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Gallardo P, Giakas G, Sakkas GK, Tsaklis PV. Are Surface Electromyography Parameters Indicative of Post-Activation Potentiation/Post-Activation Performance Enhancement, in Terms of Twitch Potentiation and Voluntary Performance? A Systematic Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:106. [PMID: 38921642 PMCID: PMC11205249 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim was to identify if surface electromyography (sEMG) parameters are indicative of post-activation potentiation (PAP)/post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE), in terms of twitch potentiation and voluntary performance. Three databases were used in April 2024, with the following inclusion criteria: (a) original research, assessed in healthy human adults, and (b) sEMG parameters were measured. The exclusion criteria were (a) studies with no PAP/PAPE protocol and (b) non-randomized control trials. The following data were extracted: study characteristics/demographics, PAP/PAPE protocols, sEMG parameters, twitch/performance outcomes, and study findings. A modified physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale was used for quality assessment. Fifteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs), with a total of 199 subjects, were included. The M-wave amplitude (combined with a twitch torque outcome) was shown to generally be indicative of PAP. The sEMG amplitudes (in some muscles) were found to be indicative of PAPE during ballistic movements, while a small decrease in the MdF (in certain muscles) was shown to reflect PAPE. Changes in the Hmax/Mmax ratio were found to contribute (temporally) to PAP, while the H-reflex amplitude was shown to be neither indicative of PAP nor PAPE. This review provides preliminary findings suggesting that certain sEMG parameters could be indicative of PAP/PAPE. However, due to limited studies, future research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Gallardo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece; (P.G.); (G.G.); (G.K.S.)
| | - Giannis Giakas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece; (P.G.); (G.G.); (G.K.S.)
| | - Giorgos K. Sakkas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece; (P.G.); (G.G.); (G.K.S.)
| | - Panagiotis V. Tsaklis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece; (P.G.); (G.G.); (G.K.S.)
- Department Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Growth and Metabolism, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
- Center of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine (C.O.RE.)/(C.I.R.I.), Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Privett GE, Ricci AW, Ortiz-Delatorre J, Callahan DM. Predicting myosin heavy chain isoform from postdissection fiber length in human skeletal muscle fibers. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C749-C755. [PMID: 38189131 PMCID: PMC11193481 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00700.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Experimental techniques in single human skeletal muscle cells require manual dissection. Unlike other mammalian species, human skeletal muscle is characterized by a heterogeneous mixture of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms, typically used to define "fiber type," which profoundly influences cellular function. Therefore, it is beneficial to predict MHC isoform at the time of dissection, facilitating a more balanced fiber-type distribution from a potentially imbalanced sample. Although researchers performing single fiber dissection report predicting fiber-type based on mechanical properties of fibers upon dissection, a rigorous examination of this approach has not been performed. Therefore, we measured normalized fiber length (expressed as a % of the length of the bundle from which the fiber was dissected) in single fibers immediately following dissection. Six hundred sixty-eight individual fibers were dissected from muscle tissue samples from healthy, young adults to assess whether this characteristic could differentiate fibers containing MHC I ("slow" fiber type) or not ("fast" fiber type). Using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves, we found that differences in normalized fiber length (114 ± 13%, MHC I; 124 ± 17%, MHC IIA, P < 0.01) could be used to predict fiber type with excellent reliability (area under the curve = 0.72). We extended these analyses to include older adults (2 females, 1 male) to demonstrate the durability of this approach in fibers with likely different morphology and mechanical characteristics. We report that MHC isoform expression in human skeletal muscle fibers can be predicted at the time of dissection, regardless of origin.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A priori estimation of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform in individual muscle fibers may bias the relative abundance of fiber types in subsequent assessment. Until now, no standardized assessment approach has been proposed to characterize fibers at the time of dissection. We demonstrate an approach based on normalized fiber length that may dramatically bias a sample toward slow twitch (MHC I) or fast twitch (not MHC I) fiber populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Privett
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Austin W Ricci
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | | | - Damien M Callahan
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
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Nakamura M, Ishikawa T, Sato S, Kiyono R, Yoshida R, Morishita K, Konrad A. Time-Course Changes in Dorsiflexion Range of Motion, Stretch Tolerance, and Shear Elastic Modulus for 20 Minutes of Hot Pack Application. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:175-179. [PMID: 37293429 PMCID: PMC10244995 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The application of thermal agents via hot packs is a commonly utilized method. However, the time-course changes in the range of motion (ROM), stretch sensation, shear elastic modulus, and muscle temperature during hot pack application are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the time-course changes in these variables during a 20-minute hot pack application. Eighteen healthy young men (21.1 ± 0.2 years) participated in this study. We measured the dorsiflexion (DF) ROM, passive torque at DF ROM (an indicator of stretch tolerance), and shear elastic modulus (an indicator of muscle stiffness) of the medial gastrocnemius before and every 5 minutes during a 20-minute hot pack application. The results showed that hot pack application for ≥5 minutes significantly (p < 0.01) increased DF ROM (5 minutes: d = 0.48, 10 minutes: d = 0.59, 15 minutes: d = 0.73, 20 minutes: d = 0.88), passive torque at DF ROM (5 minutes: d = 0.71, 10 minutes: d = 0.71, 15 minutes: d = 0.82, 20 minutes: d = 0.91), and muscle temperature (5 minutes: d = 1.03, 10 minutes: d = 1.71, 15 minutes: d = 1.74, 20 minutes: d = 1.66). Additionally, the results showed that hot pack application for ≥5 minutes significantly (p < 0.05) decreased shear elastic modulus (5 minutes: d = 0.29, 10 minutes: d = 0.31, 15 minutes: d = 0.30, 20 minutes: d = 0.31). These results suggest that hot pack application for a minimum 5 minutes can increase ROM and subsequently decrease muscle stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishikawa
- Rehabilitation Unit, Totsuka Kyoritsu Rehabilitation Hospital, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kiyono
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Morishita
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Work Studies, Josai International University, Togane, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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4
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Simon C, Zidi M. Regional variation in the mechanical properties of the skeletal muscle. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 136:105521. [PMID: 36252424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Regional mechanics of skeletal muscle were investigated from equibiaxial testing in vitro on tissue samples. Samples were collected in three excising zones in transversal direction to the myofibers. Thus, the transverse plane stiffness, likely to be dictated by extracellular matrix collagen (ECM), was studied. For that, distal, middle, and proximal samples of healthy brachial biceps of rats have been tested. Data was used to generate the material parameters of the first order Ogden constitutive model at these different zones of skeletal muscle. In addition to having a nonlinear mechanical behavior, the analysis of the material parameters of the model showed that the stiffness value of the skeletal muscle tissue may on average have doubled depending on the collected sample location (p < 0.001). Furthermore, it was also shown that during the tests, when the storage temperature of the samples increases from 22 °C to 37 °C, the stiffness of the muscle tissue becomes more important (p < 0.05), which may be due to the rigor mortis phenomenon. Thus, these results contribute to investigating the regional change of mechanical properties of skeletal muscle, particularly those of ECM that play a major role in stiffness tissue, which is essential for the development of accurate computational models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Simon
- Bioengineering, Tissues and Neuroplasticity, UR 7377, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Santé /EPISEN, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Mustapha Zidi
- Bioengineering, Tissues and Neuroplasticity, UR 7377, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Santé /EPISEN, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, 94010, Créteil, France.
