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Prevalence of Chronic Pain, Treatments, Perception, and Interference on Life Activities: Brazilian Population-Based Survey. Pain Res Manag 2017; 2017:4643830. [PMID: 29081680 PMCID: PMC5634600 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4643830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Chronic pain affects between 30% and 50% of the world population. Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of chronic pain in Brazil, describe and compare differences between pain types and characteristics, and identify the types of therapies adopted and the impact of pain on daily life. Methods Cross-sectional study of a population-based survey with randomized sample from a private database. The interviews were conducted by phone. 78% of the respondents aged 18 years or more agreed to be interviewed, for a total of 723 respondents distributed throughout the country. Independent variables were demographic data, pain and treatment characteristics, and impact of pain on daily life. Comparative and associative statistical analyses were conducted to select variables for nonhierarchical logistic regression. Results Chronic pain prevalence was 39% and mean age was 41 years with predominance of females (56%). We found higher prevalence of chronic pain in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Pain treatment was not specific to gender. Dissatisfaction with chronic pain management was reported by 49% of participants. Conclusion 39% of interviewed participants reported chronic pain, with prevalence of females. Gender-associated differences were found in intensity perception and interference of pain on daily life activities.
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Cha DS, Carmona NE, Mansur RB, Lee Y, Park HJ, Rodrigues NB, Subramaniapillai M, Rosenblat JD, Pan Z, Lee JH, Lee J, Almatham F, Alageel A, Shekotikhina M, Zhou AJ, Rong C, Harrison J, McIntyre RS. Pain and major depressive disorder: Associations with cognitive impairment as measured by the THINC-integrated tool (THINC-it). Scand J Pain 2017; 15:62-67. [PMID: 28850348 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the role of pain on cognitive function in adults with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS Adults (18-65) with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual - Fifth Edition (DSM-5)-defined diagnosis of MDD experiencing a current major depressive episode (MDE) were enrolled (nMDD=100). All subjects with MDD were matched in age, sex, and years of education to healthy controls (HC) (nHC=100) for comparison. Cognitive function was assessed using the recently validated THINC-integrated tool (THINC-it), which comprises variants of the choice reaction time (i.e., THINC-it: Spotter), One-Back (i.e., THINC-it: Symbol Check), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (i.e., THINC-it: Codebreaker), Trail Making Test - Part B (i.e., THINC-it: Trails), as well as the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire for Depression - 5-item (i.e., THINC-it: PDQ-5-D). A global index of objective cognitive function was computed using objective measures from the THINC-it, while self-rated cognitive deficits were measured using the PDQ-5-D. Pain was measured using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Regression analyses evaluated the role of pain in predicting objective and subjective cognitive function. RESULTS A significant between-group differences on the VAS was observed (p<0.001), with individuals with MDD reporting higher pain severity as evidenced by higher scores on the VAS than HC. Significant interaction effects were observed between self -rated cognitive deficits and pain ratings (p<0.001) on objective cognitive performance (after adjusting for MADRS total score), suggesting that pain moderates the association between self-rated and objective cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS Results indicated that pain is associated with increased self-rated and objective cognitive deficits in adults with MDD. IMPLICATIONS The study herein provides preliminary evidence demonstrating that adults with MDD reporting pain symptomatology and poorer subjective cognitive function is predictive of poorer objective cognitive performance. THINC-it is capable of detecting cognitive dysfunction amongst adults with MDD and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S Cha
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole E Carmona
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yena Lee
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nelson B Rodrigues
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Joshua D Rosenblat
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zihang Pan
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jae Hon Lee
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Seoul Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - JungGoo Lee
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Fahad Almatham
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Asem Alageel
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Imam University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Aileen J Zhou
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carola Rong
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,American University of Integrative Sciences School of Medicine, Sint Maarten, The Netherlands
| | - John Harrison
- Alzheimer Center, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Metis Cognition Ltd, Warminster, UK
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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