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Cheng T, Zhang T, Zhang P, He X, Sadiq FA, Li J, Sang Y, Gao J. The complex world of kefir: Structural insights and symbiotic relationships. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13364. [PMID: 38847746 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Kefir milk, known for its high nutritional value and health benefits, is traditionally produced by fermenting milk with kefir grains. These grains are a complex symbiotic community of lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, yeasts, and other microorganisms. However, the intricate coexistence mechanisms within these microbial colonies remain a mystery, posing challenges in predicting their biological and functional traits. This uncertainty often leads to variability in kefir milk's quality and safety. This review delves into the unique structural characteristics of kefir grains, particularly their distinctive hollow structure. We propose hypotheses on their formation, which appears to be influenced by the aggregation behaviors of the community members and their alliances. In kefir milk, a systematic colonization process is driven by metabolite release, orchestrating the spatiotemporal rearrangement of ecological niches. We place special emphasis on the dynamic spatiotemporal changes within the kefir microbial community. Spatially, we observe variations in species morphology and distribution across different locations within the grain structure. Temporally, the review highlights the succession patterns of the microbial community, shedding light on their evolving interactions.Furthermore, we explore the ecological mechanisms underpinning the formation of a stable community composition. The interplay of cooperative and competitive species within these microorganisms ensures a dynamic balance, contributing to the community's richness and stability. In kefir community, competitive species foster diversity and stability, whereas cooperative species bolster mutualistic symbiosis. By deepening our understanding of the behaviors of these complex microbial communities, we can pave the way for future advancements in the development and diversification of starter cultures for food fermentation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Cheng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Pengmin Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaowei He
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Faizan Ahmed Sadiq
- Advanced Therapies Group, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jiale Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yaxin Sang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
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Matos RS, Pinto EP, Pires MA, Ramos GQ, Ţălu Ş, Lima LS, da Fonseca Filho HD. Evaluating the roughness dynamics of kefir biofilms grown on Amazon cupuaçu juice: a monofractal and multifractal approach. Microscopy (Oxf) 2024; 73:55-65. [PMID: 37540558 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the surface microtexture of kefir biofilms grown on Theobroma grandiflorum Shum (cupuaçu) juice using atomic force microscopy. Our goal was to investigate the unique monofractal and multifractal spatial patterns of these biofilms to complement the existing limited literature. The biofilms were prepared dispersing four different concentrations of kefir grains in cupuaçu juice. Our morphological analysis showed that the surface of the obtained biofilms is essentially formed by the presence of cupuaçu fibers and microorganisms like lactobacilli and yeast. The topographic height-based parameter analysis reveals that there is a dependence between surface roughness and the concentration of kefir grains used. The strongly anisotropic well-centralized topographical height distribution of the biofilms also exhibited a quasi-symmetrical and platykurtic pattern. The biofilms exhibit comparable levels of spatial complexity, surface percolation and surface homogeneity, which can be attributed to their similar topographic uniformity. This aspect was further supported by the presence of similar multifractality in the biofilms, suggesting that despite their varying topographic roughness, their vertical growth dynamics follow a similar pattern. Our findings demonstrate that the surface roughness of kefir biofilms cultivated on cupuaçu juice is influenced by the concentration of kefir grains in the precursor solution. However, this dependence follows a consistent pattern across different concentrations. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Matos
- Amazonian Materials Group, Department of Physics, Federal University of Amapá-UNIFAP, Rod. Juscelino Kubitscheck, km 02 - Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá, Amapá 68.903-419, Brazil
| | - Erveton P Pinto
- Amazonian Materials Group, Department of Physics, Federal University of Amapá-UNIFAP, Rod. Juscelino Kubitscheck, km 02 - Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá, Amapá 68.903-419, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Pires
- Department of Physiscs, Federal University of Alagoas-UFAL, Rodovia AL 145, Km 3, 3849 - Cidade Universitária, Delmiro Gouveia, Alagoas 57.480-000, Brazil
| | - Glenda Q Ramos
