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Liang YJ, Long DX, Wang S, Wang HP, Wu YJ. Metabolomic analysis of the serum and urine of rats exposed to diazinon, dimethoate, and cypermethrin alone or in combination. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 25:3. [PMID: 38167230 PMCID: PMC10763016 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-023-00714-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple pesticides are often used in combination for plant protection and public health. Therefore, it is important to analyze the physiological changes induced by multiple pesticides exposure. The objective of this study was to investigate the combined toxicity of the widely-used organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides diazinon, dimethoate, and cypermethrin. METHODS Male Wistar rats were administrated by gavage once daily with the three pesticides individual or in combination for consecutive 28 days. The metabolic components of serum and urine samples were detected by using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics method. Histopathological examination of liver and kidneys and serum biochemical determination were also carried out. RESULTS The results showed that after the 28-day subacute exposure, serum glutamic transaminase and albumin were significantly increased and blood urea nitrogen was significantly decreased in the rats exposed to the mixture of the pesticides compared with the control rats, suggesting that the co-exposure impaired liver and kidney function. Metabolomics analysis indicated that the indicators 14 metabolites were statistically significant altered in the rats after the exposure of the pesticides. The increase in 3-hydroxybutyric acid in urine or decrease of lactate and N-acetyl-L-cysteine in serum could be a potentially sensitive biomarker of the subchronic combined effects of the three insecticides. The reduction level of 2-oxoglutarate and creatinine in urine may be indicative of dysfunction of liver and kidneys. CONCLUSION In summary, the exposure of rats to pesticides diazinon, dimethoate, and cypermethrin could cause disorder of lipid and amino acid metabolism, induction of oxidative stress, and dysfunction of liver and kidneys, which contributes to the understanding of combined toxic effects of the pesticides revealed by using the metabolomics analysis of the urine and serum profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Liang
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, P. R. China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jining Medical University, 272067, Jining, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Ding-Xin Long
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, P. R. China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, 421001, Hengyang, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, 100081, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Jun Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, P. R. China.
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El-Bini Dhouib I, Lasram MM, Annabi A, Gharbi N, El-Fazaa S. A comparative study on toxicity induced by carbosulfan and malathion in Wistar rat liver and spleen. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 124:21-28. [PMID: 26453226 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CM) pesticides are widely used in agriculture. These pesticides are highly toxic to humans and their residues in food pose potential threat to human health. In this comparative study, we investigated the effect of subchronic exposure of OPs (malathion, MAL) and CM (Carbosulfan, CB) on rat liver and spleen. Biochemical analysis showed that levels of hepatic enzymes (ALT, ALP, LDH and PAL) changed after exposure to the pesticides. In the liver extracts, lipid peroxidation index increased after the treatment by pesticides. Our results indicated that exposure to MAL and CB leads to alteration of liver redox status. Both pesticides induced focal inflammation and fibrosis in the liver. After subchronic administration of MAL (200 mg/kg) and CB (25 mg/kg), systemic inflammation, as depicted by the increase in IFN-δ activity in liver, was observed in both malathion and carbosulfan treated animals. In addition, the results showed that MAL significantly increased TCD4+ and TCD8+ lymphocyte number. It also decreased INF-δ and IL-4 production. However, CB induced a reduction of TCD8+ number and cytokine production in spleen cells. In conclusion, malathion and carbosulfan had significant immunomodulatory properties in the spleen with inflammation and oxidative stress induction in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines El-Bini Dhouib
- Laboratory of Aggression Physiology and Endocrine Metabolic Studies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed Montassar Lasram
- Laboratory of Aggression Physiology and Endocrine Metabolic Studies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Alya Annabi
- Laboratory of Aggression Physiology and Endocrine Metabolic Studies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Najoua Gharbi
- Laboratory of Aggression Physiology and Endocrine Metabolic Studies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saloua El-Fazaa
- Laboratory of Aggression Physiology and Endocrine Metabolic Studies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia
