1
|
Kesserwani H. Space Flight-Associated Neuroocular Syndrome, Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension, and Pseudotumor Cerebri: Phenotypic Descriptions, Pathogenesis, and Hydrodynamics. Cureus 2021; 13:e14103. [PMID: 33907644 PMCID: PMC8067672 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data from astronauts who have returned to Earth from a long-duration space flight have unequivocally distinguished spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) from idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and pseudotumor cerebri (PTC). We review the semiology and pathogenesis of these three entities, noting that optic disc edema is what unites them, and this where the similarities between SANS and IIH/PTC end. We distinguish between PTC and IIH and between SANS and IIH/PTC and review the medical and surgical therapy of IIH/PTC. The key to understanding the phenomenon of optic disc edema is the geometry of the optic nerve sheath, which is a simulacrum of an inverted Venturi tube. This allows us to theoretically study the hydrodynamics of the optic nerve sheath by applying simple physical laws, including the Venturi effect, Poiseuille's law, and Reynold's number, and we speculate on nature's design and the correlation of form and function in understanding how cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates in the optic nerve sheath as it approaches the optic nerve head. Recent spectacular data on the histology of the blood nerve-barrier of the optic nerve disc and the glymphatic system of the optic nerve sheath will also help us understand the development of optic disc edema due to the microgravity-induced cephalad shift of CSF in SANS. We will explore the role of the sodium/potassium adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) pump on choroid plexus epithelial cells and the aquaporin-4 water receptors located on astrocyte end-feet and their complex interactions with the tetracyclines, mineralocorticoids, and therapeutic agents with carbonic anhydrase activity. We also adumbrate the complex interactions between obesity, vitamin A, and 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and how the aquaporin-4 receptor relates to these interactions.
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Introduction: Diagnosis and appropriate management of patients with the pseudotumor cerebri syndrome are imperative to prevent or minimize permanent visual loss and headache-related disability. Areas covered: Steps in management, including making the correct diagnosis, techniques to assess the patient's visual status, medical treatment of intracranial hypertension and the associated headaches, weight management strategies, surgical treatments and stenting are reviewed incorporating the most recent medical evidence. Expert opinion: As the pathogenesis of the pseudotumor cerebri syndrome is still unknown, many of the currently employed management strategies incorporate a 'plumbing approach' to decrease cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure. The Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Trial (IIHTT) taught us that the disorder markedly affects visual and overall quality of life, and that reducing pressure alone is not enough to make patients well, even those considered to have 'mild' vision loss. Other than the IIHTT, the evidence supporting the use of various treatments is meager. The course of the disorder can be unpredictable, and the clinician(s) managing these patients are often uncertain about which treatments to employ. Moreover, the desired modalities and specialists are not universally available in all locations. An individualized and detailed approach to the various manifestations and nuances of the disorder is essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah I Friedman
- Departments of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics and Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gregoriades JMC, Madaris A, Alvarez FJ, Alvarez-Leefmans FJ. Genetic and pharmacological inactivation of apical Na +-K +-2Cl - cotransporter 1 in choroid plexus epithelial cells reveals the physiological function of the cotransporter. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 316:C525-C544. [PMID: 30576237 PMCID: PMC6482671 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00026.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). They express Na+-K+-ATPase and Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) on their apical membrane, deviating from typical basolateral membrane location in secretory epithelia. Given this peculiarity, the direction of basal net ion fluxes mediated by NKCC1 in CPECs is controversial, and cotransporter function is unclear. Determining the direction of basal NKCC1-mediated fluxes is critical to understanding the function of apical NKCC1. If NKCC1 works in the net efflux mode, it may be directly involved in CSF secretion. Conversely, if NKCC1 works in the net influx mode, it would have an absorptive function, contributing to intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl-]i) and cell water volume (CWV) maintenance needed for CSF secretion. We resolve this long-standing debate by electron microscopy (EM), live-cell-imaging microscopy (LCIM), and intracellular Na+ and Cl- measurements in single CPECs of NKCC1+/+ and NKCC1-/- mouse. NKCC1-mediated ion and associated water fluxes are tightly linked, thus their direction is inferred by measuring CWV changes. Genetic or pharmacological NKCC1 inactivation produces CPEC shrinkage. EM of NKCC1-/- CPECs in situ shows they are shrunken, forming large dilations of their basolateral extracellular spaces, yet remaining attached by tight junctions. Normarski LCIM shows in vitro CPECs from NKCC1-/- are ~17% smaller than NKCC1+/+. CWV measurements in calcein-loaded CPECs show that bumetanide (10 μM) produces ~16% decrease in CWV in NKCC1+/+ but not in NKCC1-/- CPECs. Our findings suggest that under basal conditions apical NKCC1 is continuously active and works in the net inward flux mode maintaining [Cl-]i and CWV needed for CSF secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine M C Gregoriades