- Centro Multiusuário para Análise de Fenômenos Biomédicos da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas-UEA, Av. Carvalho Leal, 1777 - Cachoeirinha, Amazonas 69.065-001, Brazil
| | - Ştefan Ţălu
- Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, The Directorate of Research, Development and Innovation Management (DMCDI), Constantin Daicoviciu St., no. 15, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County 400020, Romania
| | - Lucas S Lima
- Laboratory of Corrosion and Nanotechnology (LCNT), Federal University of Sergipe-UFS, Cidade Universitária Prof. "José Aloísio de Campos" Av. Marechal Rondom, S/N - Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristovão, Sergipe 49.100-000, Brazil
| | - Henrique D da Fonseca Filho
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Nanoscopy, Department of Physics, Federal University of Amazonas-UFAM, Av. General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 1200 - Coroado I, Manaus, Amazonas 69.067-005, Brazil
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Oliveira Filho JGD, Silva CDO, Egea MB, Azeredo HMCD, Mattoso LHC. Employing alternative culture media in kefiran exopolysaccharide production: Impact on microbial diversity, physicochemical properties, and bioactivities. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125648. [PMID: 37406922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Kefiran is a biomaterial with potential application in developing novel materials for food technology. In this study, sugarcane sugar (REF), raw sugar (RAS), brown sugar (BRS), soy molasses (SOM), and sugarcane molasses (SCM) were evaluated for the production of kefiran from kefir biomass rather than cow's milk (CMK), the usual medium. The produced kefiran was purified and characterized by colorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis, and morphology. It was also assayed for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. SCM had the highest average daily rate of kefir biomass production (29.17 %/day). The composition of the culture medium affected the microbial diversity of kefir grains, and the Lactobacillus genus was the most abundant (39.8 %, 40.0 %, and 83.9 % to SCM, SOM, and CMK, respectively) in the samples that presented the highest biomass production and kefiran extraction yields. FTIR spectra showed that the bands of kefiran produced in REF and RAS were narrower than those of the other samples. Kefiran grew in an alternative culture medium also exhibited higher thermal stability (Tonset and TMax was higher than 250 and 280 °C, respectively). Those grown in SOM and SCM displayed antimicrobial and antioxidant activities similar to those of kefiran produced in CMK. The results indicate that agro-industrial by-products (SCM and SOM) are potential alternatives for kefiran production from kefir biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariana Buranelo Egea
- Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil.
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Radhouani H, Gonçalves C, Maia FR, Oliveira EP, Reis RL, Oliveira JM. Development of Conjugated Kefiran-Chondroitin Sulphate Cryogels with Enhanced Properties for Biomedical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1662. [PMID: 37376110 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels based on natural polysaccharides can have unique properties and be tailored for several applications, which may be mainly limited by the fragile structure and weak mechanical properties of this type of system. We successfully prepared cryogels made of newly synthesized kefiran exopolysaccharide-chondroitin sulfate (CS) conjugate via carbodiimide-mediated coupling to overcome these drawbacks. The freeze-thawing procedure of cryogel preparation followed by lyophilization is a promising route to fabricate polymer-based scaffolds with countless and valuable biomedical applications. The novel graft macromolecular compound (kefiran-CS conjugate) was characterized through 1H-NMR and FTIR spectroscopy-which confirmed the structure of the conjugate, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)-which mirrored good thermal stability (degradation temperature of about 215 °C) and, finally, gel permeation chromatography-size exclusion chromatography (GPC-SEC)-which proved an increased molecular weight due to chemical coupling of kefiran with CS. At the same time, the corresponding cryogels physically crosslinked after the freeze-thawing procedure were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Micro-CT, and dynamic rheology. The results revealed a prevalent contribution of elastic/storage component to the viscoelastic behavior of cryogels in swollen state, a micromorphology with micrometer-sized open pores fully interconnected, and high porosity (ca. 90%) observed for freeze-dried cryogels. Furthermore, the metabolic activity and proliferation of human adipose stem cells (hASCs), when cultured onto the developed kefiran-CS cryogel, was maintained at a satisfactory level over 72 h. Based on the results obtained, it can be inferred that the newly freeze-dried kefiran-CS cryogels possess a host of unique properties that render them highly suitable for use in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, drug delivery, and other biomedical applications where robust mechanical properties and biocompatibility are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Radhouani