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Böl M, Kohn S, Leichsenring K, Morales-Orcajo E, Ehret AE. On multiscale tension-compression asymmetry in skeletal muscle. Acta Biomater 2022; 144:210-220. [PMID: 35339701 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle tissue shows a clear asymmetry with regard to the passive stresses under tensile and compressive deformation, referred to as tension-compression asymmetry (TCA). The present study is the first one reporting on TCA at different length scales, associated with muscle tissue and muscle fibres, respectively. This allows for the first time the comparison of TCA between the tissue and one of its individual components, and thus to identify the length scale at which this phenomenon originates. Not only the passive stress-stretch characteristics were recorded, but also the volume changes during the axial tension and compression experiments. The study reveals clear differences in the characteristics of TCA between fibres and tissue. At tissue level TCA increases non-linearly with increasing deformation and the ratio of tensile to compressive stresses at the same magnitude of strain reaches a value of approximately 130 at 13.5% deformation. At fibre level instead it initially drops to a value of 6 and then rises again to a TCA of 14. At a deformation of 13.5%, the tensile stress is about 6 times higher. Thus, TCA is about 22 times more expressed at tissue than fibre scale. Moreover, the analysis of volume changes revealed little compressibility at tissue scale whereas at fibre level, especially under compressive stress, the volume decreases significantly. The data collected in this study suggests that the extracellular matrix has a distinct role in amplifying the TCA, and leads to more incompressible tissue behaviour. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This article analyses and compares for the first time the tension-compression asymmetry (TCA) displayed by skeletal muscle at tissue and fibre scale. In addition, the volume changes of tissue and fibre specimens with application of passive tensile and compressive loads are studied. The study identifies a key role of the extracellular matrix in establishing the mechanical response of skeletal muscle tissue: It contributes significantly to the passive stress, it is responsible for the major part of tissue-scale TCA and, most probably, prevents/balances the volume changes of muscle fibres during deformation. These new results thus shed light on the origin of TCA and provide new information to be used in microstructure-based approaches to model and simulate skeletal muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böl
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Stephan Kohn
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kay Leichsenring
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Enrique Morales-Orcajo
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexander E Ehret
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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Acute effects of cold spray application on mechanical properties of the rectus femoris muscle in athletes & Cold spray application on the Muscle. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2022; 30:100-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gordon RJ, Tyler CJ, Castelli F, Diss CE, Tillin NA. Progressive hyperthermia elicits distinct responses in maximum and rapid torque production. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:811-817. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vieira DCL, Opplert J, Babault N. Acute effects of dynamic stretching on neuromechanical properties: an interaction between stretching, contraction, and movement. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:957-967. [PMID: 33417034 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04583-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to investigate the acute effects of dynamic stretching on neurophysiological and mechanical properties of plantar flexor muscles and to test the hypothesis that dynamic stretching resulted from an interaction between stretching, movement, and contraction. METHODS The dynamic stretching conditioning activity (DS) was compared to static stretching (SS), passive cyclic stretching (PCS), isometric contractions (IC), static stretching followed by isometric contractions (SSIC), and control (CO) conditions. Stretching amplitude (DS, SS, PCS and SSIC), contraction intensity (DS, IC and SSIC) and duration (all 6 conditions) were matched. Thirteen volunteers were included. Passive torque, fascicle length, and stiffness were evaluated from a dynamometer and ultrasonography during passive dorsiflexion. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation was used to investigate contractile properties [peak twitch torque (PTT), and rate of torque development (RTD)] and muscle voluntary activation (%VA). Gastrocnemius lateralis electromyographic activity (GL EMG/Mwave) was obtained during maximal voluntary contraction. All of these parameters were measured immediately before and 10 s after each experimental condition. RESULTS Peak twitch torque, RTD, %VA, GL EMG/Mwave remained unaltered, while passive torque was significantly reduced after DS (- 8.14 ± 2.21%). SS decreased GL EMG/Mwave (- 7.83 ± 12.01%) and passive torque (- 2.16 ± 7.25%). PCS decreased PTT (- 3.40 ± 6.03%), RTD (- 2.96 ± 5.16%), and passive torque (- 2.16 ± 2.05%). IC decreased passive torque (- 7.72 ± 1.97%) and enhanced PTT (+ 5.77 ± 5.19%) and RTD (+ 7.36 ± 8.35%). However, SSIC attenuated PTT and RTD improvements as compared to IC. CONCLUSION These results suggested that dynamic stretching is multi-component and would result from an interaction between stretching, contraction, and movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis César Leite Vieira
- Center for Performance Expertise, INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France.,College of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jules Opplert
- Center for Performance Expertise, INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Babault
- Center for Performance Expertise, INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France.
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9
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Bisciotti GN, Chamari K, Cena E, Carimati G, Bisciotti A, Bisciotti A, Quaglia A, Volpi P. Hamstring Injuries Prevention in Soccer: A Narrative Review of Current Literature. JOINTS 2020; 7:115-126. [PMID: 34195539 PMCID: PMC8236328 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1712113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hamstring injuries and reinjuries are one of the most important sport lesions in several sport activities including soccer, Australian football, track and field, rugby, and in general in all sport activities requiring sprinting and acceleration. However, it is important to distinguish between the lesions of the biceps femoris and semitendinosus and semimembranosus. Indeed, three muscles representing the hamstring complex have a very different injury etiology and consequently require different prevention strategies. This fact may explain, at least in part, the high incidence of reinjuries. In soccer, hamstring injuries cause an important rate of time loss (i.e., in average 15–21 matches missed per club per season). The hamstring injury risk factors may be subdivided in three categories: “primary injury risk factors” (i.e., the risk factors mainly causing a first lesion), “recurrent injury risk factors” (i.e., the risk that can cause a reinjury), and bivalent injury risk factors” (i.e., the risk factors that can cause both primary injuries and reinjuries). The high incidence of hamstring lesions caused consequently an important increase in hamstring injury research. However, although the prevention has increased paradoxically, epidemiological data do not show a loss in injuries and/or reinjuries but, on the contrary, they show an increase in hamstring injuries. This apparent paradox highlights the importance both of the improvement in the prevention programs quality and the criteria for return to play after hamstring injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Nicola Bisciotti
- Qatar Orthopaedic and Sport Medicine Hospital, FIFA Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Karim Chamari
- Qatar Orthopaedic and Sport Medicine Hospital, FIFA Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Emanuele Cena
- Qatar Orthopaedic and Sport Medicine Hospital, FIFA Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Giulia Carimati
- Orthopedic Knee and Sports Traumatology Department, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Quaglia
- Orthopedic Knee and Sports Traumatology Department, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Piero Volpi
- Orthopedic Knee and Sports Traumatology Department, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy.,FC Internazionale, Milan, Italy
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10
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Penile Length and Its Preservation in Men After Radical Prostatectomy. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11930-019-00226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Point M, Guilhem G, Hug F, Nordez A, Frey A, Lacourpaille L. Cryotherapy induces an increase in muscle stiffness. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:260-266. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Point
- Laboratory “Sport; Expertise and Performance” (EA 7370); Research Department; French Institute of Sport (INSEP); Paris France
| | - G. Guilhem
- Laboratory “Sport; Expertise and Performance” (EA 7370); Research Department; French Institute of Sport (INSEP); Paris France
| | - F. Hug
- NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain; Injury and Health; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
- Laboratory “Movement; Interactions; Performance” (EA 4334); Faculty of Sport Sciences; University of Nantes; Nantes France
