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van Haren E, van Vugt LK, Wijbenga N, van der Sijs H, Hellemons ME. Recurrent Treatment of Refractory Acute Cellular Rejection with Alemtuzumab after Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2024:S1053-2498(24)01738-8. [PMID: 39009290 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
We present an exceptional case of a lung transplant recipient successfully treated by multiple courses of alemtuzumab for refractory acute cellular rejection. The patient experienced multiple episodes of acute cellular rejection following the transplantation procedure. Alemtuzumab was initiated as third-line rejection treatment and was repeated six times. Each treatment course resulted in complete recovery of the pulmonary function and depletion of T- and B-lymphocytes and NK cells. The onset of rejection was consistently preceded by the recovery of NK cells, while T- and B-lymphocytes remained depleted. This suggests a rejection process mediated by NK cells. This case contributes to recent research findings suggesting that NK cells play a significant role in acute cellular rejection in lung transplant recipients and stresses the importance to further investigate the role of NK cells in rejection. Furthermore, it demonstrates that acute cellular rejection following lung transplantation can be repeatedly managed by treatment with alemtuzumab. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT: The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva van Haren
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Lukas K van Vugt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nynke Wijbenga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heleen van der Sijs
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Merel E Hellemons
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Rachamala HK, Madamsetty VS, Angom RS, Nakka NM, Dutta SK, Wang E, Mukhopadhyay D, Pal K. Targeting mTOR and survivin concurrently potentiates radiation therapy in renal cell carcinoma by suppressing DNA damage repair and amplifying mitotic catastrophe. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:159. [PMID: 38840237 PMCID: PMC11155143 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was historically considered to be less responsive to radiation therapy (RT) compared to other cancer indications. However, advancements in precision high-dose radiation delivery through single-fraction and multi-fraction stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) have led to better outcomes and reduced treatment-related toxicities, sparking renewed interest in using RT to treat RCC. Moreover, numerous studies have revealed that certain therapeutic agents including chemotherapies can increase the sensitivity of tumors to RT, leading to a growing interest in combining these treatments. Here, we developed a rational combination of two radiosensitizers in a tumor-targeted liposomal formulation for augmenting RT in RCC. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of a tumor-targeted liposomal formulation combining the mTOR inhibitor everolimus (E) with the survivin inhibitor YM155 (Y) in enhancing the sensitivity of RCC tumors to radiation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We slightly modified our previously published tumor-targeted liposomal formulation to develop a rational combination of E and Y in a single liposomal formulation (EY-L) and assessed its efficacy in RCC cell lines in vitro and in RCC tumors in vivo. We further investigated how well EY-L sensitizes RCC cell lines and tumors toward radiation and explored the underlying mechanism of radiosensitization. RESULTS EY-L outperformed the corresponding single drug-loaded formulations E-L and Y-L in terms of containing primary tumor growth and improving survival in an immunocompetent syngeneic mouse model of RCC. EY-L also exhibited significantly higher sensitization of RCC cells towards radiation in vitro than E-L and Y-L. Additionally, EY-L sensitized RCC tumors towards radiation therapy in xenograft and murine RCC models. EY-L mediated induction of mitotic catastrophe via downregulation of multiple cell cycle checkpoints and DNA damage repair pathways could be responsible for the augmentation of radiation therapy. CONCLUSION Taken together, our study demonstrated the efficacy of a strategic combination therapy in sensitizing RCC to radiation therapy via inhibition of DNA damage repair and a substantial increase in mitotic catastrophe. This combination therapy may find its use in the augmentation of radiation therapy during the treatment of RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari K Rachamala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Vijay S Madamsetty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- PolyARNA Therapeutics, One Kendal Square, Cambridge, MA, 01329, USA
| | - Ramcharan S Angom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Naga M Nakka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Shamit Kumar Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Enfeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Krishnendu Pal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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Rachamala HK, Madamsetty VS, Angom RS, Nakka NM, Kumar Dutta S, Wang E, Mukhopadhyay D, Pal K. Targeting mTOR and Survivin Concurrently Potentiates Radiation Therapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma by Suppressing DNA Damage Repair and Amplifying Mitotic Catastrophe. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3770403. [PMID: 38196607 PMCID: PMC10775360 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3770403/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Background Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was historically considered to be less responsive to radiation therapy (RT) compared to other cancer indications. However, advancements in precision high-dose radiation delivery through single-fraction and multi-fraction stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) have led to better outcomes and reduced treatment-related toxicities, sparking renewed interest in using RT to treat RCC. Moreover, numerous studies have revealed that certain therapeutic agents including chemotherapies can increase the sensitivity of tumors to RT, leading to a growing interest in combining these treatments. Here, we developed a rational combination of two radiosensitizers in a tumor-targeted liposomal formulation for augmenting RT in RCC. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of a tumor-targeted liposomal formulation combining the mTOR inhibitor everolimus (E) with the survivin inhibitor YM155 (Y) in enhancing the sensitivity of RCC tumors to radiation. Experimental Design We slightly modified our previously published tumor-targeted liposomal formulation to develop a rational combination of E and Y in a single liposomal formulation (EY-L) and assessed its efficacy in RCC cell lines in vitro and in RCC tumors in vivo. We further investigated how well EY-L sensitizes RCC cell lines and tumors toward radiation and explored the underlying mechanism of radiosensitization. Results EY-L outperformed the corresponding single drug-loaded formulations E-L and Y-L in terms of containing primary tumor growth and improving survival in an immunocompetent syngeneic mouse model of RCC. EY-L also exhibited significantly higher sensitization of RCC cells towards radiation in vitro than E-L and Y-L. Additionally, EY-L sensitized RCC tumors towards radiation therapy in xenograft and murine RCC models. EY-L mediated induction of mitotic catastrophe via downregulation of multiple cell cycle checkpoints and DNA damage repair pathways could be responsible for the augmentation of radiation therapy. Conclusion Taken together, our study demonstrated the efficacy of a strategic combination therapy in sensitizing RCC to radiation therapy via inhibition of DNA damage repair and a substantial increase in mitotic catastrophe. This combination therapy may find its use in the augmentation of radiation therapy during the treatment of RCC patients.