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Gonçalves
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - F Raquel Maia
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Eduarda P Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
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Du G, Chang S, Guo Q, Yan X, Chen H, Yuan Y, Yue T. Adsorption removal of ochratoxin A from milk by Tibetan kefir grains and its mechanism. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Correia S, Gonçalves C, Oliveira JM, Radhouani H, Reis RL. Impact of Kefiran Exopolysaccharide Extraction on Its Applicability for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081713. [PMID: 36015340 PMCID: PMC9415419 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Kefiran is an exopolysaccharide produced by the microflora of kefir grains used to produce the fermented milk beverage kefir. The health-promoting and physicochemical properties of kefiran led to its exploration for a range of applications, mainly in the food industry and biomedical fields. Aiming to explore its potential for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) applications, the kefiran biopolymer obtained through three different extraction methodologies was fully characterized and compared. High-quality kefiran polysaccharides were recovered with suitable yield through different extraction protocols. The methods consisted of heating the kefir grains prior to recovering kefiran by centrifugation and differed mainly in the precipitation steps included before lyophilization. Then, kefiran scaffolds were successfully produced from each extract by cryogelation and freeze-drying. In all extracts, it was possible to identify the molecular structure of the kefiran polysaccharide through 1H-NMR and FTIR spectra. The kefiran from extraction 1 showed the highest molecular weight (~3000 kDa) and the best rheological properties, showing a pseudoplastic behavior; its scaffold presented the highest value of porosity (93.2% ± 2), and wall thickness (85.8 µm ± 16.3). All extracts showed thermal stability, good injectability and desirable viscoelastic properties; the developed scaffolds demonstrated mechanical stability, elastic behavior, and pore size comprised between 98–94 µm. Additionally, all kefiran products proved to be non-cytotoxic over L929 cells. The interesting structural, physicochemical, and biological properties showed by the kefiran extracts and cryogels revealed their biomedical potential and suitability for TERM applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Correia
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Gonçalves
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M. Oliveira
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Hajer Radhouani
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-253-510-900; Fax: +351-253-510-909
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
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Ţălu Ş, P Pinto E, S Matos R, Zelati A, Solaymani S, Shafiekhani A, Ghaderi A. Surface dynamics, fractal features, and micromorphology analysis of kefir biofilms. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:1964-1975. [PMID: 35045209 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a study of image analysis of kefir biofilms associated with Acai extract prepared by fermentation of fresh kefir grains natural. Atomic force microscopy data were studied, aiming to understand how the concentration of acai berry (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) influences the surface morphology as well as the texture complexity, evaluated by the fractal dimension. The results showed that the superficial morphology was affected by the increase of Acai concentration in the biofilms, as well as the fractal dimension. It has also been observed that the surface of the biofilm presented saturation when concentration changes from 40 to 60 ml. On the other hand, it was observed that the intermediate sample produced with 20 ml of acai berry seems to be the best point for biofilms production that can serve as a skin dressing since other studies related to mechanical properties and in vitro and in vivo tests can confirm this applicability. Thus, the characterization of the surface morphology of kefir biofilms by the evaluation of surface statistical parameters and fractal geometry may provide promising results regarding the applicability of these films. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: We characterized the structural complexity of the 3-D surface of the kefir biofilms associated with açaí extract. The 3-D surface analysis of the samples was performed using an atomic force microscope operating in contact mode. We determined the stereometric and fractal dimension of the analyzed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ştefan Ţălu
- The Directorate of Research, Development and Innovation Management (DMCDI), Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Erveton P Pinto
- Physics Department, Amazonian Materials Group, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Robert S Matos
- Physics Department, Amazonian Materials Group, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Amir Zelati
- Department of Basic Sciences, Birjand University of Technology, Birjand, Iran
