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Pan J, Tong F, Ren N, Ren L, Yang Y, Gao F, Xu Q. Role of N 6‑methyladenosine in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2024; 51:88. [PMID: 38757383 PMCID: PMC11110010 DOI: 10.3892/or.2024.8747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) affects males of all racial and ethnic groups, and leads to higher rates of mortality in those belonging to a lower socioeconomic status due to the late detection of the disease. PCa affects middle‑aged males between the ages of 45 and 60 years, and is the highest cause of cancer‑associated mortality in Western countries. As the most abundant and common mRNA modification in higher eukaryotes, N6‑methyladenosine (m6A) is widely distributed in mammalian cells and influences various aspects of mRNA metabolism. Recent studies have found that abnormal expression levels of various m6A regulators significantly affect the development and progression of various types of cancer, including PCa. The present review discusses the influence of m6A regulatory factors on the pathogenesis and progression of PCa through mRNA modification based on the current state of research on m6A methylation modification in PCa. It is considered that the treatment of PCa with micro‑molecular drugs that target the epigenetics of the m6A regulator to correct abnormal m6A modifications is a direction for future research into current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Pan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
- Fourth Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, P.R. China
| | - Fei Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Ning Ren
- Fourth Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, P.R. China
| | - Lanqi Ren
- Fourth Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, P.R. China
| | - Yibei Yang
- Fourth Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Urology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310007, P.R. China
| | - Qiaoping Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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Darbà J, Ascanio M. Prostate cancer in Spain: A retrospective database analysis of hospital incidence and the direct medical costs. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298764. [PMID: 38451968 PMCID: PMC10919697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The goal of this study is to determine the medical costs, comorbidity profile, and health care resources use of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer who have been treated in Spanish hospitals. METHODS The admission records of the patients diagnosed with prostate cancer used in the study were registered between January 2016 and December 2020. These records have been collected from a Spanish hospital discharge database and have been evaluated in a retrospective multicenter analysis. RESULTS 8218 patients from the database met the criteria and were thus analyzed. The median aged of the diagnosed patients was 71.68 years. The median Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score was 4, and the updated median CCI was 3. Hypertension was diagnosed in the 49.76% of the individuals, 37.03% had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 34.51% had hyperlipidaemia. The mortality rate was 9.30%. The most common medical procedure was prostate resection with percutaneous endoscopic approach (31.18%). The mean annual cost per admission was 5212.98€ €. CONCLUSIONS Technologies, such as the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing for screening has helped in the diagnosis in the past decades, enhancing a decrease in the mortality rate of the patients throughout the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Darbà
- Department of Economics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Huertas-Lárez R, Muñoz-Moreno L, Recio-Aldavero J, Román ID, Arenas MI, Blasco A, Sanchís-Bonet Á, Bajo AM. Induction of more aggressive tumoral phenotypes in LNCaP and PC3 cells by serum exosomes from prostate cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2023; 153:1829-1841. [PMID: 37526104 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequent and sixth most fatal cancer in men worldwide. Despite its high prevalence, our understanding of its etiology and the molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of the disease is substantially limited. In recent years, the potential participation of exosomes in this process has been suggested. Therefore, we aim to study the effect of exosomes isolated from the serum of patients with PCa on various cellular processes associated with increased tumor aggressiveness in two PCa cell lines: LNCaP-FGC and PC3. The exosomes were isolated by filtration wand ultracentrifugation. Their presence was confirmed by immunodetection of specific markers and their size distribution was analyzed by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The results obtained demonstrated that serum exosomes from PCa patients increased migration of PC3 cells and neuroendocrine differentiation of LNCaP-FGC cells regardless of the grade of the tumor. PCa serum exosomes also enhanced the secretion of enzymes related to invasiveness and resistance to chemotherapeutics, such as extracellular matrix metalloproteases 2 and 9, and gamma-glutamyltransferase in both cell lines. Altogether, these findings support the pivotal participation of exosomes released by tumoral cells in the progression of PCa. Future studies on the molecular mechanisms involved in the observed changes could provide crucial information on this disease and help in the discovery of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Huertas-Lárez
- Grupo de Investigación Cánceres de Origen Epitelial, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Científico-Tecnológico, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Muñoz-Moreno
- Grupo de Investigación Cánceres de Origen Epitelial, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Científico-Tecnológico, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Recio-Aldavero
- Grupo de Investigación Cánceres de Origen Epitelial, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Científico-Tecnológico, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Dolores Román
- Grupo de Investigación Cánceres de Origen Epitelial, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Científico-Tecnológico, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Arenas
- Grupo de Investigación Cánceres de Origen Epitelial, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Científico-Tecnológico, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Blasco
