the increasing availability of allograft types and sizes, surgeons currently have no guidelines on the size of allograft that is required to supplement an undersized hamstring autograft. Simple rules were created for determining the amount of allograft supplementation required for undersized hamstrings and are easily applied to clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Beck
- Orthopaedic Institute for Children and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A..
| | - Karren Takamura
- Orthopaedic Institute for Children and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Jeanne M Beck
- Orthopaedic Institute for Children and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Richard E Bowen
- Orthopaedic Institute for Children and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
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Kraeutler MJ. Editorial Commentary: Built to Last or Just a Trend? Hybrid Graft for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2019; 35:535-536. [PMID: 30712628 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of a hybrid autograft-allograft for primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) has gained significant attention in the orthopaedic sports medicine community in recent years. A hybrid graft is most often used to supplement a hamstring autograft with a small diameter, based on evidence that a graft size under a certain diameter (most often 8 mm) increases the risk for graft failure in younger patients. Multiple studies have been published comparing clinical outcomes of ACLR using a hybrid graft versus a hamstring autograft, with conflicting results. Although it is important to attempt to harvest a graft of sufficient size for this procedure, the indications for the use of a hybrid graft for primary ACLR are still unknown.
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Abouljoud MM, Everhart JS, Sigman BO, Flanigan DC, Magnussen RA. Risk of Retear Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using a Hybrid Graft of Autograft Augmented With Allograft Tissue: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arthroscopy 2018; 34:2927-2935. [PMID: 30195958 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the risk of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction failure in patients who undergo anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with either autograft tissue or hybrid grafts. METHODS A systematic search was performed on February 28, 2018, on PubMed, Scopus, Arthroscopy, and Cochrane Library. Included studies were clinical outcome studies of primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions that compared failure risk for hybrid grafts versus autografts. Baseline and outcomes data were extracted, and reporting quality was assessed via modified Coleman criteria. A random effects meta-analysis was conducted for both randomized and nonrandomized studies. RESULTS Nine studies were identified with a mean of 40.1 months of follow-up. The mean Coleman methodology score was 66.5 (standard deviation, 12.8). One randomized study (Level II evidence) was identified with no difference in failure rates (0% for both groups, 8-mm minimum graft diameter for all patients). Eight nonrandomized studies (all Level III evidence) were identified with no difference in failure risk for hybrid grafts versus autograft (pooled odds ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 0.57-2.92; P = .55; I2 = 34%). Mean graft diameters were significantly larger in hybrid groups (range, 8.5-9.9 mm) than in autograft groups (range, 6.4-8.8 mm) in nonrandomized studies (mean difference, 0.5-2.5 mm; P ≤ .003). There was no evidence of small study bias or bias owing to reporting quality, and adjustment for length of follow-up, mean patient age, percentage of male patients, year of publication, or reporting quality did not improve statistical heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS Based on the current literature, although it may be theoretically detrimental to add allograft to a small-diameter autograft, it cannot be definitively shown based on the findings of this review with meta-analysis. Currently, it remains unclear that there is an advantage or disadvantage to hybridization of small autograft with allograft, although randomized studies of patients with small (<8-mm) autograft diameters are lacking. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, systematic review of Level II and III studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua S Everhart
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Benjamin O Sigman
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - David C Flanigan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Robert A Magnussen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A..
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Endoscopic Harvest of Autogenous Gracilis and Semitendinosus Tendons. Arthrosc Tech 2018; 7:e1019-e1024. [PMID: 30377581 PMCID: PMC6203230 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The hamstring autograft is one of the most popular grafts for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Although many techniques for arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using hamstring autografts have been invented, hamstring harvest techniques have not been focused. Hamstrings are harvested using an open technique that requires a 2- to 5-cm skin incision. In this Technical Note, we describe an endoscopic harvest technique of autogenous gracilis and semitendinosus tendon. This technique needs only a 1- to 1.5-cm skin incision and provides surgeons a sufficient view to safely harvest the hamstrings.