| | - A. Nordez
- Laboratory “Movement; Interactions; Performance” (EA 4334); Faculty of Sport Sciences; University of Nantes; Nantes France
| | - A. Frey
- Medical Department; French National Institute of Sport (INSEP); Paris France
| | - L. Lacourpaille
- Laboratory “Sport; Expertise and Performance” (EA 7370); Research Department; French Institute of Sport (INSEP); Paris France
- Laboratory “Movement; Interactions; Performance” (EA 4334); Faculty of Sport Sciences; University of Nantes; Nantes France
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12
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Kennedy P, Macgregor LJ, Barnhill E, Johnson CL, Perrins M, Hunter A, Brown C, van Beek EJR, Roberts N. MR elastography measurement of the effect of passive warmup prior to eccentric exercise on thigh muscle mechanical properties. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 46:1115-1127. [PMID: 28218814 PMCID: PMC5600114 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effect of warmup by application of the thermal agent Deep Heat (DH) on muscle mechanical properties using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) at 3T before and after exercise‐induced muscle damage (EIMD). Materials and Methods Twenty male participants performed an individualized protocol designed to induce EIMD in the quadriceps. DH was applied to the thigh in 50% of the participants before exercise. MRE, T2‐weighted MRI, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), creatine kinase (CK) concentration, and muscle soreness were measured before and after the protocol to assess EIMD effects. Five participants were excluded: four having not experienced EIMD and one due to incidental findings. Results Total workload performed during the EIMD protocol was greater in the DH group than the control group (P < 0.03), despite no significant differences in baseline MVC (P = 0.23). Shear stiffness |G*| increased in the rectus femoris (RF) muscle in both groups (P < 0.03); however, DH was not a significant between‐group factor (P = 0.15). MVC values returned to baseline faster in the DH group (5 days) than the control group (7 days). Participants who displayed hyperintensity on T2‐weighted images had a greater stiffness increase following damage than those without: RF; 0.61 kPa vs. 0.15 kPa, P < 0.006, vastus intermedius; 0.34 kPa vs. 0.03 kPa, P = 0.06. Conclusion EIMD produces increased muscle stiffness as measured by MRE, with the change in |G*| significantly increased when T2 hyperintensity was present. DH did not affect CK concentration or soreness; however, DH participants produced greater workload during the EIMD protocol and exhibited accelerated MVC recovery. Level of Evidence: 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1115–1127.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kennedy
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre (CRIC), Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute (TMII), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Lewis J Macgregor
- Health and Exercise Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, UK
| | - Eric Barnhill
- Department of Radiological Science, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Curtis L Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Michael Perrins
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre (CRIC), Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Angus Hunter
- Health and Exercise Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, UK
| | - Colin Brown
- The Mentholatum Company Ltd, East Kilbride, Glasgow, UK
| | - Edwin J R van Beek
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre (CRIC), Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil Roberts
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre (CRIC), Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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13
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Alegre LM, Hasler M, Wenger S, Nachbauer W, Csapo R. Does knee joint cooling change in vivo patellar tendon mechanical properties? Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1921-9. [PMID: 27473447 PMCID: PMC5020126 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to assess the influence of knee joint cooling on the in vivo mechanical properties of the patellar tendon. Methods Twenty young, healthy women volunteered for the study. B-mode ultrasonography was used to record patellar tendon elongation during isometric ramp contraction of the knee extensors (5–7 s, 90° knee angle) and calculate tendon stiffness. Skin temperature was measured by infrared thermometry. Data were acquired before and after 30 min of local icing of the knee joint and compared by paired samples t-tests. Results After cold exposure, skin temperature as measured over the patellar tendon dropped by 16.8 ± 2.0 °C. Tendon stiffness increased from 2189 ± 551 to 2705 ± 902 N mm−1 (+25 %, p = 0.007). Tendon strain decreased by 9 % (p = 0.004). A small, albeit significant reduction in maximum tendon force was observed (−3.3 %, p = 0.03). Conclusions Knee cooling is associated with a significant increase in patellar tendon stiffness. The observed tendon stiffening may influence the operating range of sarcomeres, possibly limiting the maximal force generation capacity of knee extensor muscles. In addition, a stiffer tendon might benefit rate of force development, thus countering the loss in explosiveness typically described for cold muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Michael Hasler
- Centre of Technology of Ski and Alpine Sport, Fürstenweg 187, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Wenger
- Centre of Technology of Ski and Alpine Sport, Fürstenweg 187, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Werner Nachbauer
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Csapo
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, Innsbruck, Austria.
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14
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Scott EEF, Hamilton DF, Wallace RJ, Muir AY, Simpson AHRW. Increased risk of muscle tears below physiological temperature ranges. Bone Joint Res 2016; 5:61-5. [PMID: 26883967 PMCID: PMC4852792 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.52.2000484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Temperature is known to influence muscle physiology, with the velocity of shortening, relaxation and propagation all increasing with temperature. Scant data are available, however, regarding thermal influences on energy required to induce muscle damage. Methods Gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were harvested from 36 male rat limbs and exposed to increasing impact energy in a mechanical test rig. Muscle temperature was varied in 5°C increments, from 17°C to 42°C (to encompass the in vivo range). The energy causing non-recoverable deformation was recorded for each temperature. A measure of tissue elasticity was determined via accelerometer data, smoothed by low-pass fifth order Butterworth filter (10 kHz). Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significance was accepted at p = 0.05. Results The energy required to induce muscle failure was significantly lower at muscle temperatures of 17°C to 32°C compared with muscle at core temperature, i.e., 37°C (p < 0.01). During low-energy impacts there were no differences in muscle elasticity between cold and warm muscles (p = 0.18). Differences in elasticity were, however, seen at higher impact energies (p < 0.02). Conclusion Our findings are of particular clinical relevance, as when muscle temperature drops below 32°C, less energy is required to cause muscle tears. Muscle temperatures of 32°C are reported in ambient conditions, suggesting that it would be beneficial, particularly in colder environments, to ensure that peripheral muscle temperature is raised close to core levels prior to high-velocity exercise. Thus, this work stresses the importance of not only ensuring that the muscle groups are well stretched, but also that all muscle groups are warmed to core temperature in pre-exercise routines. Cite this article: Professor A. H. R. W. Simpson. Increased risk of muscle tears below physiological temperature ranges. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:61–65. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.52.2000484.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E F Scott
- University Hospital of North Durham, North Rd, Durham DH1 5TW, UK
| | | | - R J Wallace
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - A Y Muir
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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Lee YS, Bae SH, Hwang JA, Kim KY. The effects of kinesio taping on architecture, strength and pain of muscles in delayed onset muscle soreness of biceps brachii. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:457-9. [PMID: 25729190 PMCID: PMC4339160 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study aimed to confirm the effects of kinesio taping (KT) on muscle
function and pain due to delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) of the biceps brachii.
[Subjects and Methods] Thirty-seven subjects with induced DOMS were randomized into either
Group I (control, n=19) or Group II (KT, n=18). Outcome measures were recorded before the
intervention (application of KT) and at 24, 48, and 72 hours after the intervention. DOMS
was induced, and muscle thickness was measured using ultrasonic radiography. Maximal
voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC) was measured via electromyography (EMG).
Subjective pain was measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS). [Results] Group I
exhibited a positive correlation between muscle thickness and elapsed time from
intervention (24, 48, and 72 hours post induction of DOMS); they also showed a significant
decrease in MVIC(%). Group II showed significant increases in muscle thickness up to the
48-hour interval post induction of DOMS, along with a significant decrease in MVIC (%).