- Grupo de Investigación Cánceres de Origen Epitelial, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Carretera de Alcalá Meco s/n, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Sanchís-Bonet
- Grupo de Investigación Cánceres de Origen Epitelial, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Carretera de Alcalá Meco s/n, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Bajo
- Grupo de Investigación Cánceres de Origen Epitelial, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Científico-Tecnológico, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Catalano M, Generali D, Gatti M, Riboli B, Paganini L, Nesi G, Roviello G. DNA repair deficiency as circulating biomarker in prostate cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1115241. [PMID: 36793600 PMCID: PMC9922904 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1115241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Deleterious aberrations in DNA repair genes are actionable in approximately 25% of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers (mCRPC) patients. Homology recombination repair (HRR) is the DNA damage repair (DDR) mechanism most frequently altered in prostate cancer; of note BRCA2 is the most frequently altered DDR gene in this tumor. Poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors showed antitumor activity with a improvement in overall survival in mCRPC carrying somatic and/or germline alterations of HHR. Germline mutations are tested on peripheral blood samples using DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes, while the somatic alterations are assessed by extracting DNA from a tumor tissue sample. However, each of these genetic tests have some limitations: the somatic tests are related to the sample availability and tumor heterogeneity, while the germline testing are mainly related to the inability to detect somatic HRR mutations. Therefore, the liquid biopsy, a non-invasive and easily repeatable test compared to tissue test, could identified somatic mutation detected on the circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) extracted from a plasma. This approach should better represent the heterogeneity of the tumor compared to the primary biopsy and maybe helpful in monitoring the onset of potential mutations involved in treatment resistance. Furthermore, ctDNA may inform about timing and potential cooperation of multiple driver genes aberration guiding the treatment options in patients with mCRPC. However, the clinical use of ctDNA test in prostate cancer compared to blood and tissue testing are currently very limited. In this review, we summarize the current therapeutic indications in prostate cancer patients with DDR deficiency, the recommendation for germline and somatic-genomic testing in advanced PC and the advantages of the use liquid biopsy in clinical routine for mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Catalano
- School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Generali
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marta Gatti
- Servizio di Citogenetica e Genetica - Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Barbara Riboli
- Servizio di Citogenetica e Genetica - Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Leda Paganini
- Servizio di Citogenetica e Genetica - Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Gabriella Nesi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Cimadamore A, Cheng L, Massari F, Santoni M, Pepi L, Franzese C, Scarpelli M, Lopez-Beltran A, Galosi AB, Montironi R. Circulating Tumor DNA Testing for Homology Recombination Repair Genes in Prostate Cancer: From the Lab to the Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5522. [PMID: 34073818 PMCID: PMC8197269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 23% of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers (mCRPC) harbor deleterious aberrations in DNA repair genes. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) therapy has shown improvements in overall survival in patients with mCRPC who harbor somatic and/or germline alterations of homology recombination repair (HRR) genes. Peripheral blood samples are typically used for the germline mutation analysis test using the DNA extracted from peripheral blood leucocytes. Somatic alterations can be assessed by extracting DNA from a tumor tissue sample or using circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) extracted from a plasma sample. Each of these genetic tests has its own benefits and limitations. The main advantages compared to the tissue test are that liquid biopsy is a non-invasive and easily repeatable test with the value of better representing tumor heterogeneity than primary biopsy and of capturing changes and/or resistance mutations in the genetic tumor profile during disease progression. Furthermore, ctDNA can inform about mutation status and guide treatment options in patients with mCRPC. Clinical validation and test implementation into routine clinical practice are currently very limited. In this review, we discuss the state of the art of the ctDNA test in prostate cancer compared to blood and tissue testing. We also illustrate the ctDNA testing workflow, the available techniques for ctDNA extraction, sequencing, and analysis, describing advantages and limits of each techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, United Hospitals, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (L.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Francesco Massari
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Oncology Unit, Macerata Hospital, 62100 Macerata, Italy;
| | - Laura Pepi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, United Hospitals, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (L.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Carmine Franzese
- Department of Specialist Clinical Science and Odontostomatology, Urology Division, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, United Hospitals, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (C.F.); (A.B.G.)
| | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, United Hospitals, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (L.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Cordoba University Medical School, 14071 Cordoba, Spain;
| | - Andrea Benedetto Galosi
- Department of Specialist Clinical Science and Odontostomatology, Urology Division, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, United Hospitals, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (C.F.); (A.B.G.)