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Wang P, Wang HP, Xu MY, Liang YJ, Sun YJ, Yang L, Li L, Li W, Wu YJ. Combined subchronic toxicity of dichlorvos with malathion or pirimicarb in mice liver and serum: A metabonomic study. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 70:222-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zeng Y, Qi L, Li S, Hou Y, Xu W, Wang H, Zhao X, Sun C. A metabonomic analysis of the effect of quercetin on toxicity induced by chronic exposure to low-level dichlorvos in rat plasma. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:2643-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00299g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Wang HP, Liang YJ, Sun YJ, Chen JX, Hou WY, Long DX, Wu YJ. 1H NMR-based metabonomic analysis of the serum and urine of rats following subchronic exposure to dichlorvos, deltamethrin, or a combination of these two pesticides. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 203:588-96. [PMID: 23566885 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metabonomic analysis, clinical chemical analysis and histopathology were used to investigate the toxic effects of subchronic exposure to dichlorvos, deltamethrin, and a combination of these two pesticides, in rats. Weight loss, hind limb weakness and histopathological changes in kidney tissue were only observed in rats exposed to high doses of deltamethrin, or a combination of deltamethrin and dichlorvos. Urinary metabonomic analysis indicated that exposure to a mixture of dichlorvos and deltamethrin was followed by increases in urinary lactate, dimethylamine, N-glycoprotein (NAC) and glycine similar to those observed in rats treated with either dichlorvos or deltamethrin alone. Serum metabonomic analysis suggests that dichlorvos induced an increase in lactate and alanine and a decrease in dimethylglycine (DMG), NAC and very low- and low-density lipoprotein (VLDL/LDL). High levels of lactate and low levels of NAC and VLDL/LDL were observed in the deltamethrin treatment group. Treating rats with a mixture of dichlorvos and deltamethrin caused an increase in serum lactate, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), choline and alanine, with the highest levels of these metabolites observed in those that received the highest dose. Exposure to a mixture of dichlorvos and deltamethrin also resulted in a decrease in serum acetone, DMG, NAC, and VLDL/LDL. Changes in serum TMAO, alanine, choline and acetone in this treatment group were higher than in rats treated with either dichlorvos or deltamethrin. These results suggest that exposing rats to subchronic doses of dichlorvos, deltamethrin, or a combination of these pesticides, disrupted the energy metabolism of the liver and reduced kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichenxi Road, Beijing 100101, PR China
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Cao J, Zhang X, Wang Q, Jia L, Zhang Y, Zhao X. Influence of flavonoid extracts from celery on oxidative stress induced by dichlorvos in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 31:617-25. [PMID: 22045891 DOI: 10.1177/0960327111426585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present work was to investigate the effects of flavonoid extracts from celery on oxidative stress induced by dichlorvos (DIC) in male Wistar rats maintained on a normal diet. The rats were given DIC through intragastric administration by the dose of 7.2 mg/kg·body weight (bw)/day and additionally added 5% flavonoid extracts to the diet for 4 weeks continuously. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in livers of rats were measured at the end of the experiment. Under the influence of DIC, there were significant decrease in the activities of SOD, CAT and GST and significant increase in GPx activity and MDA content. The results also showed that the activities of SOD, GST and CAT in the DIC-treated group declined significantly when compared with the flavonoid extracts group and the DIC + flavonoid extracts group, respectively. With regard to GPx activity and MDA content, significant increase were showed in the DIC-treated group in comparison to those in the flavonoid extracts group and the DIC + flavonoid extracts group, respectively. The observations presented lead us to conclude the harmful effects of DIC during the exposure and the protective role of flavonoids in minimizing these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health School, Harbin Medical University, Harbin Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
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Sankhwar ML, Yadav RS, Shukla RK, Pant AB, Singh D, Parmar D, Khanna VK. Impaired cholinergic mechanisms following exposure to monocrotophos in young rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 31:606-16. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327111405860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the neurobehavioral toxicity of monocrotophos, an organophosphate, have been carried out on rats following their exposure from postnatal day (PD) 22 to PD 49 to investigate whether neurobehavioral changes are transient or persistent. Exposure of rats to monocrotophos (0.50 or 1.0 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) decreased body weight (10% and 30%) and impaired grip strength (28% and 32%) and learning ability (65% and 68%) at both the doses, respectively in comparison to controls. A trend of recovery was observed in body weight and learning, while decrease in grip strength persisted in rats 15 days after withdrawal. Activity of acetylcholinesterase was decreased in frontal cortex (36% and 67%), hippocampus (21% and 49%) and cerebellum (29% and 51%) in monocrotophos-treated rats at both the doses. The decrease in the activity of acetylcholinesterase persisted in frontal cortex and hippocampus; however, a trend of recovery was observed in cerebellum 15 days after withdrawal. Binding of 3 H-quinuclidinyl benzilate ( 3 H-QNB) to frontocortical (19% and 35%), hippocampal (32% and 39%) and cerebellar (19% and 28%) membranes was decreased in monocrotophos-treated rats compared to controls. The decrease in the binding of 3 H-QNB persisted in frontocortical, hippocampal and cerebellar membranes 15 days after withdrawal. The results suggest that repeated exposure to monocrotophos in rats may cause behavioral and neurochemical modifications which may persist even after withdrawal. The findings are of concern in view of the high consumption of monocrotophos in many countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Lata Sankhwar