However, in contrast to Group I, Group II did not show a significant difference in muscle
thickness or MVIC (%) at the 72-hour interval in comparison with the values prior to DOMS
induction. [Conclusion] In adults with DOMS, activation of muscles by applying KT was
found to be an effective and faster method of recovering muscle strength than rest
alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sin Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Dongshin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sea Hyun Bae
- Department of Physical Therapy, Cheongam College, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ah Hwang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Dongshin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Yoon Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Welfare, Dongshin University, Republic of Korea
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Gras LL, Laporte S, Viot P, Mitton D. Experimental characterization of post rigor mortis human muscle subjected to small tensile strains and application of a simple hyper-viscoelastic model. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2014; 228:1059-68. [DOI: 10.1177/0954411914555422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In models developed for impact biomechanics, muscles are usually represented with one-dimensional elements having active and passive properties. The passive properties of muscles are most often obtained from experiments performed on animal muscles, because limited data on human muscle are available. The aim of this study is thus to characterize the passive response of a human muscle in tension. Tensile tests at different strain rates (0.0045, 0.045, and 0.45 s−1) were performed on 10 extensor carpi ulnaris muscles. A model composed of a nonlinear element defined with an exponential law in parallel with one or two Maxwell elements and considering basic geometrical features was proposed. The experimental results were used to identify the parameters of the model. The results for the first- and second-order model were similar. For the first-order model, the mean parameters of the exponential law are as follows: Young’s modulus E (6.8 MPa) and curvature parameter α (31.6). The Maxwell element mean values are as follows: viscosity parameter η (1.2 MPa s) and relaxation time τ (0.25 s). Our results provide new data on a human muscle tested in vitro and a simple model with basic geometrical features that represent its behavior in tension under three different strain rates. This approach could be used to assess the behavior of other human muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure-Lise Gras
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique (LBM), Arts et Metiers ParisTech, Paris, France
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- IFSTTAR, UMR_T9406, LBMC Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Mécanique des Chocs, F-69675, Bron, France
| | - Sébastien Laporte
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique (LBM), Arts et Metiers ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Viot
- Arts et Metiers ParisTech, I2M-DuMAS, UMR 5295 CNRS, Talence, France
| | - David Mitton
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- IFSTTAR, UMR_T9406, LBMC Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Mécanique des Chocs, F-69675, Bron, France
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Seebacher F, Tallis JA, James RS. The cost of muscle power production: muscle oxygen consumption per unit work increases at low temperatures in Xenopus laevis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:1940-5. [PMID: 24625645 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.101147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic energy (ATP) supply to muscle is essential to support activity and behaviour. It is expected, therefore, that there is strong selection to maximise muscle power output for a given rate of ATP use. However, the viscosity and stiffness of muscle increases with a decrease in temperature, which means that more ATP may be required to achieve a given work output. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ATP use increases at lower temperatures for a given power output in Xenopus laevis. To account for temperature variation at different time scales, we considered the interaction between acclimation for 4 weeks (to 15 or 25°C) and acute exposure to these temperatures. Cold-acclimated frogs had greater sprint speed at 15°C than warm-acclimated animals. However, acclimation temperature did not affect isolated gastrocnemius muscle biomechanics. Isolated muscle produced greater tetanus force, and faster isometric force generation and relaxation, and generated more work loop power at 25°C than at 15°C acute test temperature. Oxygen consumption of isolated muscle at rest did not change with test temperature, but oxygen consumption while muscle was performing work was significantly higher at 15°C than at 25°C, regardless of acclimation conditions. Muscle therefore consumed significantly more oxygen at 15°C for a given work output than at 25°C, and plastic responses did not modify this thermodynamic effect. The metabolic cost of muscle performance and activity therefore increased with a decrease in temperature. To maintain activity across a range of temperature, animals must increase ATP production or face an allocation trade-off at lower temperatures. Our data demonstrate the potential energetic benefits of warming up muscle before activity, which is seen in diverse groups of animals such as bees, which warm flight muscle before take-off, and humans performing warm ups before exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Seebacher
- School of Biological Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jason A Tallis
- Department of Biomolecular and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Rob S James
- Department of Biomolecular and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
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Effect of a Single Pulsed Shortwave Diathermy Treatment on Extensibility of the Hamstrings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ATHLETIC THERAPY AND TRAINING 2014. [DOI: 10.1123/ijatt.2013-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Context:Lack of extensibility of the hamstrings is manifested by a restricion of knee extension range of motion.Objective:To quantify the effect of a single pulsed shortwave diathermy treatment on extensibility of the hamstrings.Participants:Twenty volunteers with tight hamstrings (< 150° of active knee extension).Intervention:Subjects were randomly allocated to receive either a pulsed shortwave diathermy treatment (experimental group) or a simulated pulsed shortwave diathermy treatment that did not produce a deep tissue heating effect.Main Outcome Measurements:Measurements of active and passive range of movement were recorded before and after the treatment, as well as the subjective level of discomfort perceived during the passive stretching.Results:No statistically signifcant differences were found.Conclusion:A single pulsed shortwave diathermy treatment, without stretching, did not increase hamstring extensibility.
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Nagle AS, Barker MA, Kleeman SD, Haridas B, Douglas Mast T. Passive biomechanical properties of human cadaveric levator ani muscle at low strains. J Biomech 2014; 47:583-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gras LL, Mitton D, Viot P, Laporte S. Viscoelastic properties of the human sternocleidomastoideus muscle of aged women in relaxation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013; 27:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Weerapong P, Hume PA, Kolt GS. Stretching: Mechanisms and Benefits for Sport Performance and Injury Prevention. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/108331904225007078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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The effect of warm-up and cool-down exercise on delayed onset muscle soreness in the quadriceps muscle: a randomized controlled trial. J Hum Kinet 2012; 35:59-68. [PMID: 23486850 PMCID: PMC3588693 DOI: 10.2478/v10078-012-0079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of warm-up and cool-down exercise on delayed onset of muscle soreness at the distal and central parts of rectus femoris following leg resistance exercise. Thirty-six volunteers (21 women, 15 men) were randomly assigned to the warm-up (20 min ergometer cycling prior to the resistance exercise), cool-down (20 min cycling after the resistance exercise), or control group performing resistance exercise only. The resistance exercise consisted of front lunges (10×5 repetitions/sets) with external loading of 40% (women) and 50% (men) of body mass. Primary outcomes were pressure pain threshold along rectus femoris and maximal isometric knee extension force. Data were recorded before the resistance exercise and on the two consecutive days. Pressure pain threshold at the central muscle belly was significantly reduced for the control group on both day 2 and 3 (p≤0.003) but not for the warm-up group (p≥0.21). For the cool-down group, pressure pain threshold at the central muscle belly was significantly reduced on day 2 (p≤0.005) and was also lower compared to the warm-up group (p=0.025). Force was significantly reduced on day 2 and 3 for all groups (p<0.001). This study indicates that aerobic warm-up exercise performed prior to resistance exercise may prevent muscle soreness at the central but not distal muscle regions, but it does not prevent loss of muscle force.
