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Banks G, Nolan PM, Bourbia N. Shift work-like patterns effect on female and male mouse behavior. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2022; 13:100082. [PMID: 36267148 PMCID: PMC9576555 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2022.100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Shift work (work outside of standard daylight hours) is common throughout the Western world. However, there are notable health consequences to shift work, including increased prevalence of mental health and sleep disorders in shift worker populations. Therefore, the health and wellbeing of shift workers is a public health concern that needs to be addressed. Here we investigate the effects of two separate light induced shift work-like patterns on male and female mouse behaviour (anxiety-like, exploration, marble burying, startle reflex and circadian rhythms). After 6 weeks of shift-like disruptions patterns, animals displayed no behavioral differences in exploration, marble burying and startle reflex. Interestingly however, we identified sex specific and disruption specific effects in light aversion and wheel running activities. Notably, analysis of the activity patterns of animals in disruptive conditions demonstrated that they maintained a degree of rhythmicity through the disruption period, which may explain the lack of behavioral differences in most behavioral tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Banks
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Patrick M. Nolan
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Nora Bourbia
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
- UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Campus, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0RQ, UK
- Corresponding author. UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Campus, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0RD, UK.
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2
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Parameswaran G, Ray DW. Sleep, circadian rhythms, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2022; 96:12-20. [PMID: 34637144 PMCID: PMC8939263 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 60 years we have seen a significant rise in metabolic disease, especially type 2 diabetes. In the same period, the emergence of electricity and artificial lighting has allowed our behavioural cycles to be independent of external patterns of sunlight. This has led to a corresponding increase in sleep deprivation, estimated to be about 1 hour per night, as well as circadian misalignment (living against the clock). Evidence from experimental animals as well as controlled human subjects have shown that sleep deprivation and circadian misalignment can both directly drive metabolic dysfunction, causing diabetes. However, the precise mechanism by which these processes contribute to insulin resistance remains poorly understood. In this article, we will review the new literature in the field and propose a model attempting to reconcile the experimental observations made. We believe our model will serve as a useful point of reference to understand how metabolic dysfunction can emerge from sleep or circadian rhythm disruptions, providing new directions for research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Parameswaran
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - David W. Ray
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
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3
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Richter HG, Mendez N, Halabi D, Torres-Farfan C, Spichiger C. New integrative approaches to discovery of pathophysiological mechanisms triggered by night shift work. Chronobiol Int 2021; 39:269-284. [PMID: 34727788 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1994984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Synchronization to periodic cues such as food/water availability and light/dark cycles is crucial for living organisms' homeostasis. Both factors have been heavily influenced by human activity, with artificial light at night (ALAN) being an evolutionary challenge imposed over roughly the last century. Evidence from studies in humans and animal models shows that overt circadian misalignment, such as that imposed to about 20% of the workforce by night shift work (NSW), negatively impinges on the internal temporal order of endocrinology, physiology, metabolism, and behavior. Moreover, NSW is often associated to mistimed feeding, with both unnatural behaviors being known to increase the risk of chronic diseases, such as eating disorders, overweight, obesity, cardiovascular, metabolic (particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus) and gastrointestinal disorders, some types of cancer, as well as mental disease including sleep disturbances, cognitive disorders, and depression. Regarding deleterious effects of ALAN on reproduction, increased risk of miscarriage, preterm delivery and low birth weight have been reported in shift-worker women. These mounting lines of evidence prompt further efforts to advance our understanding of the effects of long-term NSW on health. Emerging data suggest that NSW with or without mistimed feeding modify gene expression and functional readouts in different tissues/organs, which seem to translate into persistent cardiometabolic and endocrine dysfunction. However, this research avenue still faces multiple challenges, such as functional characterization of new experimental models more closely resembling human long-term NSW and mistimed feeding in males versus females; studying further target organs; identifying molecular changes by means of deep multi-omics analyses; and exploring biomarkers of NSW with translational medicine potential. Using high-throughput and systems biology is a relatively new approach to study NSW, aimed to generate experiments addressing new biological factors, pathways, and mechanisms, going beyond the boundaries of the circadian clock molecular machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans G Richter