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (A Constituent Laboratory of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi), MG Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajesh S Yadav
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (A Constituent Laboratory of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi), MG Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajendra K Shukla
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (A Constituent Laboratory of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi), MG Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Aditya B Pant
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (A Constituent Laboratory of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi), MG Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Dhirendra Singh
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (A Constituent Laboratory of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi), MG Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Devendra Parmar
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (A Constituent Laboratory of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi), MG Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Vinay K Khanna
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (A Constituent Laboratory of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi), MG Marg, Lucknow, India
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GUVENC TUNA B, OZTURK N, COMELEKOGLU U, YILMAZ BC. Effects of Organophosphate Insecticides on Mechanical Properties of Rat Aorta. Physiol Res 2011; 60:39-46. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.931941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out to search whether organophosphate pesticides affect the mechanical properties of the thoracic aorta. Wistar female rats (aged 6-8 weeks) were assigned randomly to a control group and groups treated with either dichlorvos or chlorpyriphos for 90 days at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day. After that period, animals were killed and thoracic aorta strips in longitudinal direction were isolated. The stress, strain and elastic modulus were obtained from the strips. Our results showed that chronic administration of chlorpyriphos and dichlorvos caused downward shift of the stress-strain relations compared to the control curve. The elastic modulus-stress curve revealed distinct characteristics in the low and high stress regions. A power function was used to simulate the low stress region while a line was fit to the high stress region. Curve fitting procedure illustrated that both pesticides influenced mainly the high stress region, but they had diverse effects at the low stress region. The results also imply that chlorpyriphos and dichlorvos decrease the strength of the aorta and therefore might influence the response of the aorta to mechanical loading induced by blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - U. COMELEKOGLU
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
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Drastic decrease in dopamine receptor levels in the striatum of acetylcholinesterase knock-out mouse. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 183:194-201. [PMID: 19818744 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acetylcholinesterase knock-out mouse lives to adulthood despite 60-fold elevated acetylcholine concentrations in the brain that are lethal to wild-type animals. Part of its mechanism of survival is a 50% decrease in muscarinic and nicotinic receptors and a 50% decrease in adrenoceptor levels. HYPOTHESIS The hypothesis was tested that the dopaminergic neuronal system had also adapted. METHODS Radioligand binding assays measured dopamine receptor level and binding affinity in the striatum. Immunohistochemistry of brain sections with specific antibodies visualized dopamine transporter. Effects on the intracellular compartment were measured as cAMP content, PI-phospholipase C activity. RESULTS Dopamine receptor levels were decreased 28-fold for the D(1)-like, and more than 37-fold for the D(2)-like receptors, though binding affinity was normal. Despite these huge changes in receptor levels, dopamine transporter levels were not affected. The intracellular compartment had normal levels of cAMP and PI-phospholipase C activity. CONCLUSION Survival of the acetylcholinesterase knock-out mouse could be linked to adaptation of many neuronal systems during development including the cholinergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic. These adaptations balance the overstimulation of cholinergic receptors caused by high acetylcholine concentrations and thus maintain homeostasis inside the cell, allowing the animal to live.