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Landry BW, Driscoll SW. Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents. PM R 2012; 4:826-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.09.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Gras LL, Mitton D, Viot P, Laporte S. Hyper-elastic properties of the human sternocleidomastoideus muscle in tension. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2012; 15:131-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mustalampi S, Ylinen J, Kautiainen H, Weir A, Häkkinen A. Acute effects of cold pack on mechanical properties of the quadriceps muscle in healthy subjects. Phys Ther Sport 2012; 13:265-9. [PMID: 23068904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effects of local cooling on mechanical properties of the quadriceps muscle in healthy subjects. SUBJECTS Thirty-nine healthy subjects (27 women, 12 men, mean age 39, range 20-62) volunteered. METHODS A cold gel pack was applied to the quadriceps muscle for 20 min. Properties were quantified by analyzing the frequency (tension), decrement (elasticity) and stiffness of damped oscillations and the compliance of the muscle before, immediately after and after 15-min after cooling. RESULTS The largest responses immediately after cooling were seen in the oscillation decrement parameter, 7.9 (3.7-12.1) %, and in the compliance parameter, -7.5 (-9.8 to -5.3) %. Responses in the oscillation frequency, 6.5 (2.3-10.6) %, and stiffness parameters, 4.0 (0.8-7.1) %, were also statistically significant. The compliance still showed a -6.1 (-7.7 to -4.5) % decrease after the 15 min recovery phase, while no remaining alteration was found in the oscillation parameters. CONCLUSION The quadriceps muscle became tenser, stiffer, and less elastic as a result of cooling, and the mechanical properties were not fully recovered after 15 min. Careful warming-up is suggested after cooling to enable normalization of mechanical properties of the muscle and to avoid injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirpa Mustalampi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Jyvaskyla Central Hospital, Keskussairaalantie 19, 40620 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
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Bleakley CM, Costello JT. Do thermal agents affect range of movement and mechanical properties in soft tissues? A systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012; 94:149-63. [PMID: 22885279 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of thermal agents on the range of movement (ROM) and mechanical properties in soft tissue and to discuss their clinical relevance. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and EMBASE) were searched from their earliest available record up to May 2011 using Medical Subjects Headings and key words. We also undertook related articles searches and read reference lists of all incoming articles. STUDY SELECTION Studies involving human participants describing the effects of thermal interventions on ROM and/or mechanical properties in soft tissue. Two reviewers independently screened studies against eligibility criteria. DATA EXTRACTION Data were extracted independently by 2 review authors using a customized form. Methodologic quality was also assessed by 2 authors independently, using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. DATA SYNTHESIS Thirty-six studies, comprising a total of 1301 healthy participants, satisfied the inclusion criteria. There was a high risk of bias across all studies. Meta-analyses were not undertaken because of clinical heterogeneity; however, effect sizes were calculated. There were conflicting data on the effect of cold on joint ROM, accessory joint movement, and passive stiffness. There was limited evidence to determine whether acute cold applications enhance the effects of stretching, and further evidence is required. There was evidence that heat increases ROM, and a combination of heat and stretching is more effective than stretching alone. CONCLUSIONS Heat is an effective adjunct to developmental and therapeutic stretching techniques and should be the treatment of choice for enhancing ROM in a clinical or sporting setting. The effects of heat or ice on other important mechanical properties (eg, passive stiffness) remain equivocal and should be the focus of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Bleakley
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster Sports Academy, University of Ulster, Co Antrim, Ireland.
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27
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Nakano J, Yamabayashi C, Scott A, Reid WD. The effect of heat applied with stretch to increase range of motion: A systematic review. Phys Ther Sport 2012; 13:180-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hedelin H, Jonsson K, Lundh D. Pain associated with the chronic pelvic pain syndrome is strongly related to the ambient temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 46:279-83. [DOI: 10.3109/00365599.2012.669404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Hedelin
- Department of Research and Development, Skaraborgs Sjukhus, and School of Communication and Informatics, University of Skövde,
Skövde, Sweden
| | - Karin Jonsson
- Department of Research and Development, Skaraborgs Sjukhus, and School of Communication and Informatics, University of Skövde,
Skövde, Sweden
| | - Dan Lundh
- Department of Research and Development, Skaraborgs Sjukhus, and School of Communication and Informatics, University of Skövde,
Skövde, Sweden
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Abstract
Static stretching (SS) has shown decreases in many areas including strength, anaerobic power, and sprinting time. Dynamic stretching (DS) has shown increases in anaerobic power and decreases in sprinting time. Research on the effects of stretching on agility performance is limited. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of SS and DS on performance time of a sport agility test. Sixty male subjects consisting of collegiate (n = 18) and recreational (n = 42) basketball athletes volunteered for the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 intervention groups: SS, DS, or no stretching (NS). All groups completed a 10-minute warm-up jog followed by a 3-minute rest. The SS and DS groups then completed an 8.5-minute stretching intervention. Next, all subjects completed 3 trials of the 505 agility test with 2-5 minutes of rest between trials. A 2-way repeated-measure analysis of variance (Stretch group, athlete category, group × athlete interaction) was used to determine statistical significance (p < 0.05). A Tukey post hoc test was performed to determine differences between groups. For all athletes, the DS group produced significantly faster times on the agility test (2.22 ± 0.12 seconds, mean ± SD) in comparison to both the SS group (2.33 ± 0.15 seconds, p = 0.013) and NS group (2.32 ± 0.12 seconds, p = 0.026). Differences between the SS and NS groups revealed no significance (p = 0.962). There was a significant difference in mean times for the type of athlete (p = 0.002); however, interaction between the type of athlete and stretching group was not significant (p = 0.520). These results indicate that in comparison to SS or NS, DS significantly improves performance on closed agility skills involving a 180° change of direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Van Gelder
- Department of Movement Science, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan, USA.
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Mohamad NI, Cronin J, Nosaka K. Brief Review: Maximizing Hypertrophic Adaptation—Possible Contributions of Aerobic Exercise in the Interset Rest Period. Strength Cond J 2012. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0b013e3182308969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Games KE, Sefton JM. Whole-body vibration influences lower extremity circulatory and neurological function. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 23:516-23. [PMID: 22107331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Whole-body vibration (WBV) is currently used to enhance performance and treat injuries even though we lack an understanding of how WBV influences physiological processes. An improved understanding of the physiological effects of WBV could lead to protocols to speed healing or treat pathologies. This study examined the acute effects of WBV on peripheral blood perfusion, muscle oxygenation, motoneuron pool excitability, and sensory nerve conduction velocity. Fourteen healthy participants [9 women (21.7 ± 2.4 years); 5 men (20.8 ± 1.1 years)] completed a 5 min bout of WBV (50 Hz, 2 mm amplitude). Measures were assessed pre-treatment and at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min post-treatment. WBV significantly increased superficial skin temperature (P < 0.0005) and total hemoglobin (P = 0.009), had no effect of oxyhemoglobin (P = 0.186), increased deoxyhemoglobin (P < 0.0005), inhibited the soleus Hoffmann reflex (P = 0.007), and had no effect on sural sensory nerve conduction velocity (P = 0.695). These results suggest that an acute bout of WBV influences physiological processes in both the circulatory and the nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Games
- Neuromechanics Research Laboratory and Warrior Research Center, Department of Kinesiology at Auburn University, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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Effect of cold-water immersion on skeletal muscle contractile properties in soccer players. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2011; 90:356-63. [PMID: 21765254 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0b013e31820ff352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to analyze changes in muscle response after cold-water immersion. DESIGN The vastus lateralis of the dominant leg was analyzed in 12 professional soccer players from the Spanish 2nd Division B using tensiomyography, before and after four cold-water immersions at 4°C lasting 4 mins each. Core temperature, skin temperature, and heart rate were monitored. RESULTS A significant interaction (P ≤ 0.05) was found in muscle deformation between control conditions (5.12 ± 2.27 mm) and (1) immersion 3 (3.64 ± 2.27 mm) and (2) immersion 4 (3.38 ± 1.34 mm). A steady decrease was also observed in response velocity (immersion 1, -7.3%; immersion 2, -25.9%; immersion 3, -30.0%; immersion 4, -36.6%) and contraction velocity (immersion 1, -11.5%; immersion 2, -22.1%; immersion 3, -35.0%; immersion 4, -41.9%), with statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in relation to the reference values commencing with the third immersion. No significant differences were found between control conditions in subsequent exposures to cold water for the values of response time and contraction time. Sustained time and reaction time showed an increase during repeated exposures and with longer exposure time, although the increase was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that repeated cold-water immersions (4 × 4 mins at 4°C) cause considerable alterations to muscle behavior. These alterations significantly affect the state of muscles and their response capacity, particularly in relation to muscle stiffness and muscle contraction velocity.
