Regeneration of skeletal muscle using in situ tissue engineering on an acellular collagen sponge scaffold in a rabbit model

Because of the limited ability of skeletal muscle to regenerate, resection of a large amount of muscle mass often results in incomplete recovery due to nonfunctional scar tissue. The aim of this study was to regenerate skeletal muscle using in situ tissue engineering in a rabbit model. In 18 male rabbits, a muscle defect (1.0 x ~1.0 x ~0.5 cm) was created in the vastus lateralis of both legs. A piece of cross-linked atelocollagen sponge was then inserted into the defect in one leg, whereas the defect in the other leg was left untreated. Both defects were finally covered with fascia. Twenty-four weeks after surgery, the defect that had been filled with the cross-linked atelocollagen sponge scaffold showed mild concavity and slight adhesion to the fascia, while the control side showed severe scar formation and shrinkage. Histologically, the regenerating myofibers at the site containing the collagen sponge were greater in number, diameter, and length than those at the control site. These results indicate that cross-linked atelocollagen sponge has the potential to act as a scaffold for muscle tissue regeneration.

Repairing of rabbit skull defect by dehydrothermally crosslinked collagen sponges incorporating transforming growth factor beta1

Collagen sponges of various biodegradabilities were prepared by dehydrothermal crosslinking at 140 degrees C for different time periods. When the collagen sponges were radioiodinated and implanted subcutaneously into the back of mice, the radioactivity remaining at the implanted site decreased with time; the longer the time of dehydrothermal crosslinking, the slower the radioactivity decrement. The radioactivity following the subcutaneous implantation of collagen sponges incorporating (125)I-labeled transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 also decreased with time. The time profile of both the radioactivity remainings was in good accordance to each other, irrespective of the crosslinking time. This indicates that the TGF-beta1 incorporated in the sponges was released as a result of sponge biodegradation. Potential of collagen sponges incorporating 0.1 micro g of TGF-beta1 in repairing the defect of rabbit skulls was evaluated in a stress-unloaded state. Bone repairing was induced by application of the collagen sponges incorporating 0.1 micro g of TGF-beta1 whereas that of free TGF-beta1 at the same dose and TGF-beta1-free, empty collagen sponges were ineffective. The bone defect was histologically closed by the bone tissue newly formed 6 weeks after application. Bone mineral density (BMD) analysis revealed that the collagen sponge incorporating TGF-beta1 enhanced the BMD value at the bone defect to a significantly great extent compared with other agents. A maximum enhancement of BMD was observed for the collagen sponge incorporating TGF-beta1 which was prepared by dehydrothermal crosslinking for 6 h. It was concluded that the TGF-beta1 incorporated in the collagen sponge was released in a biologically active form as a result of sponge biodegradation, resulting in enhanced bone repairing at the skull defect. It is possible that for too slowly degraded sponges, the remaining physically impairs the bone repairing at the skull defect. Induction of bone repairing would not be achieved through a rapid release of TGF-beta1 from too fast-degraded sponge.