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
| | - Aaron Madaris
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial, and Human Factors Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
| | - Francisco J Alvarez
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Babiker MOE, Prasad M, MacLeod S, Chow G, Whitehouse WP. Fifteen-minute consultation: the child with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2014; 99:166-72. [PMID: 24667890 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-305818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a rare condition where intracranial hypertension is found in the context of normal brain parenchyma and no mass lesion, ventriculomegaly, underlying infection, or malignancy. Our understanding of this condition has greatly improved in the recent years with neuroimaging features and normal values for lumbar puncture opening pressure now well defined. This article provides a review of IIH in children and revised diagnostic criteria based on recent evidence and published opinion. We have also presented an algorithmic approach to the child with possible IIH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed O E Babiker
- Fraser of Allander Neurosciences Unit, Royal Hospital of Sick Children, Glasgow, UK
| | - Manish Prasad
- Department of Paediatrics, Pinderfield General Hospital, Wakefield, UK
| | - Stewart MacLeod
- Fraser of Allander Neurosciences Unit, Royal Hospital of Sick Children, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gabriel Chow
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - William P Whitehouse
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Arroyo JP, Kahle KT, Gamba G. The SLC12 family of electroneutral cation-coupled chloride cotransporters. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:288-98. [PMID: 23506871 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The SLC12 family encodes electroneutral cation-coupled chloride cotransporters that are critical for several physiological processes including cell volume regulation, modulation of intraneuronal chloride concentration, transepithelial ion movement, and blood pressure regulation. Members of this family are the targets of the most commonly used diuretic drugs, have been shown to be the causative genes for inherited disease such as Gitelman, Bartter and Andermann syndromes, and potentially play a role in polygenic complex diseases like arterial hypertension, epilepsy, osteoporosis, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Arroyo
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ryu JH, Walcott BP, Kahle KT, Sheth SA, Peterson RT, Nahed BV, Coumans JVCE, Simard JM. Induced and Sustained Hypernatremia for the Prevention and Treatment of Cerebral Edema Following Brain Injury. Neurocrit Care 2013; 19:222-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s12028-013-9824-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
7
|
Galgano MA, Deshaies EM. An update on the management of pseudotumor cerebri. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2013; 115:252-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Virk JS, Elmiyeh B, Saleh HA. Endoscopic management of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: the charing cross experience. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2013; 74:61-7. [PMID: 24436890 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1333620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe our experience of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea management. Design Retrospective. Setting Charing Cross Hospital, London, a tertiary referral center. Participants Fifty-four patients with CSF rhinorrhea managed from 2003 to 2011. Main outcome measures Surgical technique; Recurrence. Results Etiologically, 36 were spontaneous and 18 traumatic. Eight patients with spontaneous and two with traumatic leaks had previous failed repairs in other units. Success rates after first and second surgery were 93% and 100%, respectively. Mean follow-up was 21 months. Four patients, all of spontaneous etiology, had recurrences; three of these underwent successful second repair with three layered technique, and the fourth had complete cessation of the leak after gastric bypass surgery and subsequent weight reduction. Adaptation of anatomic three-layered repair since then averted any further failure in the following 7 years. Mean body mass index was 34.0 kg/m(2) in spontaneous and 27.8 kg/m(2) in traumatic cases (p < 0.05). Fifty percent of spontaneous leaks were from the cribriform plate, 22% sphenoid, 14% ethmoid, and 14% frontal sinus. In the traumatic CSF leak group: 33.3% were from the cribriform plate, 33.3% sphenoid, 22.2% ethmoid, and 11.1% frontal. Conclusion Endoscopic CSF fistula closure is a safe and effective operation. All sites of leak can be accessed endoscopically. We recommend the use of an anatomic three-layered closure in difficult cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagdeep Singh Virk
- Department of ENT, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare, London, United Kingdom
| | - Behrad Elmiyeh
- Department of ENT, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hesham A Saleh
- Department of ENT, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|