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4
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Huynh H, Ng WH, Soo KC. Everolimus Acts in Synergy with Vinorelbine to Suppress the Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:17. [PMID: 38203186 PMCID: PMC10779360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a challenging cancer to treat, as traditional chemotherapies have shown limited effectiveness. The mammalian target of rapamycin/sirolimus (mTOR) and microtubules are prominent druggable targets for HCC. In this study, we demonstrated that co-targeting mTOR using mTOR inhibitors (everolimus and sirolimus) along with the microtubule inhibitor vinorelbine yielded results superior to those of the monotherapies in HCC PDX models. Our research showed that the vinorelbine arrests cells at the mitotic phase, induces apoptosis, and normalizes tumor blood vessels but upregulates survivin and activates the mTOR/p70S6K/4EBP1 pathway. The addition of the everolimus significantly improved the tumor response to the vinorelbine, leading to improved overall survival (OS) in most tested orthotopic HCC PDX models. The mechanistic investigation revealed that this marked antitumor effect was accompanied by the downregulations of mTOR targets (p-p70S6K, p-4EBP1, and p-S6K); several key cell-cycle regulators; and the antiapoptotic protein survivin. These effects did not compromise the normalization of the blood vessels observed in response to the vinorelbine in the vinorelbine-sensitive PDX models or to the everolimus in the everolimus-sensitive PDX models. The combination of the everolimus and vinorelbine (everolimus/vinorelbine) also promoted apoptosis with minimal toxicity. Given the cost-effectiveness and established effectiveness of everolimus, and especially sirolimus, this strategy warrants further investigation in early-phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Huynh
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 168583, Singapore;
| | - Wai Har Ng
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 168583, Singapore;
| | - Khee Chee Soo
- Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 168583, Singapore
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Liu Y, Xu H, Yan N, Tang Z, Wang Q. Research progress of ophthalmic preparations of immunosuppressants. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2175925. [PMID: 36762580 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2175925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune ophthalmopathy is a collection of autoimmune eye diseases. Immunosuppressants are drugs that can inhibit the body's immune response. Considering drug side effects such as hepatorenal toxicity and the unique structure of the eye, incorporating immunosuppressants into ophthalmic nanodrug delivery systems, such as microparticles, nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, implants, and in situ gels, has the advantages of improving solubility, increasing bioavailability, high eye-target specificity, and reducing side effects. This study reviews recent research and applications of this aspect to provide a reference for the development of an ophthalmic drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, China
| | - Haonan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, China
| | - Na Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Jin Hua Municipal Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321000, China
| | - Zhan Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, China
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6
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Cao B, Zhao R, Li H, Xu X, Gao J, Chen L, Wei B. Inhibition of androgen receptor enhanced the anticancer effects of everolimus through targeting glucose transporter 12. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:104-119. [PMID: 36594084 PMCID: PMC9760431 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.75106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Everolimus was designed as a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor. It has been proven as a targeted drug for gastric cancer (GC) therapy. However, long-term treatment with everolimus may cause severe side effects for recipients. Decreasing the dosage and attenuating the associated risks are feasible to promote clinical translation of everolimus. This study aimed to identify the underlying mechanisms of responses to everolimus and develop novel regimens for GC treatment. Our findings proved that there was a significant dose-dependent relationship of everolimus-induced GC cell apoptosis and glycolysis inhibition. Then, we found that a member of glucose transporter (GLUT12) family, GLUT12, was actively upregulated to counteract the anticancer effects of everolimus. GLUT12 might be overexpressed in GC. High expression of GLUT12 might be correlated with tumor progression and short survival time of GC patients. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that GLUT12 might be involved in regulating cancer development and metabolism. The experiments proved that GLUT12 significantly promoted GC growth, glycolysis and impaired the anticancer effects of everolimus. Androgen receptor (AR) is a classical oncogenic factor in many types of cancer. Everolimus elevated GLUT12 expression in an AR-dependent manner. Inhibition of AR activity abrogated the promotive effects on GLUT12 expression. Both in-vitro and in-vivo experiments demonstrated that GLUT12 knockdown augmented anticancer effects of everolimus. Enzalutamide, an AR inhibitor, or AR knockdown was comparable to GLUT12 suppression. This study identified the role of the AR/GLUT12 pathway in the development of poor responses to everolimus. Interference with AR/GLUT12 pathway may serve as a promising approach to promoting the translational application of everolimus in GC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ruiyang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hanghang Li
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xingming Xu
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jingwang Gao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Bo Wei, MD, PhD, Chief Doctor, Professor, Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Tel: +86-10-66938071; E-mail: ; Lin Chen, MD, PhD, Chief Doctor, Professor, Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Tel: +86-10-66938066; E-mail:
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Bo Wei, MD, PhD, Chief Doctor, Professor, Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Tel: +86-10-66938071; E-mail: ; Lin Chen, MD, PhD, Chief Doctor, Professor, Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Tel: +86-10-66938066; E-mail:
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7