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Natalia Mendez
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Diego Halabi
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Instituto de Odontoestomatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudia Torres-Farfan
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Spichiger
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Schwartz PB, Walcheck MT, Berres M, Nukaya M, Wu G, Carrillo ND, Matkowskyj KA, Ronnekleiv-Kelly SM. Chronic jetlag-induced alterations in pancreatic diurnal gene expression. Physiol Genomics 2021; 53:319-335. [PMID: 34056925 PMCID: PMC8409905 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00022.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-autonomous circadian clocks exist in nearly every organ and function to maintain homeostasis through a complex series of transcriptional-translational feedback loops. The response of these peripheral clocks to external perturbations, such as chronic jetlag and shift work, has been extensively investigated. However, an evaluation of the effects of chronic jetlag on the mouse pancreatic transcriptome is still lacking. Herein, we report an evaluation of the diurnal variations encountered in the pancreatic transcriptome following exposure to an established chronic jetlag protocol. We found approximately 5.4% of the pancreatic transcriptome was rhythmic. Following chronic jetlag, we found the number of rhythmic transcripts decreased to approximately 3.6% of the transcriptome. Analysis of the core clock genes, which orchestrate circadian physiology, revealed that nearly all exhibited a shift in the timing of peak gene expression-known as a phase shift. Similarly, over 95% of the rhythmically expressed genes in the pancreatic transcriptome exhibited a phase shift, many of which were found to be important for metabolism. Evaluation of the genes involved in pancreatic exocrine secretion and insulin signaling revealed many pancreas-specific genes were also rhythmically expressed and several displayed a concomitant phase shift with chronic jetlag. Phase differences were found 9 days after normalization, indicating a persistent failure to reentrain to the new light-dark cycle. This study is the first to evaluate the endogenous pancreatic clock and rhythmic gene expression in whole pancreas over 48 h, and how the external perturbation of chronic jetlag affects the rhythmic expression of genes in the pancreatic transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Schwartz
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Morgan T Walcheck
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mark Berres
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Manabu Nukaya
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gang Wu
- Division of Human Genetics and Immunobiology, Center for Chronobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Noah D Carrillo
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kristina A Matkowskyj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
- William S Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sean M Ronnekleiv-Kelly
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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de Goede P, Hellings TP, Coopmans TV, Ritsema WIGR, Kalsbeek A. After-Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding on Whole-Body Metabolism and Gene Expression in Four Different Peripheral Tissues. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28 Suppl 1:S68-S80. [PMID: 32475077 PMCID: PMC7496197 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological studies show that shift workers are at increased risk for type 2 diabetes. As modern societies increasingly require shift work, it seems crucial to determine whether there are long-lasting health effects of rotational shifts. METHODS This study examined the after-effects of 4 weeks of time-restricted feeding (TRF) during the light period (= light-fed) in rats, an animal model for shift work. This study also included a TRF-dark (= dark-fed) control group. The aligned and misaligned feeding times of light and dark feeding are associated with poor and good health outcomes, respectively. Several physiological measures were monitored continuously; blood, liver, brown adipose tissue, and soleus and gastrocnemius muscle were collected following 11 days of ad libitum (AL) feeding after ending the TRF. RESULTS In the dark-fed animals, the day/night differences in food intake, activity, and respiratory exchange ratio were still enhanced at the end of the experiment. Light-fed animals displayed the smallest day/night differences for these measures, as well as for body temperature. In both the light- and dark-fed animals, rhythms in plasma glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, and gene expression had not fully recovered after 11 days of AL feeding. Importantly, the effects on gene expression were both tissue and gene dependent. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that rotational shift workers may have an increased risk of long-lasting disturbed rhythms in several physiological measures after a period of shift work. Clearly, such disturbances may harm their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul de Goede