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Karns MR, Jones DL, Todd DC, Maak TG, Aoki SK, Burks RT, Yoo M, Nelson RE, Greis PE. Patient- and Procedure-Specific Variables Driving Total Direct Costs of Outpatient Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med 2018; 6:2325967118788543. [PMID: 30094271 PMCID: PMC6080082 DOI: 10.1177/2325967118788543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Few studies have investigated the influence of patient-specific variables or
procedure-specific factors on the overall cost of anterior cruciate ligament
reconstruction (ACLR) in an ambulatory surgery setting. Purpose: To determine patient- and procedure-specific factors influencing the overall
direct cost of outpatient arthroscopic ACLR utilizing a unique value-driven
outcomes (VDO) tool. Study Design: Cohort study (economic and decision analysis); Level of evidence, 3. Methods: All ACLRs performed by 4 surgeons over 2 years were retrospectively reviewed.
Cost data were derived from the VDO tool. Patient-specific variables
included age, body mass index, comorbidities, American Society of
Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, smoking status, preoperative
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical
Function Computerized Adaptive Testing (PF-CAT) score, and preoperative
Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) score. Procedure-specific
variables included graft type, revision status, associated injuries and
procedures, time from injury to ACLR, surgeon, and operating room (OR) time.
Multivariate analysis determined patient- and procedure-related predictors
of total direct costs. Results: There were 293 autograft reconstructions, 110 allograft reconstructions, and
31 hybrid reconstructions analyzed. Patient-specific factors did not
significantly influence the ACLR cost. The mean OR time was shorter for
allograft reconstruction (P < .001). Predictors of an
increased direct cost included the use of an allograft or hybrid graft
(44.5% and 33.1% increase, respectively; P < .001),
increased OR time (0.3% increase per minute; P < .001),
surgeon 3 or 4 (9.1% or 5.9% increase, respectively; P <
.001 or P = .001, respectively), and concomitant meniscus
repair (24.4% increase; P < .001). Within the meniscus
repair cohort, all-inside, root, and combined repairs correlated with a
15.5%, 31.4%, and 53.2% increased mean direct cost, respectively, compared
with inside-out repairs (P < .001). Conclusion: This study failed to identify modifiable patient-specific factors influencing
direct costs of ACLR. Allografts and hybrid grafts were associated with an
increased total direct cost. Meniscus repair independently predicted an
increased direct cost, with all-inside, root, and combined repairs being
costlier than inside-out repairs. The time-saving potential of all-inside
meniscus repair was not realized in this study, making implant use a
significant factor in the overall cost of ACLR with meniscus repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Karns
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel L Jones
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah Orthopaedic Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Dane C Todd
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah Orthopaedic Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Travis G Maak
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah Orthopaedic Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Stephen K Aoki
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah Orthopaedic Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Robert T Burks
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah Orthopaedic Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Minkyoung Yoo
- Health Economics Core, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Richard E Nelson
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah Orthopaedic Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Patrick E Greis
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah Orthopaedic Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Ilahi OA, Staewen RS, Stautberg EF, Qadeer AA. Estimating Lengths of Semitendinosus and Gracilis Tendons by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Arthroscopy 2018; 34:2457-2462. [PMID: 29859772 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can help predict the tendon-only length of the semitendinosus (ST) and the gracilis (G). METHODS The distance from the tibial insertion to the distal-most aspect of the musculotendinous junction (MTJ) of the ST and G was estimated on preoperative MRI scans of patients undergoing primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with single-bundle, quadruple-stranded hamstring autograft. This MRI tendon-only length, measured by a musculoskeletal radiologist blinded to surgical findings, was compared to the actual tendon-only length measured upon harvesting each tendon. RESULTS Among the 42 patients comprising the study population, there was very strong correlation between the estimates of tendon-only length made by MRI and surgical measurements for both the ST (Spearman coefficient = 0.83; P < .0001) and the G (Spearman coefficient = 0.82; P < .0001). The difference between MRI and surgical measurements did not exceed 3 cm for any of the 84 harvested hamstring tendons. Bland-Altman plots confirmed agreement between the 2 measurement methods. There was also strong correlation between the surgically measured tendon-only length of the ST and its G counterpart (Spearman coefficient = 0.68; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS MRI estimates of tendon-only length for both the ST and G very strongly correlate with operative measurements of these lengths; the discrepancy between these 2 measurement methods was found to not exceed 3 cm when the MTJ of these tendons is visible on MRI scans. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer A Ilahi
- Texas Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine Institute, Houston, Texas, U.S.A..