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Treatment Assessment of pNET and NELM after Everolimus by Quantitative MRI Parameters. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102618. [PMID: 36289880 PMCID: PMC9599819 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of treatment response to targeted therapies such as everolimus is difficult, especially in slow-growing tumors such as NETs. In this retrospective study, 17 patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) and hepatic metastases (NELMs) (42 target lesions) who received everolimus were analyzed. Intralesional signal intensities (SI) of non-contrast T1w, T2w and DCE imaging, and apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCmean and ADCmin) of DWI, were measured on baseline and first follow-up MRI after everolimus initiation. Response assessment was categorized according to progression-free survival (PFS), with responders (R) showing a PFS of ≥11 months. ADCmin of NELMs decreased in Rs whereas it increased in non-responders (NR). Percentual changes of ADCmin and ADCmean differed significantly between response groups (p < 0.03). By contrast, ADC of the pNETs tended to increase in Rs, while there was no change in NRs. Tumor-to-liver (T/L) ratio of T1 SI of NELMs increased in Rs and decreased in NRs, and percentual changes differed significantly between response groups (p < 0.02). T1 SI of the pNETs tended to decrease in Rs and increase in Ns. The quotient of pretherapeutic and posttherapeutic ADCmin values (DADCmin) and length of everolimus treatment showed significant association with PFS in univariable Cox analysis. In conclusion, quantitative MRI, especially DWI, seems to allow treatment assessment of pNETs with NELMs under everolimus. Interestingly, the responding NELMs showed decreasing ADC values, and there might be an opposite effect on ADC and T1 SI between NELMs and pNETs.
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8
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Kopecky J, Kubecek O, Buchler T, Melichar B, Poprach A, Zemanova M, Katolicka J, Kiss I, Hajek J, Studentova H, Spisarova M. Administration of Nivolumab in Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer Following Treatment With mTOR Inhibitors. In Vivo 2021; 35:2981-2990. [PMID: 34410998 PMCID: PMC8408720 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors is currently considered a cornerstone of metastatic renal clear cell cancer (mRCC) therapy. Despite the general improvement in the survival of patients with mRCC, there are some clinical situations that have not been specifically evaluated in clinical trials, such as the use of everolimus before nivolumab. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis evaluating the efficacy of nivolumab in the real-world setting, including a subset of patients with previous mTOR inhibitor therapy. RESULTS From a total of 56 patients, 25 were pre-treated with everolimus before receiving nivolumab. The overall progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and objective response rate were 10.3, 21.3 months, and 34%, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in patients who were or were not pre-treated with everolimus. CONCLUSION mRCC patients should be treated with checkpoint inhibitors and prior use of mTOR inhibitors should not be a definitive exclusion criterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindrich Kopecky
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Ondrej Kubecek
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Buchler
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Melichar
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Oncology, Palacky University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Poprach
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milada Zemanova
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Katolicka
- Department of Oncology, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Kiss
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Hajek
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Studentova
- Department of Oncology, Palacky University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Spisarova
- Department of Oncology, Palacky University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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el Hage A, Dormond O. Combining mTOR Inhibitors and T Cell-Based Immunotherapies in Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1359. [PMID: 33802831 PMCID: PMC8002586 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
mTOR regulates several processes that control tumor development, including cancer cell growth, angiogenesis and the immune response to tumor. Accordingly, mTOR inhibitors have been thoroughly explored in cancer therapy but have failed to provide long-lasting anticancer benefits. Several resistance mechanisms that counteract the antitumor effect of mTOR inhibitors have been identified and have highlighted the need to use mTOR inhibitors in combination therapies. In this context, emerging evidence has demonstrated that mTOR inhibitors, despite their immunosuppressive properties, provide anticancer benefits to immunotherapies. In fact, mTOR inhibitors also display immunostimulatory effects, in particular by promoting memory CD8+ T cell generation. Hence, mTOR inhibitors represent a therapeutic opportunity to promote antitumor CD8 responses and to boost the efficacy of different modalities of cancer immunotherapy. In this context, strategies to reduce the immunosuppressive activity of mTOR inhibitors and therefore to shift the immune response toward antitumor immunity will be useful. In this review, we present the different classes of mTOR inhibitors and discuss their effect on immune cells by focusing mainly on CD8+ T cells. We further provide an overview of the different preclinical studies that investigated the anticancer effects of mTOR inhibitors combined to immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Dormond
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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10
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Faes S, Demartines N, Dormond O. Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Potential, Limitations, and Perspectives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:636037. [PMID: 33791295 PMCID: PMC8005589 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.636037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several elements highlight the importance of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the biology of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). mTOR signaling pathway is indeed frequently activated in RCC, inducing cancer cell proliferation and survival. In addition, mTOR promotes tumor angiogenesis and regulates the expression of hypoxia-inducible factors that play an important role in a subset of RCC. Despite mTOR protumorigenic effects, mTOR inhibitors have failed to provide long-lasting anticancer benefits in RCC patients, highlighting the need to readdress their role in the treatment of RCC. This review aims to present the rationale and limitations of targeting mTOR in RCC. Future roles of mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of RCC are also discussed, in particular in the context of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraina Faes