| | - Shahram Solaymani
- Department of Physics, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Azizollah Shafiekhani
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Ghaderi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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Influence of Three Extraction Methods on the Physicochemical Properties of Kefirans Isolated from Three Types of Animal Milk. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081098. [PMID: 35454685 PMCID: PMC9032003 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Kefiran is a heteropolysaccharide biopolymer usually extracted from kefir grains cultured in cow milk. Due to the lack of information on exopolysaccharides from other types of animal milk, in the present study, cow, buffalo and goat milks were used as raw materials for fermentation. The kefiran extractions from kefir grains were carried out with cold water (method I), hot water (method II) and mild heated water-ultrasound (method III), and then the recovery yield and the physicochemical properties of the kefirans were evaluated to establish the influence of both the extraction conditions and the type of milk. The highest yield was recorded for the cow kefiran using method III (4.79%). The recoveries of goat and buffalo kefirans with methods II and III were similar (2.75–2.81%). Method I had the lowest yields (0.15–0.48%). The physicochemical characteristics were studied with Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed the same qualitative profile for all the samples, regardless of the method and the type of milk, confirming that the extraction methods did not affect the chemical structure of the kefirans. Otherwise, the thermal and morphological features of the samples showed differences according to both the type of the milk and the extraction method. The kefiran samples were very thermally stable, having a temperature of degradation (Td) in the range from 264 to 354 °C. The resulting morphological and thermal differences could lead to different practical applications of kefirans in the fields of nutrition and pharmacology.
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Basiri S. Applications of Microbial Exopolysaccharides in the Food Industry. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.34172/ajmb.2021.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are high molecular weight polysaccharides secreted by microorganisms in the surrounding environment. In addition to the favorable benefits of these compounds for microorganisms, including microbial cell protection, they are used in various food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Investigating the functional and health-promoting characteristics of microbial EPS, identifying the isolation method of these valuable compounds, and their applications in the food industry are the objectives of this study. EPS are used in food industries as thickeners, gelling agents, viscosifiers, and film formers. The antioxidative, anticancer, prebiotic, and cholesterol-lowering effects of some of these compounds make it possible to use them in functional food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Basiri
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Food-derived biopolymer kefiran composites, nanocomposites and nanofibers: Emerging alternatives to food packaging and potentials in nanomedicine. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Core-shell PLA/Kef hybrid scaffolds for skin tissue engineering applications prepared by direct kefiran coating on PLA electrospun fibers optimized via air-plasma treatment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 127:112248. [PMID: 34225887 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the recent years, there is a growing interest in electrospun hybrid scaffolds composed of synthetic and natural polymers that can support cell attachment and proliferation. In this work, the physical and biological properties of polylactic acid (PLA) electrospun mats coated with kefiran (Kef) were evaluated. Gravimetric, spectroscopic (FTIR-ATR) and morphological investigations via scanning electron microscopy confirmed the effective formation of a thin kefiran layer wrapped on the PLA fibers with an easy-tunable thickness. Air plasma pre-treatment carried out on PLA (P-PLA) affected both the morphology and the crystallinity of Kef coating as confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction analyses. Scaffolds were mechanically characterized with tensile tests to evaluate the reinforcing action of the Kef coating. The water resistance of Kefiran coating in distilled water at 37 °C evaluated on both PLA/Kef and P-PLA/Kef was carried out by gravimetric and morphological analyses. Finally, cell culture assays with embryonic fibroblast cells were conducted on selected hybrid scaffolds to compare the cell proliferation, morphology, and collagen production with PLA and P-PLA electrospun scaffolds. Based on the results, we can demonstrate that direct coating of PLA from Kef/water solutions is an effective approach to prepare hybrid scaffolds with tunable properties and that the plasma pre-treatment enhances the affinity between PLA and Kefiran. In vitro tests demonstrated the great potential of PLA/Kef hybrid scaffolds for skin tissue engineering.