| | | | | | - Ali A Qadeer
- Texas Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine Institute, Houston, Texas, U.S.A
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40
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Duchman KR, Garrett WE. Editorial Commentary: When Is Too Small, Too Small? Allograft Augmentation of Autologous Hamstring Grafts During Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2018; 34:1517-1519. [PMID: 29729759 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissue allograft augmentation of small hamstring autografts, so-called hybrid grafts, has been proposed as an option during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R). However, notable concerns exist with both small autograft use and allograft use during ACL-R, particularly in young, active patients. We currently choose to augment hamstring autografts with diameters <8.0 mm, adding only enough allograft to create a hybrid graft with an overall diameter no larger than 8.5 mm. Based on the available evidence, surgeons continue to seek the tipping point where the benefit of additional allograft tissue exceeds the consequence of its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Duchman
- Duke University Medical Center; University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
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41
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Wang HD, Gao SJ, Zhang YZ. Comparison of Clinical Outcomes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using a Hybrid Graft Versus a Hamstring Autograft. Arthroscopy 2018; 34:1508-1516. [PMID: 29287949 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with a hybrid graft versus an autograft after 3 years of follow-up. METHODS Among 57 patients with an ACL injury who underwent ACL reconstruction, 28 patients received a hybrid graft (gracilis and semitendinosus tendon autograft plus a soft tissue allograft) and 29 patients received an autograft (gracilis and semitendinosus tendon autograft). The 2 groups were compared after a minimum 3-year follow-up regarding International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) assessment of knee function and stability, pivot-shift test, Lachman test, and KT-1000 side-to-side differences. The patient-reported Tegner activity score, Lysholm score, and subjective IKDC score were also compared. Graft failures were identified by patient-reported outcomes, physical examinations, or magnetic resonance imaging, and were confirmed on second-look arthroscopy; failure rate was compared between groups. RESULTS At final follow-up, the 2 groups significantly differed in pivot-shift test result (P = .013) and Lachman test result (P = .027). The failure rate tended to be greater in the hybrid graft group (14.3%) than in the autograft group (3.4%) (P = .148). All 5 patients with failed graft reconstruction were revised after second-look arthroscopy. The KT-1000 side-to-side differences at final follow-up were significantly inferior in the hybrid graft group (3.5 ± 2.0) compared with the autograft group (2.5 ± 1.0, P = .024). The hybrid graft group also had a lower mean Lysholm score (P = .000) and subjective IKDC score (P = .006) than the autograft group. The mean Tegner activity score was 6.8 ± 0.8 in the hybrid graft group and 6.9 ± 0.6 in the autograft group (P = .436). CONCLUSIONS The knee stability and patient-reported scores in the autograft-irradiated allograft hybrid graft ACL reconstruction group were significantly inferior compared with those in the autograft ACL reconstruction group. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-De Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Jun Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ze Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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Iwama R, Anada T, Shiwaku Y, Tsuchiya K, Takahashi T, Suzuki O. Osteogenic cellular activity around onlaid octacalcium phosphate-gelatin composite onto rat calvaria. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:1322-1333. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Iwama
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai 980-8575 Japan
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Takahisa Anada
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Yukari Shiwaku
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai 980-8575 Japan
- Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Kaori Tsuchiya
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Tetsu Takahashi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Osamu Suzuki
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai 980-8575 Japan
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Abstract
As female athlete sports participation has continued to increase, the rate of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture in female athletes has also increased. Individualized, patient-specific treatment is crucial to achieving optimal outcomes; ACL reconstruction must accurately restore native ACL anatomy and address any concomitant injury to secondary stabilizers. Rehabilitation programs should target hip, core, and trunk neuromuscular control; allow adequate time for graft ligamentization; and address the psychosocial needs of the athlete.
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Abstract
Sports medicine physicians have a keen clinical and research interest in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The biomechanical, biologic, and clinical data researchers generate, help drive injury management and prevention practices globally. The current concepts in ACL injury and surgery are being shaped by technological advances, expansion in basic science research, resurging interest in ACL preservation, and expanding efforts regarding injury prevention. As new methods are being developed in this field, the primary goal of safely improving patient outcomes will be a unifying principle. With this review, we provide an overview of topics currently in controversy or debate, and we identify paradigm shifts in the understanding, management, and prevention of ACL tears.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Naclerio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Seth L Sherman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA,Address for correspondence: Dr. Seth L Sherman, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, 1100 Virginia Ave., Columbia, MO 65212, USA. E-mail:
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