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Demartines
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Dormond
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Baseline effector cells predict response and NKT cells predict pulmonary toxicity in advanced breast cancer patients treated with everolimus and exemestane. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 93:107404. [PMID: 33524804 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mTOR inhibitor everolimus used in cancer has immune-modulating effects, potentially contributing to an antitumor response but also leading to pulmonary toxicity. We studied the association of immunological cell subsets with antitumor response and pulmonary toxicity in breast cancer patients treated with everolimus plus exemestane. METHODS In this exploratory analysis, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected at baseline and 14, 35, 60, and 90 days after start of treatment, and at the moment of pulmonary toxicity. The percentage and absolute number of T-cells, B-cells, NK-cells, monocytes and numerous subtypes were measured in peripheral blood using flow cytometric analysis and were compared using a (paired) t-test. RESULTS From 20 patients, a total of 89 samples were collected. At baseline, responders versus non-responders had 0.86% versus 0.32% CD4+ effector cells (CD45RA+CD27-) (p = 0.1266) and non-response could be predicted with 0.71 sensitivity and 0.82 specificity. Patients who developed pulmonary toxicity compared to patients without pulmonary toxicity had relatively more NKT-cells at baseline (6.0% versus 1.3%, p = 0.0068, 59 k versus 12 k * 109/l, p = 0.0081) and at the moment of toxicity (5.2% versus 1.2%, p = 0.0106 and 47 k versus 16 k * 109/l, p = 0.0466). Baseline percentage NKT cells predicted pulmonary toxicity with 0.78 sensitivity and 1.0 specificity. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that baseline CD4+ effector cells may be predictive of antitumor responses and baseline NKT cells may be predictive of pulmonary toxicity. These results warrant further validation.
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12
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Lin E, Liu X, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Xie L, Tian K, Liu J, Yu Y. Roles of the Dynamic Tumor Immune Microenvironment in the Individualized Treatment of Advanced Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:653358. [PMID: 33746989 PMCID: PMC7970116 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.653358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are currently a first-line treatment option for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, recent clinical studies have shown that a large number of patients do not respond to ICIs. Moreover, only a few patients achieve a stable and durable response even with combination therapy based on ICIs. Available studies have concluded that the response to immunotherapy and targeted therapy in patients with ccRCC is affected by the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), which can be manipulated by targeted therapy and tumor genomic characteristics. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the dynamic nature of the TIME is important for improving the efficacy of immunotherapy or combination therapy in patients with advanced ccRCC. Here, we explore the possible mechanisms by which the TIME affects the efficacy of immunotherapy and targeted therapy, as well as the factors that drive dynamic changes in the TIME in ccRCC, including the immunomodulatory effect of targeted therapy and genomic changes. We also describe the progress on novel therapeutic modalities for advanced ccRCC based on the TIME. Overall, this review provides valuable information on the optimization of combination therapy and development of individualized therapy for advanced ccRCC.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/mortality
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Humans
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Kidney Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/immunology
- Kidney Neoplasms/mortality
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Precision Medicine/methods
- Progression-Free Survival
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyu Lin
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xuechao Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zedan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lu Xie
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiwen Tian
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiumin Liu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuming Yu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yuming Yu
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13
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Chan TG, O'Neill E, Habjan C, Cornelissen B. Combination Strategies to Improve Targeted Radionuclide Therapy. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:1544-1552. [PMID: 33037092 PMCID: PMC8679619 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.248062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer treatment. In contrast to conventional radiotherapy, TRT delivers ionizing radiation to tumors in a targeted manner, reducing the dose that healthy tissues are exposed to. Existing TRT strategies include the use of 177Lu-DOTATATE, 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine, Bexxar, and Zevalin, clinically approved agents for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors, neuroblastoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, respectively. Although promising results have been obtained with these agents, clinical evidence acquired to date suggests that only a small percentage of patients achieves complete response. Consequently, there have been attempts to improve TRT outcomes through combinations with other therapeutic agents; such strategies include administering concurrent TRT and chemotherapy, and the use of TRT with known or putative radiosensitizers such as poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase and mammalian-target-of-rapamycin inhibitors. In addition to potentially achieving greater therapeutic effects than the respective monotherapies, these strategies may lead to lower dosages or numbers of cycles required and, in turn, reduce unwanted toxicities. As of now, several clinical trials have been conducted to assess the benefits of TRT-based combination therapies, sometimes despite limited preclinical evidence being available in the public domain to support their use. Although some clinical trials have yielded promising results, others have shown no clear survival benefit from particular combination treatments. Here, we present a comprehensive review of combination strategies with TRT reported in the literature to date and evaluate their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany G Chan