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Oyama S, Myers JB, Blackburn JT, Colman EC. Changes in infraspinatus cross-sectional area and shoulder range of motion with repetitive eccentric external rotator contraction. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2011; 26:130-5. [PMID: 20965626 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive eccentric loading results in muscle damage and subsequent changes in muscle stiffness and edema accumulation, which manifest as reduced joint range of motion and increased muscle cross-sectional area. The purpose of the study was to evaluate changes in shoulder range of motion and the infraspinatus cross-sectional area with repetitive eccentric contraction. METHODS Twenty physically active participants performed 9 sets of 25 repetitions of eccentric external rotator contractions. The ultrasonographic measurement of the infraspinatus cross-sectional area, and shoulder internal/external rotation and horizontal adduction range of motion were measured before, immediately after, and 24h after the intervention. FINDINGS Infraspinatus cross-sectional area significantly increased from baseline immediately after exercise (P<0.001), and remained elevated from baseline at the 24-hour follow up (P<0.001). Internal rotation and horizontal adduction range of motion did not change significantly between baseline and post-exercise (P>0.05), but were significantly decreased at the 24-hour follow up from the baseline (internal rotation: P<0.001, horizontal adduction: P<0.001) and the immediate post-exercise (internal rotation: P=1.012, horizontal adduction: P=0.016). INTERPRETATION These changes observed after the eccentric contractions may have implications for injury development in pitchers, because 1) the infraspinatus endures repetitive eccentric loading with pitching and 2) decreased internal rotation and horizontal adduction range of motion have been linked to upper extremity injuries. However, since the muscle response after eccentric loading varies by the task and previous exposure to similar stress, future study needs to investigate the time course of recovery of the muscle cross-sectional area and range of motion after pitching in competitive pitchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiko Oyama
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 25799-8700, USA
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Al-Mandeel MM, Watson T. The thermal and nonthermal effects of high and low doses of pulsed short wave therapy (PSWT). PHYSIOTHERAPY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2010; 15:199-211. [DOI: 10.1002/pri.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Khamwong P, Pirunsan U, Paungmali A. A prophylactic effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching on symptoms of muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise of the wrist extensors. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2010; 15:507-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Perugia G, Liberti M, Vicini P, Colistro F, Gentile V. Use of local hyperthermia as prophylaxis of fibrosis and modification in penile length following radical retropubic prostatectomy. Int J Hyperthermia 2009; 21:359-65. [PMID: 16019861 DOI: 10.1080/02656730500133827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of local hyperthermia in reducing possible penile shortening following radical retropubic prostatectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study population comprised 40 patients, aged 52-74 years, submitted to radical retropubic prostatectomy. Patients were divided into two groups of 20. In Group A, patients were submitted to local hyperthermia 3 weeks after surgery, three times a week, with treatment lasting 30 min. Patients received a total of 10 applications, which reached a local temperature of 39-40 degrees C. A second cycle was repeated after 1 month. In Group B, patients were submitted only to post-operative follow-up once a month. Penile length was measured in all patients both before and 3 months after surgery in the 'stretching phase' from the pubo-penile junction to the tip of the glans. RESULTS In Group A patients (hyperthermia treatment), no variation in penile length was observed in 16 cases (80%), while the reduction ranged from 0.5-1.5 cm in four cases (20%). In Group B, 12 patients (60%) showed a reduction in penile length ranging from 0.5-2.5 cm, while penile length remained unchanged in eight patients (40%). CONCLUSIONS Results of this study demonstrate a mild but statistically relevant reduction in penile shortening following low-grade, externally delivered penile hyperthermia, thus confirming the efficacy of this approach in preventing penile shortening caused by post-ischaemic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Perugia
- Department of Urology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Muraoka T, Omuro K, Wakahara T, Muramatsu T, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T, Kanosue K. Effects of Muscle Cooling on the Stiffness of the Human Gastrocnemius Muscle in vivo. Cells Tissues Organs 2008; 187:152-60. [DOI: 10.1159/000109943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Bazett-Jones DM, Gibson MH, McBride JM. Sprint and Vertical Jump Performances Are Not Affected by Six Weeks of Static Hamstring Stretching. J Strength Cond Res 2008; 22:25-31. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31815f99a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tsuang YH, Lam SL, Wu LC, Chiang CJ, Chen LT, Chen PY, Sun JS, Wang CC. Isokinetic eccentric exercise can induce skeletal muscle injury within the physiologic excursion of muscle-tendon unit: a rabbit model. J Orthop Surg Res 2007; 2:13. [PMID: 17711591 PMCID: PMC2014739 DOI: 10.1186/1749-799x-2-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Intensive eccentric exercise can cause muscle damage. We simulated an animal model of isokinetic eccentric exercise by repetitively stretching stimulated triceps surae muscle-tendon units to determine if such exercise affects the mechanical properties of the unit within its physiologic excursion. METHODS Biomechanical parameters of the muscle-tendon unit were monitored during isokinetic eccentric loading in 12 rabbits. In each animal, one limb (control group) was stretched until failure. The other limb (study group) was first subjected to isokinetic and eccentric cyclic loading at the rate of 10.0 cm/min to 112% (group I) or 120% (group II) of its initial length for 1 hour and then stretched to failure. Load-deformation curves and biomechanical parameters were compared between the study and control groups. RESULTS When the muscle-tendon unit received eccentric cyclic loading to 112%, changes in all biomechanical parameters - except for the slope of the load-deformation curve - were not significant. In contrast, most parameters, including the slope of the load-deformation curve, peak load, deformation at peak load, total energy absorption, and energy absorption before peak load, significantly decreased after isokinetic eccentric cyclic loading to 120%. CONCLUSION We found a threshold for eccentrically induced injury of the rabbit triceps surae muscle at between 12% and 20% strain, which is within the physiologic excursion of the muscle-tendon units. Our study provided evidence that eccentric exercise may induce changes in the biomechanical properties of skeletal muscles, even within the physiologic range of the excursion of the muscle-tendon unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hwei Tsuang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shui-Ling Lam
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lien-Chen Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Jung Chiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Chen
- Department of Research and Development, Healthbanks Biotechnology Corporation Ltd, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Sheng Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Che Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, PoJen General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Järvinen TAH, Järvinen TLN, Kääriäinen M, Aärimaa V, Vaittinen S, Kalimo H, Järvinen M. Muscle injuries: optimising recovery. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2007; 21:317-31. [PMID: 17512485 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Muscle injuries are one of the most common traumas occurring in sports. Despite their clinical importance, there are only a few clinical studies on the treatment of muscle injuries. Lack of clinical studies is most probably attributable to the fact that there is not only a high heterogeneity in the severity of injuries, but also the injuries take place in different muscles, making it very demanding to carry out clinical trials. Accordingly, the current treatment principles of muscle injuries have either been derived from experimental studies or been tested empirically only. Clinically, first aid for muscle injuries follows the RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation) principle. The objective of RICE is to stop the injury-induced bleeding into the muscle tissue and thereby minimise the extent of the injury. Clinical examination should be carried out immediately after the injury and 5-7 days after the initial trauma, at which point the severity of the injury can be assessed more reliably. At that time, a more detailed characterisation of the injury can be made using imaging diagnostic modalities (ultrasound or MRI) if desired. The treatment of injured skeletal muscle should be carried out by immediate immobilisation of the injured muscle (clinically, relative immobility/avoidance of muscle contractions). However, the duration of immobilisation should be limited to a period sufficient to produce a scar of sufficient strength to bear the forces induced by remobilisation without re-rupture and the return to activity (mobilisation) should then be started gradually within the limits of pain. Early return to activity is needed to optimise the regeneration of healing muscle and recovery of the flexibility and strength of the injured skeletal muscle to pre-injury levels. The rehabilitation programme should be built around progressive agility and trunk stabilisation exercises, as these exercises seem to yield better outcome for injured skeletal muscle than programmes based exclusively on stretching and strengthening of the injured muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero A H Järvinen
- Institute of Medical Technology and Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
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Abstract