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, United Hospitals, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (L.P.); (M.S.)
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Galosi AB, Palagonia E, Scarcella S, Cimadamore A, Lacetera V, Delle Fave RF, Antezza A, Dell'Atti L. Detection limits of significant prostate cancer using multiparametric MR and digital rectal examination in men with low serum PSA: Up-date of the Italian Society of Integrated Diagnostic in Urology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 93:92-100. [PMID: 33754619 DOI: 10.4081/aiua.2021.1.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reasons why significant prostate cancer is still missed in early stage were investigated at the 22nd National SIEUN (Italian Society of integrated diagnostic in Urology, Andrology, Nephrology) congress took place from 30th November to 1st December 2020, in virtual modality. Even if multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR) has been introduced in the clinical practice several, limitations are emerging in patient with regular digital rectal examination (DRE) and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels approaching the normal limits. The present paper summarizes highlights observed in those cases where significant prostate cancer may be missed by PSA or imaging and DRE. The issue of multidisciplinary interest had been subdivided and deepened under four main topics: biochemical, clinical, pathological and radiological point of view with a focus on PI-RADS 3 lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Galosi
- Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona.
| | - Erika Palagonia
- Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona.
| | - Simone Scarcella
- Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona.
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Division of Pathology, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona.
| | - Vito Lacetera
- Division of Urology, Azienda Ospedaliera Marche Nord, Pesaro.
| | - Rocco F Delle Fave
- Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona.
| | - Angelo Antezza
- Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona.
| | - Lucio Dell'Atti
- Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona.
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Lacetera V, Antezza A, Papaveri A, Cappa E, Cervelli B, Gabrielloni G, Montesi M, Morcellini R, Parri G, Recanatini E, Beatrici V. MRI/US fusion prostate biopsy in men on active surveillance: Our experience. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 93:88-91. [PMID: 33754618 DOI: 10.4081/aiua.2021.1.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM The upgrading or staging in men with prostate cancer (PCA) undergoing active surveillance (AS), defined as Gleason score (GS) ≥ 3+4 or more than 2 area with cancer, was investigated in our experience using the software-based fusion biopsy (FB). METHODS We selected from our database, composed of 620 biopsies, only men on AS according to criteria of John Hopkins Protocol (T1c, < 3 positive cores, GS = 3+3 = 6). Monitoring consisted of PSA measurement every 3 months, a clinical examination every 6 months, confirmatory FB within 6 months and then annual FB in all men. The suspicious MRI lesions were scored according to the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) classification version 2. FB were performed with a transrectal elastic free-hand fusion platform. The overall and clinically significant cancer detection rate was reported. Secondary, the diagnostic role of systematic biopsies was evaluated. RESULTS We selected 56 patients on AS with mean age 67.4 years, mean PSA 6.7 ng/ml and at least one follow-up MRI-US fusion biopsy (10 had 2 or 3 follow-up biopsies). Lesions detected by MRI were: PIRADS-2 in 5, PIRADS-3 in 28, PIRADS-4 in 18 pts and PIRADS-5 in 5 patients. In each MRI lesion, FB with 2.1 ± 1.1 cores were taken with a mean total cores of 13 ± 2.4 including the systematic cores. The overall cancer detection rate was 71% (40/56): 62% (25/40) in target core and 28% (15/40) in systematic core. The overall significant cancer detection rate was 46% (26/56): 69% (18/26) in target vs 31% (8/26) in random cores. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of clinical significant cancer was 46% in men starting active surveillance, but it was more than doubled using MRI/US Target Biopsy 69% (18/26) rather than random cores (31%, 8/26). However, 1/3 of disease upgrades would have been missed if only the targeted biopsies were performed. Based on our experience, MRI/US fusion target biopsy must be associated to systematic biopsies to improve detection of significant cancer, reducing the risks of misclassification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Lacetera
- Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Division of Urology, Pesaro.
| | - Angelo Antezza
- Università Politecnica delle Marche-Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Torrette di Ancona.
| | - Alessio Papaveri
- Università Politecnica delle Marche-Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Torrette di Ancona.
| | - Emanuele Cappa
- Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Division of Urology, Pesaro.
| | - Bernardino Cervelli
- Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Division of Urology, Pesaro.
| | | | - Michele Montesi
- Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Division of Urology, Pesaro.
| | - Roberto Morcellini
- Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Division of Urology, Pesaro.
| | - Gianni Parri
- Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Division of Urology, Pesaro.
| | - Emilio Recanatini
- Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Division of Urology, Pesaro.
| | - Valerio Beatrici
- Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Division of Urology, Pesaro.
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