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edward O'Neill
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Habjan
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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Tang Z, Yin L, Zhang Y, Yu W, Wang Q, Zhan Z. Preparation and study of two kinds of ophthalmic nano-preparations of everolimus. Drug Deliv 2020; 26:1235-1242. [PMID: 31752553 PMCID: PMC6882435 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1692966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To prepare everolimus nanoformulations and increase their solubility to suit their application in the eye. Methods: The everolimus micelles was prepared by thin film dispersion method using Tween-80 (P80) and polyoxyethylene stearate (P40S) as carriers. In addition, the everolimus nanosuspension was prepared by injection method using poloxamer 407 (P407), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as stabilizers. It was characterized in terms of particle size, PDI and encapsulation efficiency or drug loading. The in vitro release and in vitro rabbit scleral permeability characteristics were investigated, and the pharmacokinetics of anterior chamber drug in rabbit eyes were studied. Results: The average particle size of the micelles was (8.74 ± 0.21) nm, the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading were (90.12 ± 1.18)% and (2.14 ± 0.028)%, while the average particle size of the nanosuspension was (156.47 ± 1.10) nm, and the drug loading was (16.51 ± 0.21)%, respectively. Both in vitro release and rabbit scleral permeation models were consistent with the Higuchi equation. The pharmacokinetic experiments of aqueous humor showed that area under the curve of everolimus nanosuspension was about 3 times higher than that of micelles. Micelles could be achieved in the eye and maintained for a long time. Conclusion: The preparation of everolimus micelles or nanosuspension for eye are suitable for ocular administration and expected to be new dosage form for corneal transplantation immunological rejection or other ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Tang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Metaria Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Lina Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Metaria Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Metaria Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Metaria Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Metaria Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhajun Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
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15
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Kobayashi Y, Yamada D, Kawai T, Sato Y, Teshima T, Yamada Y, Nakamura M, Suzuki M, Matsumoto A, Nakagawa T, Hosoi A, Nagaoka K, Karasaki T, Matsushita H, Kume H, Kakimi K. Different immunological effects of the molecular targeted agents sunitinib, everolimus and temsirolimus in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2020; 56:999-1013. [PMID: 32319571 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.4975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with molecular targeted agents together with immune checkpoint inhibitors will most likely improve the efficacy of current cancer immunotherapy. Because molecular targeted agents not only directly affect cancer cells, but also influence immune cells and modulate the tumor microenvironment, a better understanding of the overall immunological effects of these drugs will contribute to the rational design of combination therapies. Therefore, this study performed extensive immune monitoring of patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to investigate the immunological effects of the molecular targeted agents sunitinib, everolimus and temsirolimus, which have been widely used for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Immunophenotyping and functional analysis of PBMCs revealed that these molecular targeted agents exerted different immunological effects on patients with RCC. Sunitinib decreased the percentage of early‑stage myeloid‑derived suppressor cells (eMDSCs) and increased natural killer cells, but did not affect the phenotypes and effector functions of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Everolimus decreased effector regulatory T cells, but also decreased IL‑2‑producing CD4+ T cells and increased dysfunctional CD8+ T cells. Conversely, temsirolimus decreased programmed cell death protein 1+CD8+ T cells and eMDSCs, but increased interferon‑γ and tumor necrosis factor‑α double producers at the same time as decreasing dysfunctional CD8+ T cells, albeit not significantly. In conclusion, although everolimus and temsirolimus are mTOR inhibitors, their effects on overall T‑cell functions are very different. Therefore, although it may increase the risk of immune‑related toxicity, temsirolimus is expected to offer the best outcome when combined with other immunomodulators for the development of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Kobayashi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113‑8655, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamada
- Department of Urology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113‑8655, Japan
| | - Taketo Kawai
- Department of Urology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113‑8655, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Department of Urology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113‑8655, Japan
| | - Taro Teshima
- Department of Urology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113‑8655, Japan
| | - Yuta Yamada
- Department of Urology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113‑8655, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakamura
- Department of Urology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113‑8655, Japan
| | - Motofumi Suzuki
- Department of Urology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113‑8655, Japan
| | - Akihiko Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113‑8655, Japan
| | - Tohru Nakagawa
- Department of Urology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113‑8655, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hosoi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113‑8655, Japan
| | - Koji Nagaoka
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113‑8655, Japan
| | - Takahiro Karasaki