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Dwivedi N, Bhutia YD, Kumar V, Yadav P, Kushwaha P, Swarnkar H, Flora SJS. Effects of combined exposure to dichlorvos and monocrotophos on blood and brain biochemical variables in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2009; 29:121-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327109357212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dichlorvos (DDVP) and monocrotophos (MC) are systemic insecticides and known to produce cholinergic and non-cholinergic effects. Individual toxic effects of these chemicals are known but their combined effects have not been studied. We studied the effect of concomitant exposure to DDVP and MC on selected biochemical variables suggestive of liver damage, changes in whole brain biogenic amines levels, acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities in rats. Female rats were exposed to DDVP (2.5 mg/kg subcutaneously) and MC (1.8 mg/kg oral) either individually or in combination for 4 weeks. We observed significant decrease in more pronounced depletion in norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) levels during co-exposure to DDVP and MC. Brain AChE activity increased and activity of MAO showed significant depletion on co-exposure to DDVP and MC. Brain glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio decreased significantly during exposure to DDVP or MC while co-exposure to these toxicants led to a more pronounced depletion of GSH: GSSG ratio. Serum aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities increased significantly on exposure to MC suggesting liver injury, while DDVP alone had no effect on these variables. There were no effects of DDVP and MC exposure on haematological biochemical variables except for depletion in serum glucose level after MC exposure which was more pronounced DDVP + MC during co-exposure. It can be concluded that only moderate synergistic effects occur between MC and DDVP during co-exposure. A more detailed study with variable doses, prolonged exposure and alterations in different brain regions is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Dwivedi
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Yangchen D Bhutia
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Vinesh Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Preeti Yadav
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Pramod Kushwaha
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Harimohan Swarnkar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - SJS Flora
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India,
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Bensoussan H, Grancolas L, Dhieux-Lestaevel B, Delissen O, Vacher CM, Dublineau I, Voisin P, Gourmelon P, Taouis M, Lestaevel P. Heavy metal uranium affects the brain cholinergic system in rat following sub-chronic and chronic exposure. Toxicology 2009; 261:59-67. [PMID: 19409444 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Uranium is a heavy metal naturally present in the environment that may be chronically ingested by the population. Previous studies have shown that uranium is present in the brain and alters behaviour, notably locomotor activity, sensorimotor ability, sleep/wake cycle and the memory process, but also metabolism of neurotransmitters. The cholinergic system mediates many cognitive systems, including those disturbed after chronic exposure to uranium i.e., spatial memory, sleep/wake cycle and locomotor activity. The objective of this study was to assess whether these disorders follow uranium-induced alteration of the cholinergic system. In comparison with 40 control rats, 40 rats drank 40 mg/L uranyl nitrate for 1.5 or 9 months. Cortex and hippocampus were removed and gene expression and protein level were analysed to determine potential changes in cholinergic receptors and acetylcholine levels. The expression of genes showed various alterations in the two brain areas after short- and long-term exposure. Nevertheless, protein levels of the choline acetyltransferase enzyme (ChAT), the vesicular transporter of acetylcholine (VAChT) and the nicotinic receptor beta2 sub-unit (nAChRbeta2) were unmodified in all cases of the experiment and muscarinic receptor type 1 (m1AChR) protein level was disturbed only after 9 months of exposure in the cortex (-30%). Acetylcholine levels were unchanged in the hippocampus after 1.5 and 9 months, but were decreased in the cortex after 1.5 months only (-22%). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was also unchanged in the hippocampus but decreased in the cortex after 1.5 and 9 months (-16% and -18%, respectively). Taken together, these data indicate that the cholinergic system is a target of uranium exposure in a structure-dependent and time-dependent manner. These cholinergic alterations could participate in behavioural impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Bensoussan
- Institut de RadioProtection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Département de la Radioprotection de l'Homme, Service de Radiobiologie et d'Epidémiologie, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie Expérimentale, BP 17, F-92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
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Tan DH, Peng SQ, Wu YL, Wang YM, Lu CF, Ding W, Wang QX, Yan CH. Chlorpyrifos Induces Delayed Cytotoxicity after Withdrawal in Primary Hippocampal Neurons through Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Inhibition. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:1649-55. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- De-Hong Tan
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
| | - Shuang-Qing Peng
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences
| | - Ying-Liang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yi-Mei Wang
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences
| | - Chun-Feng Lu
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
| | - Wei Ding
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences
| | - Qiao-Xu Wang
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences
| | - Chang-Hui Yan
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences
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