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Cremasco Takano AP, Cury DP. A comprehensive guide to western blotting for tendon research. Anal Biochem 2024; 690:115528. [PMID: 38570024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Tendons are classified as dense fibrous connective tissue. This fibrous composition poses challenges in protein extraction, particularly hindering the application of Western blotting techniques. Because of these challenges, it becomes necessary to implement additional steps and specific solutions to attain success in this methodology with the tissue in question. The objective of this article is to provide a detailed protocol, elucidating each step, and making it easily replicable for researchers. The study focused on the Achilles tendons of Sprague-Dawley rats, emphasizing the need for a tailored approach in working with this tissue. By addressing the nuances of protein extraction from the dense and fibrous tendons, our protocol aims to facilitate the reproducibility of Western blotting experiments, contributing to a better understanding of this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Cremasco Takano
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Pulzatto Cury
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Cellular Biology and Development, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Asami J, Quevedo BV, Santos AR, Giorno LP, Komatsu D, de Rezende Duek EA. The impact of non-deproteinization on physicochemical and biological properties of natural rubber latex for biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126782. [PMID: 37690638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Latex is a colloidal suspension derived from the Hevea brasiliensis tree, derived from natural rubber, poly(isoprene), and assorted constituents including proteins and phospholipids. These constituents are inherent to both natural rubber and latex serum. This investigation was undertaken to examine the impact of the deproteinization process on chemical and biological dynamics of natural rubber latex. Natural Rubber (NR) extracted from the pure latex (LNCP) was obtained through centrifugation, followed by six rounds of solvent purification (LP6). The structure was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), swelling test, surface zeta potential (ζ), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in vitro assay. The results revealed that the LP6 group presented decreased swelling kinetics, reduced cell adhesion and proliferation, and a smoother surface with decreased negative surface charge. Conversely, the LNCP group shown accelerated swelling, heightened adhesion and cellular growth, and a more negatively charged and rougher surface. As such, the attributes of latex serum and proteins have potential usage across numerous biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Asami
- Mechanical Engineering Faculty (FEM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Biomaterials, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health (FCMS), Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bruna V Quevedo
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health (FCMS), Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Materials Sciences (PPGCM), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo R Santos
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pastena Giorno
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Komatsu
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health (FCMS), Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana Aparecida de Rezende Duek
- Mechanical Engineering Faculty (FEM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Biomaterials, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health (FCMS), Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Materials Sciences (PPGCM), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
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Andrade KL, Ramlow H, Floriano JF, Acosta ED, Faita FL, Machado RAF. Latex and natural rubber: recent advances for biomedical applications. POLIMEROS 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.20210114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Notermans T, Tanska P, Korhonen RK, Khayyeri H, Isaksson H. A numerical framework for mechano-regulated tendon healing-Simulation of early regeneration of the Achilles tendon. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008636. [PMID: 33556080 PMCID: PMC7901741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechano-regulation during tendon healing, i.e. the relationship between mechanical stimuli and cellular response, has received more attention recently. However, the basic mechanobiological mechanisms governing tendon healing after a rupture are still not well-understood. Literature has reported spatial and temporal variations in the healing of ruptured tendon tissue. In this study, we explored a computational modeling approach to describe tendon healing. In particular, a novel 3D mechano-regulatory framework was developed to investigate spatio-temporal evolution of collagen content and orientation, and temporal evolution of tendon stiffness during early tendon healing. Based on an extensive literature search, two possible relationships were proposed to connect levels of mechanical stimuli to collagen production. Since literature remains unclear on strain-dependent collagen production at high levels of strain, the two investigated production laws explored the presence or absence of collagen production upon non-physiologically high levels of strain (>15%). Implementation in a finite element framework, pointed to large spatial variations in strain magnitudes within the callus tissue, which resulted in predictions of distinct spatial distributions of collagen over time. The simulations showed that the magnitude of strain was highest in the tendon core along the central axis, and decreased towards the outer periphery. Consequently, decreased levels of collagen production for high levels of tensile strain were shown to accurately predict the experimentally observed delayed collagen production in the tendon core. In addition, our healing framework predicted evolution of collagen orientation towards alignment with the tendon axis and the overall predicted tendon stiffness agreed well with experimental data. In this study, we explored the capability of a numerical model to describe spatial and temporal variations in tendon healing and we identified that understanding mechano-regulated collagen production can play a key role in explaining heterogeneities observed during tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Notermans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rami K. Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanifeh Khayyeri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Tang XM, Dai J, Sun HL. Thermal pretreatment promotes the protective effect of HSP70 against tendon adhesion in tendon healing by increasing HSP70 expression. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:205-215. [PMID: 31115522 PMCID: PMC6579999 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon adhesion is a substantial challenge for tendon repair. Thermal pretreatment (TP) may decrease inflammation by upregulating heat shock proteins (HSPs). The present study intends to identify the function that TP serves when combined with HSP70 overexpression in tendon healing and adhesion in rats. Sprague‑Dawley male rats were used to establish a surgically ablative tendon postoperative suture model, and the positive expression of the HSP70 protein was measured using immunohistochemistry. Changes to the blood vessels and collagenous fiber, in addition to the maximum tensile strength and the tendon sliding distance, were detected under a microscope. Finally, HSP70, tumor growth factor β (TGF‑β), and insulin‑like growth factor 1 (IGF‑1) mRNA and protein levels were all determined by employing reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis methods. The positive expression of the HSP70 protein increased following TP. Furthermore, TP reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells and improved the collagenous arrangement, accompanied by an increased maximum tensile force and tendon gliding distance following surgery. In addition, TP increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of HSP70, TGF‑β and IGF‑1. Altogether, TP increases HSP70 expression, thereby reducing postoperative traumatic inflammation and establishing tendon adhesion and promoting tendon healing. Thus, TP may be a potential strategy for the treatment of tendon adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Jian Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Lang Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
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