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113‑8655, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Matsushita
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113‑8655, Japan
| | - Haruki Kume
- Department of Urology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113‑8655, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kakimi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113‑8655, Japan
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16
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Terrén I, Orrantia A, Mikelez-Alonso I, Vitallé J, Zenarruzabeitia O, Borrego F. NK Cell-Based Immunotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020316. [PMID: 32013092 PMCID: PMC7072691 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that are able to kill tumor cells without prior sensitization. It has been shown that NK cells play a pivotal role in a variety of cancers, highlighting their relevance in tumor immunosurveillance. NK cell infiltration has been reported in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most frequent kidney cancer in adults, and their presence has been associated with patients’ survival. However, the role of NK cells in this disease is not yet fully understood. In this review, we summarize the biology of NK cells and the mechanisms through which they are able to recognize and kill tumor cells. Furthermore, we discuss the role that NK cells play in renal cell carcinoma, and review current strategies that are being used to boost and exploit their cytotoxic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Terrén
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.T.); (A.O.); (I.M.-A.); (J.V.); (O.Z.)
| | - Ane Orrantia
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.T.); (A.O.); (I.M.-A.); (J.V.); (O.Z.)
| | - Idoia Mikelez-Alonso
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.T.); (A.O.); (I.M.-A.); (J.V.); (O.Z.)
- CIC biomaGUNE, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Joana Vitallé
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.T.); (A.O.); (I.M.-A.); (J.V.); (O.Z.)
| | - Olatz Zenarruzabeitia
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.T.); (A.O.); (I.M.-A.); (J.V.); (O.Z.)
| | - Francisco Borrego
- Immunopathology Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (I.T.); (A.O.); (I.M.-A.); (J.V.); (O.Z.)
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-94-600-6000 (ext. 7079)
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17
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Pal K, Madamsetty VS, Dutta SK, Wang E, Angom RS, Mukhopadhyay D. Synchronous inhibition of mTOR and VEGF/NRP1 axis impedes tumor growth and metastasis in renal cancer. NPJ Precis Oncol 2019; 3:31. [PMID: 31840081 PMCID: PMC6895165 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-019-0105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is known for its highly vascular phenotype which is associated with elevated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF), also known as vascular permeability factor (VPF). Accordingly, VEGF has been an attractive target for antiangiogenic therapies in ccRCC. Two major strategies have hitherto been utilized for VEGF-targeted antiangiogenic therapies: targeting VEGF by antibodies, ligand traps or aptamers, and targeting the VEGF receptor signaling via antibodies or small-molecule tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs). In the present article we utilized two entirely different approaches: targeting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway that is known to be involved in VEGF synthesis, and disruption of VEGF/Neuroplin-1 (NRP1) axis that is known to activate proangiogenic and pro-tumorigenic signaling in endothelial and tumor cells, respectively. Everolimus (E) and a small-molecule inhibitor EG00229 (G) were used for the inhibition of mTOR and the disruption of VEGF/NRP1 axis, respectively. We also exploited a liposomal formulation decorated with a proprietary tumor-targeting-peptide (TTP) to simultaneously deliver these two agents in a tumor-targeted manner. The TTP-liposomes encapsulating both Everolimus and EG00229 (EG-L) demonstrated higher in vitro and in vivo growth retardation than the single drug-loaded liposomes (E-L and G-L) in two different ccRCC models and led to a noticeable reduction in lung metastasis in vivo. In addition, EG-L displayed remarkable inhibition of tumor growth in a highly aggressive syngeneic immune-competent mouse model of ccRCC developed in Balb/c mice. Taken together, this study demonstrates an effective approach to achieve improved therapeutic outcome in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Pal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Vijay Sagar Madamsetty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Shamit Kumar Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Enfeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Ramcharan Singh Angom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
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18
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Puttmann K, Duggan M, Mortazavi A, Diaz DA, Carson III WE, Sundi D. The Role of Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells in Urothelial Carcinoma Immunotherapy. Bladder Cancer 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/blc-190219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Puttmann
- Department of Urology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Megan Duggan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amir Mortazavi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dayssy Alexandra Diaz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William E. Carson III
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Debasish Sundi
- Department of Urology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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19