The heightened intensity of training and competition among young athletes places them at increased risk for both acute and chronic injuries. Prompt recognition and treatment of such injuries are critical to prevent long-term functional disability and deformity. These injuries occur in patterns unique to the skeletally immature athlete, given their developing epiphyses and ossification centers and supporting ligamentous structures. Children and adolescents who participate in recreational and organized sports are particularly susceptible to a broad spectrum of lower extremity injuries involving both the osseous and soft-tissue structures. Fundamental knowledge of the pathophysiology of injury helps the clinician in determining management. Early recognition of acute traumatic injuries, along with preventive regimens and knowledge of both nonsurgical and surgical treatment protocols, has helped to restore and maintain normal lower extremity function in the skeletally immature athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Frank
- Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic, Los Angeles, CA, and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NYU-Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Law RYW, Herbert RD. Warm-up reduces delayed-onset muscle soreness but cool-down does not: a randomised controlled trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 53:91-5. [PMID: 17535144 DOI: 10.1016/s0004-9514(07)70041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
QUESTION Does warm-up or cool-down (also called warm-down) reduce delayed-onset muscle soreness? DESIGN Randomised controlled trial of factorial design with concealed allocation and intention-to-treat analysis. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-two healthy adults (23 men and 29 women aged 17 to 40 years). INTERVENTION Four equally-sized groups received either warm-up and cool-down, warm-up only, cool-down only, or neither warm-up nor cool-down. All participants performed exercise to induce delayed-onset muscle soreness, which involved walking backwards downhill on an inclined treadmill for 30 minutes. The warm-up and cool-down exercise involved walking forwards uphill on an inclined treadmill for 10 minutes. OUTCOME MEASURE Muscle soreness, measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale. RESULTS Warm-up reduced perceived muscle soreness 48 hours after exercise on the visual analogue scale (mean effect of 13 mm, 95% CI 2 to 24 mm). However cool-down had no apparent effect (mean effect of 0 mm, 95% CI -11 to 11 mm). CONCLUSION Warm-up performed immediately prior to unaccustomed eccentric exercise produces small reductions in delayed-onset muscle soreness but cool-down performed after exercise does not.
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Perugia G, Liberti M, Vicini P, Colistro F, Gentile V. Role of hyperthermia in the treatment of Peyronie's disease: a preliminary study. Int J Hyperthermia 2005; 21:367-74. [PMID: 16019862 DOI: 10.1080/02656730500133892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous experience in the treatment of plaque with hyperthermia in orthopaedics led the authors to investigate the effectiveness of this approach in patients with Peyronie's disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study population comprised 60 patients (aged 36-76 years) with advanced Peyronie's disease. Patients were divided into two groups (A and B), with 30 in each. Group A patients underwent local hyperthermia treatment, with 30-min treatment sessions twice a week for 5 weeks. Patients received a total of 10 applications, which reached a local temperature of 39-40 degrees C. A second cycle was repeated after a 1-month interval for a total of 20 treatment sessions. Group B patients were treated with intra-plaque infiltrations using 10 mg verapamil; they received one infiltration once a week for 3 months. Differences between the two groups, as well as between variables (before and after treatment), were analysed using Student t-test and Fisher test. RESULTS Hyperthermia significantly reduced plaque size and penile curvature and led to an increase in mean scores of erectile function (EF) domain, while verapamil had no such effects. Haemodynamic parameters were not significantly modified in either group. Hyperthermia caused significantly fewer side effects than verapamil infiltrations and was significantly more effective in preventing disease progression. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of pain reduction during erection. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study stress the efficacy of hyperthermia in the treatment of advanced Peyronie's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Perugia
- Department of Urology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Muscle injuries are one of the most common traumas occurring in sports. Despite their clinical importance, few clinical studies exist on the treatment of these traumas. Thus, the current treatment principles of muscle injuries have either been derived from experimental studies or been tested only empirically. Although nonoperative treatment results in good functional outcomes in the majority of athletes with muscle injuries, the consequences of failed treatment can be very dramatic, possibly postponing an athlete's return to sports for weeks or even months. Moreover, the recognition of some basic principles of skeletal muscle regeneration and healing processes can considerably help in both avoiding the imminent dangers and accelerating the return to competition. Accordingly, in this review, the authors have summarized the prevailing understanding on the biology of muscle regeneration. Furthermore, they have reviewed the existing data on the different treatment modalities (such as medication, therapeutic ultrasound, physical therapy) thought to influence the healing of injured skeletal muscle. In the end, they extend these findings to clinical practice in an attempt to propose an evidence-based approach for the diagnosis and optimal treatment of skeletal muscle injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero A H Järvinen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, PO Box 2000, FIN-33521 Tampere, Finland
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Hoskins W, Pollard H. The management of hamstring injury—Part 1: Issues in diagnosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 10:96-107. [PMID: 15922230 DOI: 10.1016/j.math.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2004] [Revised: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hamstring injuries are the most prevalent muscle injury in sports involving rapid acceleration and maximum speed running. Injury typically occurs in an acute manner through an eccentric mechanism at the terminal stages of the swing phase of gait. Biceps femoris is most commonly injured. Re-injury rates are high and management is a challenge given the complex multi-factorial aetiology. The high rates of hamstring injury and re-injury may result from a lack of high-quality research into the aetiological factors underlying injury. Re-injury may also result from inaccuracy in diagnosis that results from the potential multi-factorial causes of these conditions. Inaccuracy in diagnosis could lead to multiple potential diagnoses that may result in the implementation of variable management protocols. Whilst potentially useful, such variability may also lead to the implementation of sub-optimal management strategies. Previous hamstring injury is the most recognized risk factor for injury, which indicates that future research should be directed at preventative measures. Much anecdotal and indirect evidence exists to suggest that several non-local factors contribute to injury, which may be addressed through the application of manual therapy. However, this connection has been neglected in previous research and literature. This paper will explore and speculate on this potential connection and offer some new contributive factors for hamstring injury management. This first paper of a two part series on hamstring injury will explore diagnostic issues relevant to hamstring injury and the second will investigate various established and speculative management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Hoskins
- Macquarie Injury Management Group, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
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Cosgray NA, Lawrance SE, Mestrich JD, Martin SE, Whalen RL. Effect of heat modalities on hamstring length: a comparison of pneumatherm, moist heat pack, and a control. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2004; 34:377-84. [PMID: 15296365 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2004.34.7.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Prospective, researcher-blinded, repeated-measures, randomized complete block design. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of a single treatment of Pneumatherm, moist heat pack, and a control treatment on hamstring muscle length. BACKGROUND Traditionally, heating modalities have been used to facilitate increases in tissue length. The Pneumatherm has been developed over the past 20 years for use in the clinical treatment of a variety of musculoskeletal pathologies. However, there is no published evidence supporting the use of Pneumatherm for improving muscle length. SUBJECTS Participants consisted of 30 healthy, college-age males taken from a convenience sampling from the University of Indianapolis student population. METHODS AND MEASURES Participants received a 3-treatment sequence on consecutive days. Treatments involved applying the determined modality to the posterior thigh using standard treatment protocols. A hand-held dynamometer was used to establish a consistent passive measurement force to measure hamstring muscle length. RESULTS A mixed-model analysis of variance with pretest-posttest (3 pretest and 3 posttest measures) and treatment sequence of the modalities (6 sequences of Pneumatherm, moist heat, and control) was completed. The only significant effect was for pretest-posttest measures. Post hoc comparisons revealed that the Pneumatherm posttest value was significantly different from all other measures. There were no differences found between pretest scores and the moist heat and control posttest scores. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the Pneumatherm modality is an effective agent for increasing hamstring muscle length following a single 20-minute treatment. In this study, a significant gain in hamstring muscle length was not found following a 1-time treatment with moist heat. The Pneumatherm may be a good option when heat is used to assist in gaining flexibility of the hamstring musculature.