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Barros SÉDL, Rocha CDS, de Moura MSB, Barcelos MP, da Silva CHTDP, Hage-Melim LIDS. Potential beneficial effects of kefir and its postbiotic, kefiran, on child food allergy. Food Funct 2021; 12:3770-3786. [PMID: 33977950 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03182h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Food allergies are known as the public health problem, affecting people of all age groups, but more commonly in babies and children, with consequences for nutritional status and quality of life. The increase in the consumption of healthy foods has consequently led to an increased demand for functional foods with specific health benefits. Thus, the pharmaceutical industry's interest in natural products has grown every time and is therefore considered as an alternative to synthetic drugs. Kefir has been outstanding for several years as promising in the manufacture of various pharmaceutical products, due to its nutritional and therapeutic properties for the treatment of many diseases. Currently, a wide variety of new functional foods are appearing on the market, representing an important segment. Postbiotics, for example, has stood out for being a product with action similar to probiotics, without offering side effects. The kefiran is the postbiotic from kefir that promotes potential beneficial effects on food allergy from the intestinal microbiome to the immune system. In this context, it is necessary to know the main promoting component of this functional effect. This review compiles the benefits that kefir, and especially its postbiotic, kefiran, can bring to food allergy. In addition, it serve as a subsidy for studies on the development of innovative nutraceutical products, including the use of kefiran as an alternative therapy in food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susy Érika de Lima Barros
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (PharMedChem), Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil.
| | - Caique Dos Santos Rocha
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (PharMedChem), Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil.
| | | | - Mariana Pegrucci Barcelos
- Computational Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science of Riberão Preto, Univerisity of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Synthesis and Characterization of Biocompatible Methacrylated Kefiran Hydrogels: Towards Tissue Engineering Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081342. [PMID: 33923932 PMCID: PMC8072540 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel application feasibility is still limited mainly due to their low mechanical strength and fragile nature. Therefore, several physical and chemical cross-linking modifications are being used to improve their properties. In this research, methacrylated Kefiran was synthesized by reacting Kefiran with methacrylic anhydride (MA). The developed MA-Kefiran was physicochemically characterized, and its biological properties evaluated by different techniques. Chemical modification of MA-Kefiran was confirmed by 1H-NMR and FTIR and GPC-SEC showed an average Mw of 793 kDa (PDI 1.3). The mechanical data obtained revealed MA-Kefiran to be a pseudoplastic fluid with an extrusion force of 11.21 ± 2.87 N. Moreover, MA-Kefiran 3D cryogels were successfully developed and fully characterized. Through micro-CT and SEM, the scaffolds revealed high porosity (85.53 ± 0.15%) and pore size (33.67 ± 3.13 μm), thick pore walls (11.92 ± 0.44 μm) and a homogeneous structure. Finally, MA-Kefiran revealed to be biocompatible by presenting no hemolytic activity and an improved cellular function of L929 cells observed through the AlamarBlue® assay. By incorporating methacrylate groups in the Kefiran polysaccharide chain, a MA-Kefiran product was developed with remarkable physical, mechanical, and biological properties, resulting in a promising hydrogel to be used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
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Mohd Nadzir M, Nurhayati RW, Idris FN, Nguyen MH. Biomedical Applications of Bacterial Exopolysaccharides: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:530. [PMID: 33578978 PMCID: PMC7916691 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are an essential group of compounds secreted by bacteria. These versatile EPSs are utilized individually or in combination with different materials for a broad range of biomedical field functions. The various applications can be explained by the vast number of derivatives with useful properties that can be controlled. This review offers insight on the current research trend of nine commonly used EPSs, their biosynthesis pathways, their characteristics, and the biomedical applications of these relevant bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masrina Mohd Nadzir
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Malaysia;
| | - Retno Wahyu Nurhayati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia;
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Cluster, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Farhana Nazira Idris
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Malaysia;
| | - Minh Hong Nguyen
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam;
- Bioresource Research Center, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
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15