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Koster BD, Santegoets SJAM, Harting J, Baars A, van Ham SM, Scheper RJ, Hooijberg E, de Gruijl TD, van den Eertwegh AJM. Autologous tumor cell vaccination combined with systemic CpG-B and IFN-α promotes immune activation and induces clinical responses in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a phase II trial. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1025-1035. [PMID: 30852622 PMCID: PMC6529601 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background In this study the toxicity and efficacy of an irradiated autologous tumor cell vaccine (ATV) co-injected with a class-B CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-B) and GM-CSF, followed by systemic CpG-B and IFN-α administration, were examined in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Methods A single-arm Phase II trial was conducted, in which patients with mRCC were intradermally injected with a minimum of three whole-cell vaccines containing 0.7–1.3 × 107 irradiated autologous tumor cells (ATC), admixed with 1 mg CpG-B and 100 µg GM-CSF, followed by bi-weekly s.c. injections with 8 mg CpG-B and s.c. injections with 6 MU IFN-α three times per week. Results Fifteen patients were treated according to the protocol. Treatment was well tolerated. Objective clinical responses occurred in three patients, including one long-term complete response. Disease stabilization occurred in another three patients. Positive delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to ATC were absent before treatment but present in 13 out of 15 patients during treatment. Immune monitoring revealed activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, non-classical monocytes and up-regulation of both PD-1 and CTLA4 on effector T cells upon treatment. Moreover, a pre-existing ex vivo IFN-γ response to ATC was associated with clinical response. Conclusions ATV combined with systemic CpG-B and IFN-α is tolerable, safe, immunogenic and able to elicit anti-tumor responses in patients with mRCC. Immune activation and treatment-induced up-regulation of PD-1 and CTLA4 on circulating T cells further suggest an added benefit of combining this approach with immune checkpoint blockade [added]
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas D Koster
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia J A M Santegoets
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Hippocratespad 21, 2333 ZD, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jorien Harting
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold Baars
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Departments of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunopathology, Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC and Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Sanquin Research, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik J Scheper
- Departments of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Hooijberg
- Departments of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J M van den Eertwegh
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Werter IM, Huijts CM, Lougheed SM, Hamberg P, Polee MB, Tascilar M, Los M, Haanen JBAG, Helgason HH, Verheul HM, de Gruijl TD, van der Vliet HJ. Metronomic cyclophosphamide attenuates mTOR-mediated expansion of regulatory T cells, but does not impact clinical outcome in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer treated with everolimus. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:787-798. [PMID: 30756132 PMCID: PMC11028263 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC) patients have a median overall survival (mOS) of approximately 28 months. Until recently, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition with everolimus was the standard second-line treatment regimen for mRCC patients, improving median progression-free survival (mPFS). Treatment with everolimus supports the expansion of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs), which exert a negative effect on antitumor immune responses. In a phase 1 dose-escalation study, we have recently demonstrated that a low dose of 50 mg oral cyclophosphamide once daily can be safely combined with everolimus in mRCC patients and prevents the everolimus-induced increase in Tregs. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a multicenter phase 2 study, performed in patients with mRCC not amenable to or progressive on a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) containing treatment regimen, we assessed whether the addition of this metronomic dosing schedule of cyclophosphamide to therapy with everolimus could result in an improvement of progression-free survival (PFS) after 4 months of treatment. RESULTS Though results from this study confirmed that combination treatment effectively lowered circulating levels of Tregs, addition of cyclophosphamide did not improve the PFS rate at 4 months. For this reason, the study was abrogated at the predefined interim analysis. CONCLUSION Although the comprehensive immunomonitoring analysis performed in this study provides relevant information for the design of future immunotherapeutic approaches, the addition of metronomic cyclophosphamide to mRCC patients receiving everolimus cannot be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge M Werter
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, VU University Medical Centre, Vrije University, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Charlotte M Huijts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, VU University Medical Centre, Vrije University, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sinéad M Lougheed
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, VU University Medical Centre, Vrije University, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Hamberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Franciscus Gasthuis and Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco B Polee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Metin Tascilar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Los
- Department of Medical Oncology, Saint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - John B A G Haanen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helgi H Helgason
- Department of Medical Oncology, Haaglanden Medical Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Henk M Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, VU University Medical Centre, Vrije University, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, VU University Medical Centre, Vrije University, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J van der Vliet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, VU University Medical Centre, Vrije University, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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21
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Rostamzadeh D, Yousefi M, Haghshenas MR, Ahmadi M, Dolati S, Babaloo Z. mTOR Signaling pathway as a master regulator of memory CD8 + T-cells, Th17, and NK cells development and their functional properties. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:12353-12368. [PMID: 30710341 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a member of the evolutionary phosphatidylinositol kinase-related kinases (PIKKs). mTOR plays a pivotal role in the regulation of diverse aspects of cellular physiology such as body metabolism, cell growth, protein synthesis, cell size, autophagy, and cell differentiation. Immunologically, mTOR has a fundamental part in controlling and shaping diverse functions of innate and adaptive immune cells, in particular, T-cell subsets differentiation, survival, and metabolic reprogramming to ultimately regulate the fate of diverse immune cell types. Researchers report that rapamycin, a selective mTOR inhibitor, and immunosuppressive agent, has surprising immunostimulatory effects on inducing both quantitative and qualitative aspects of virus-specific memory CD8+ T-cells differentiation and homeostasis in a T-cell-intrinsic manner. The mTOR signaling pathway also plays a critical role in dictating the outcome of regulatory T cells (Treg), T helper 17 (Th17) cells, and natural killer (NK) cells proliferation and maturation, as well as the effector functions and cytotoxic properties of NK cells. Manipulation of mTOR activity is a critical therapeutic approach for pharmacological agents that seek to inhibit mTOR. This approach should enhance specific memory CD8 + T-cells responses and induce fully functional effector properties of NK cells to provoke their antitumor and antiviral activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Rostamzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Haghshenas