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Abstract
It is generally accepted that increasing the flexibility of a muscle-tendon unit promotes better performances and decreases the number of injuries. Stretching exercises are regularly included in warm-up and cooling-down exercises; however, contradictory findings have been reported in the literature. Several authors have suggested that stretching has a beneficial effect on injury prevention. In contrast, clinical evidence suggesting that stretching before exercise does not prevent injuries has also been reported. Apparently, no scientifically based prescription for stretching exercises exists and no conclusive statements can be made about the relationship of stretching and athletic injuries. Stretching recommendations are clouded by misconceptions and conflicting research reports. We believe that part of these contradictions can be explained by considering the type of sports activity in which an individual is participating. Sports involving bouncing and jumping activities with a high intensity of stretch-shortening cycles (SSCs) [e.g. soccer and football] require a muscle-tendon unit that is compliant enough to store and release the high amount of elastic energy that benefits performance in such sports. If the participants of these sports have an insufficient compliant muscle-tendon unit, the demands in energy absorption and release may rapidly exceed the capacity of the muscle-tendon unit. This may lead to an increased risk for injury of this structure. Consequently, the rationale for injury prevention in these sports is to increase the compliance of the muscle-tendon unit. Recent studies have shown that stretching programmes can significantly influence the viscosity of the tendon and make it significantly more compliant, and when a sport demands SSCs of high intensity, stretching may be important for injury prevention. This conjecture is in agreement with the available scientific clinical evidence from these types of sports activities. In contrast, when the type of sports activity contains low-intensity, or limited SSCs (e.g. jogging, cycling and swimming) there is no need for a very compliant muscle-tendon unit since most of its power generation is a consequence of active (contractile) muscle work that needs to be directly transferred (by the tendon) to the articular system to generate motion. Therefore, stretching (and thus making the tendon more compliant) may not be advantageous. This conjecture is supported by the literature, where strong evidence exists that stretching has no beneficial effect on injury prevention in these sports. If this point of view is used when examining research findings concerning stretching and injuries, the reasons for the contrasting findings in the literature are in many instances resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Witvrouw
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium.
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48
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Weldon SM, Hill RH. The efficacy of stretching for prevention of exercise-related injury: a systematic review of the literature. MANUAL THERAPY 2003; 8:141-50. [PMID: 12909434 DOI: 10.1016/s1356-689x(03)00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic analysis of the literature to assess the efficacy of stretching for prevention of exercise-related injury. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) investigating stretching as an injury prevention measure were selected. A computer-aided search of the literature was conducted for relevant articles, followed by assessment of the methods of the studies. The main outcome measures were scores for methodological quality based on four main categories (study population, interventions, measurement of effect, and data presentation and analysis) and main conclusions of authors with regard to stretching. One RCT (25%) and three CCTs (100%) concluded that stretching reduced the incidence of exercise-related injury. Three RCTs (75%) concluded that stretching did not reduce the incidence of exercise-related injury. Only two studies scored more than 50 points (maximum score=100 points) indicating that most of the studies selected were of poor quality. Neither of the two highest scoring RCTs showed positive effects for stretching. Due to the paucity, heterogeneity and poor quality of the available studies no definitive conclusions can be drawn as to the value of stretching for reducing the risk of exercise-related injury.
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Evans RK, Knight KL, Draper DO, Parcell AC. Effects of warm-up before eccentric exercise on indirect markers of muscle damage. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34:1892-9. [PMID: 12471293 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200212000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test whether active and passive warm-up conducted before eccentric exercise attenuates clinical markers of muscle damage. METHODS Untrained subjects were exposed to one of five conditions: low-heat passive warm-up (N = 10), high-heat passive warm-up (N = 4), or active warm-up (N = 9), preceding eccentric exercise; eccentric exercise without warm-up (N = 10); or high-heat passive warm-up without eccentric exercise (N = 10). Passive warm-up of the elbow flexors was achieved using pulsed short-wave diathermy, and active warm-up was achieved by concentric contraction. Creatine kinase (CK) activity, strength, range of motion, swelling, and muscle soreness were observed before treatment (baseline) and 24, 48, 72, and 168 h after treatment. RESULTS High-heat passive warm-up without eccentric exercise did not affect any marker of muscle damage and was used as our control group. Markers of muscle damage were not different between groups that did or did not conduct warm-up before eccentric exercise. The active warm-up and eccentric groups exhibited a greater circumferential increase than controls (P < 0.0002), however, that was not observed after passive warm-up. Additionally, the active warm-up group exhibited a greater CK response than controls at 72 h (P < 0.05). The high-heat passive warm-up before eccentric exercise group exhibited significant change from controls at the least number of time points, but due to a small sample size (N = 4), these data should be viewed as preliminary. CONCLUSION Our observations suggest that passive warm-up performed before eccentric exercise may be more beneficial than active warm-up or no warm-up in attenuating swelling but does not prevent, attenuate, or resolve more quickly the other clinical symptoms of eccentric muscle damage as produced in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Evans
- College of Health and Human Performance, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
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50
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Askling C, Lund H, Saartok T, Thorstensson A. Self-reported hamstring injuries in student-dancers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2002; 12:230-5. [PMID: 12199872 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0838.2002.00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dancing involves powerful movements as well as flexibility exercises, both of which may be related to specific injuries to the musculo-tendinosus tissue, e.g., the hamstring muscle complex. In this study, the occurrence of acute and overuse injuries to the rear thigh in dancers was investigated retrospectively by means of a questionnaire. All but one (n = 98) of the student-dancers (age 17-25 years) at the Ballet Academy in Stockholm participated. The results demonstrated that, during the past 10 years, every third dancer (34%) reported that they had acute injuries and every sixth dancer (17%) had overuse injuries to the rear thigh. Most (91%) of the acute injuries were subjectively located to an area close to tuber ischiadicum. The majority (88%) stated that the acute injury occurred during slow activities in flexibility training, e.g., splits, and only a few (12%) in powerful movements. Continuing problems were reported by 70% of the acutely injured dancers. Many of the dancers neglected their acute injury (14 did not even stop the ongoing dance activity) and they also greatly underestimated the recovery time. Only 4 dancers (12%) received acute medical assistance. Thus the results, based on the recollection of the subjects, indicated that stretching could induce severe strain injuries to the proximal hamstrings in dancers. Extrapolating these results to the practice, it can be recommended that stretching exercises be executed with caution in connection with dancing sessions and training, and that, information about the seriousness and acute treatment of such injuries be added to the student-dancers' curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Askling
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University College of Physical Education and Sports, Stockholm, Sweden
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