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Marangoni Júnior L, Vieira RP, Anjos CAR. Kefiran-based films: Fundamental concepts, formulation strategies and properties. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Bachtarzi N, Speciale I, Kharroub K, De Castro C, Ruiz L, Ruas-Madiedo P. Selection of Exopolysaccharide-Producing Lactobacillus Plantarum ( Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum) Isolated from Algerian Fermented Foods for the Manufacture of Skim-Milk Fermented Products. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1101. [PMID: 32717902 PMCID: PMC7465087 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing Lactobacillus plantarum (renamed as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum) LBIO1, LBIO14 and LBIO28 strains, isolated from fermented dairy products typical from Algeria, were characterized to evaluate the impact of the polymers in milk fermentations. Their genomes revealed the presence of two complete eps clusters of the four described for the reference strain WCFS1. Besides, the three strains presented identical sequences of eps3 and eps4 clusters, but LBIO1 and LBIO28 harbour three genes belonging to eps2 which are absent in the LBIO14 genome. The EPS purified from fermented skim-milks manufactured with the strains showed identical nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and size exclusion chromatography coupled with a multiangle laser light scattering detector (SEC-MALLS) profiles for polymers LBIO1 and LBIO28, whereas LBIO14 EPS was different due to the lack of the high-molecular weight (HMW)-EPS and the absence of specific monosaccharide's peaks in the anomeric region of its proton NMR spectrum. The presence of the HMW-EPS correlated with optimal sensorial-physical characteristics of the fermented skim-milks (ropy phenotype). Their microstructures, studied by confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM), also showed differences in the organization of the casein-network and the distribution of the bacteria inside this matrix. Therefore, the strain LBIO1 can be proposed for the manufacture of dairy products that require high whey retention capability, whereas LBIO28 could be applied to increase the viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bachtarzi
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; (N.B.); (L.R.)
- Laboratoire de Recherche Biotechnologie et Qualité des Aliments (BIOQUAL), Institut de la Nutrition, de l’Alimentation et des Technologies Agro Alimentaires (INATAA), Université Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 (UFMC1), Constantine 25017, Algeria;
| | - Immacolata Speciale
- Department of Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Karima Kharroub
- Laboratoire de Recherche Biotechnologie et Qualité des Aliments (BIOQUAL), Institut de la Nutrition, de l’Alimentation et des Technologies Agro Alimentaires (INATAA), Université Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 (UFMC1), Constantine 25017, Algeria;
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; (N.B.); (L.R.)
- Group Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruas-Madiedo
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; (N.B.); (L.R.)
- Group Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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17
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Tan KX, Chamundeswari VN, Loo SCJ. Prospects of kefiran as a food-derived biopolymer for agri-food and biomedical applications. RSC Adv 2020; 10:25339-25351. [PMID: 35517442 PMCID: PMC9055270 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02810j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a huge demand for food-derived polysaccharides in the field of materials research due to the increasing concerns posed by synthetic biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei-Xian Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | | | - Say Chye Joachim Loo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
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18
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Nešić A, Cabrera-Barjas G, Dimitrijević-Branković S, Davidović S, Radovanović N, Delattre C. Prospect of Polysaccharide-Based Materials as Advanced Food Packaging. Molecules 2019; 25:E135. [PMID: 31905753 PMCID: PMC6983128 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of polysaccharide-based materials presents an eco-friendly technological solution, by reducing dependence on fossil resources while reducing a product's carbon footprint, when compared to conventional plastic packaging materials. This review discusses the potential of polysaccharides as a raw material to produce multifunctional materials for food packaging applications. The covered areas include the recent innovations and properties of the polysaccharide-based materials. Emphasis is given to hemicelluloses, marine polysaccharides, and bacterial exopolysaccharides and their potential application in the latest trends of food packaging materials, including edible coatings, intelligent films, and thermo-insulated aerogel packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Nešić
- Vinca Institute for Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica-Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad de Concepcion, Avda. Cordillera No. 2634, Parque Industrial Coronel, Coronel 4190000, Chile;
| | - Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad de Concepcion, Avda. Cordillera No. 2634, Parque Industrial Coronel, Coronel 4190000, Chile;
| | | | - Sladjana Davidović
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Neda Radovanović
- Inovation Centre of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Cédric Delattre
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
- Institute Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
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Moradi Z, Kalanpour N. Kefiran, a branched polysaccharide: Preparation, properties and applications: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 223:115100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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