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyAmsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & UMCAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms GroupNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Tom P. Hellings
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyAmsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & UMCAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms GroupNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Tom V. Coopmans
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyAmsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & UMCAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms GroupNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Wayne I. G. R. Ritsema
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyAmsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & UMCAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms GroupNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyAmsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & UMCAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms GroupNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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6
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Bano‐Otalora B, Madrid JA, Rol MA. Melatonin alleviates circadian system disruption induced by chronic shifts of the light-dark cycle in Octodon degus. J Pineal Res 2020; 68:e12619. [PMID: 31677295 PMCID: PMC6916290 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Modern 24-h society lifestyle is associated with experiencing frequent shifts in the lighting conditions which can negatively impact human health. Here, we use the degus, a species exhibiting diurnal and nocturnal chronotypes, to: (a) assess the impact of chronic shifts of the light:dark (LD) cycle in the animal's physiology and behaviour and (b) test the therapeutic potential of melatonin in enhancing rhythmicity under these conditions. Degus were subjected to a "5d + 2d" LD-shifting schedule for 19 weeks. This protocol aims to mimic lighting conditions experienced by humans during shift work: LD cycle was weekly delayed by 8h during 5 "working" days (Morning, Afternoon and Night schedule); during weekends (2 days), animals were kept under Morning schedule. After 9 weeks, melatonin was provided daily for 6h in the drinking water. The "5d + 2d" shifting LD schedule led to a disruption in wheel-running activity (WRA) and body temperature (Tb) rhythms which manifested up to three separate periods in the circadian range. This chronodisruption was more evident in nocturnal than in diurnal degus, particularly during the Afternoon schedule when a phase misalignment between WRA and Tb rhythms appeared. Melatonin treatment and, to a lesser extent, water restriction enhanced the 24-h component, suggesting a potential role in ameliorating the disruptive effects of shift work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bano‐Otalora
- Chronobiology LabDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of MurciaIUIEIMIB‐ArrixacaMurciaSpain
- Present address:
Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Juan Antonio Madrid
- Chronobiology LabDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of MurciaIUIEIMIB‐ArrixacaMurciaSpain
- Ciber Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES)MadridSpain
| | - Maria Angeles Rol
- Chronobiology LabDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of MurciaIUIEIMIB‐ArrixacaMurciaSpain
- Ciber Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES)MadridSpain
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7
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Walbeek TJ, Harrison EM, Soler RR, Gorman MR. Enhanced Circadian Entrainment in Mice and Its Utility under Human Shiftwork Schedules. Clocks Sleep 2019; 1:394-413. [PMID: 33089177 PMCID: PMC7445835 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep1030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian system is generally considered to be incapable of adjusting to rapid changes in sleep/work demands. In shiftworkers this leads to chronic circadian disruption and sleep loss, which together predict underperformance at work and negative health consequences. Two distinct experimental protocols have been proposed to increase circadian flexibility in rodents using dim light at night: rhythm bifurcation and T-cycle (i.e., day length) entrainment. Successful translation of such protocols to human shiftworkers could facilitate alignment of internal time with external demands. To assess entrainment flexibility following bifurcation and exposure to T-cycles, mice in Study 1 were repeatedly phase-shifted. Mice from experimental conditions rapidly phase-shifted their activity, while control mice showed expected transient misalignment. In Study 2 and 3, mice followed a several weeks-long intervention designed to model a modified DuPont or Continental shiftwork schedule, respectively. For both schedules, bifurcation and nocturnal dim lighting reduced circadian misalignment. Together, these studies demonstrate proof of concept that mammalian circadian systems can be rendered sufficiently flexible to adapt to multiple, rapidly changing shiftwork schedules. Flexible adaptation to exotic light-dark cycles likely relies on entrainment mechanisms that are distinct from traditional entrainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs J. Walbeek
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence: (T.J.W.); (M.R.G.); Tel.: +1-858-822-2466 (M.R.G.)
| | - Elizabeth M. Harrison
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert R. Soler
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael R. Gorman
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence: (T.J.W.); (M.R.G.); Tel.: +1-858-822-2466 (M.R.G.)
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