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanam Dolati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Babaloo
- Immunology Unit, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.,Head of Immunology Department, Medicine Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Science
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22
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Huijts CM, Werter IM, Lougheed SM, Goedegebuure RS, van Herpen CM, Hamberg P, Tascilar M, Haanen JB, Verheul HM, de Gruijl TD, van der Vliet HJ. Phase 1 study of everolimus and low-dose oral cyclophosphamide in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:319-329. [PMID: 30413837 PMCID: PMC6394488 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
mTOR inhibitors are frequently used in the treatment of metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC). mTOR regulates cell growth, proliferation, angiogenesis, and survival, and additionally plays an important role in immune regulation. Since mTOR inhibitors were shown to benefit immunosuppressive regulatory T-cell (Treg) expansion, this might suppress antitumor immune responses. Metronomic cyclophosphamide (CTX) was shown to selectively deplete Tregs. This study was, therefore, designed to determine the optimal dosage and schedule of CTX when combined with everolimus to prevent this potentially detrimental Treg expansion. In this national multi-center phase I study, patients with mRCC progressive on first line anti-angiogenic therapy received 10 mg everolimus once daily and were enrolled into cohorts with different CTX dosages and schedules. Besides immune monitoring, adverse events and survival data were monitored. 40 patients, 39 evaluable, were treated with different doses and schedules of CTX. Combined with 10 mg everolimus once daily, the optimal Treg depleting dose and schedule of CTX was 50 mg CTX once daily. 23 (59%) patients experienced one or more treatment-related ≥ grade 3 toxicity, mostly fatigue, laboratory abnormalities and pneumonitis. The majority of the patients achieved stable disease, two patients a partial response. Median PFS of all cohorts was 3.5 months. In conclusion, the optimal Treg depleting dose and schedule of CTX, when combined with everolimus, is 50 mg once daily. This combination leads to acceptable adverse events in comparison with everolimus alone. Currently, the here selected combination is being evaluated in a phase II clinical trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01462214.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Huijts
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Inge M Werter
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sinéad M Lougheed
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben S Goedegebuure
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla M van Herpen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Hamberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Franciscus Gasthuis, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Metin Tascilar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - John B Haanen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk M Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J van der Vliet
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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Huijts CM, Lougheed SM, Bodalal Z, van Herpen CM, Hamberg P, Tascilar M, Haanen JB, Verheul HM, de Gruijl TD, van der Vliet HJ. The effect of everolimus and low-dose cyclophosphamide on immune cell subsets in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results from a phase I clinical trial. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:503-515. [PMID: 30652208 PMCID: PMC6426984 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For the treatment of metastatic renal cell cancer several strategies are used among which the mTOR inhibitor everolimus. As mTOR plays an important role in the immune system, e.g., by controlling the expression of the transcription factor FoxP3 thereby regulating regulatory T cells (Tregs), it plays a key role in the balance between tolerance and inflammation. Previous reports showed stimulatory effects of mTOR inhibition on the expansion of Tregs, an effect that can be considered detrimental in terms of cancer control. Since metronomic cyclophosphamide (CTX) was shown to selectively deplete Tregs, a phase 1 clinical trial was conducted to comprehensively investigate the immune-modulating effects of several dosages and schedules of CTX in combination with the standard dose of everolimus, with the explicit aim to achieve selective Treg depletion. Our data show that 50 mg of CTX once daily and continuously administered, in combination with the standard dose of 10 mg everolimus once daily, not only results in depletion of Tregs, but also leads to a reduction in MDSC, a sustained level of the CD8+ T-cell population accompanied by an increased effector to suppressor ratio, and reversal of negative effects on three peripheral blood DC subsets. These positive effects on the immune response may contribute to improved survival, and therefore this combination therapy is further evaluated in a phase II clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Huijts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sinéad M Lougheed
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zuhir Bodalal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla M van Herpen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Hamberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Franciscus Gasthuis and Vlietland, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Metin Tascilar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - John B Haanen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk M Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J van der Vliet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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