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Walker H, Mann H, Pitcairn J, Thomson L. A national census of forensic in‐patients with intellectual disability and five‐year follow‐up. JOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jppi.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Walker
- Department of Health and Life Sciences University of the West of Scotland Hamilton UK
- Forensic Network The State Hospital Lanark UK
| | - Helen Mann
- University of the West of Scotland Lanarkshire UK
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Arbanas G, Marinović P, Buzina N. Psychiatric and Forensic Differences Between Men Charged with Sex Offences and Men Charged with Other Offences. J Forensic Sci 2020; 65:2042-2049. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Goran Arbanas
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry University Psychiatric Hospital Vrapče Zagreb Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka Rijeka Croatia
| | - Paula Marinović
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine University Hospital Centre Zagreb Zagreb Croatia
| | - Nadica Buzina
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry University Psychiatric Hospital Vrapče Zagreb Croatia
- University Department of Croatian Studies University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia
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Thibaut F, Cosyns P, Fedoroff JP, Briken P, Goethals K, Bradford JMW. The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) 2020 guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of paraphilic disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry 2020; 21:412-490. [PMID: 32452729 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2020.1744723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The primary aim of these guidelines is to evaluate the role of pharmacological agents in the treatment and management of patients with paraphilic disorders, with a focus on the treatment of adult males. Because such treatments are not delivered in isolation, the role of specific psychotherapeutic interventions is also briefly covered. These guidelines are intended for use in clinical practice by clinicians who diagnose and treat patients, including sexual offenders, with paraphilic disorders. The aim of these guidelines is to bring together different views on the appropriate treatment of paraphilic disorders from experts representing different countries in order to aid physicians in clinical decisions and to improve the quality of care.Methods: An extensive literature search was conducted using the English-language-literature indexed on MEDLINE/PubMed (1990-2018 for SSRIs) (1969-2018 for hormonal treatments), supplemented by other sources, including published reviews.Results: Each treatment recommendation was evaluated and discussed with respect to the strength of evidence for its efficacy, safety, tolerability, and feasibility. The type of medication used depends on the severity of the paraphilic disorder and the respective risk of behaviour endangering others. GnRH analogue treatment constitutes the most relevant treatment for patients with severe paraphilic disorders.Conclusions: An algorithm is proposed with different levels of treatment for different categories of paraphilic disorders accompanied by different risk levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Thibaut
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictive Disorders, University Hospital Cochin, University of Paris, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Paul Cosyns
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - John Paul Fedoroff
- Division of Forensic Psychiatry, The Royal Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Peer Briken
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kris Goethals
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp and University Forensic Centre, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - John M W Bradford
- The Royal Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, McMaster University, Ottawa & Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Reid JA. Sex Trafficking of Girls With Intellectual Disabilities: An Exploratory Mixed Methods Study. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2018; 30:107-131. [PMID: 26887695 DOI: 10.1177/1079063216630981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Few researchers have examined sex trafficking of girls with intellectual disabilities (IDs). Drawing from 54 juvenile sex trafficking (JST) cases, this exploratory, mixed methods study compared 15 JST cases involving girls with ID with 39 JST cases involving girls without ID. Findings revealed a disproportionate risk for exploitation in JST for girls with ID, endangering circumstances creating vulnerability among this population, as well as the perpetrator-victim dynamics that complicate prevention and intervention. Complicating dynamics included victim lack of awareness of exploitation and its endangerments, inability of victims to self-identify, and the relative ease with which traffickers manipulated these girls. The disproportionate risk faced by girls with ID substantiates the need for enhanced safeguards to prevent sexual exploitation of girls with ID including stiffer penalties for those who exploit and buy sex with youth with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan A Reid
- 1 University of South Florida St. Petersburg, FL, USA
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Cutrim Jr. RJC, Mendlowicz MV, Valença AM. Crime sexual e retardo mental. REVISTA LATINOAMERICANA DE PSICOPATOLOGIA FUNDAMENTAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1415-4714.2018v21n1p31-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apresentamos o caso de um homem que cometeu estupro de menino de cinco anos de idade. A perícia psiquiátrica concluiu que o mesmo apresentava retardo mental moderado, sendo inimputável. Atualmente ele cumpre medida de segurança em Hospital de Custódia e Tratamento Psiquiátrico do Rio de Janeiro. São discutidos fatores motivadores desse comportamento sexual, bem como as questões subjetivas do paciente que contribuíram para esse comportamento.
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Morrissey C, Geach N, Alexander R, Chester V, Devapriam J, Duggan C, Langdon PE, Lindsay B, McCarthy J, Walker DM. Researching outcomes from forensic services for people with intellectual or developmental disabilities: a systematic review, evidence synthesis and expert and patient/carer consultation. HEALTH SERVICES AND DELIVERY RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3310/hsdr05030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundInpatient services for people with intellectual and other types of developmental disabilities (IDD) who also have forensic or risk issues are largely provided in secure hospitals. Although this is a health service sector with high levels of expenditure, there is limited empirical information on patient outcomes from such services. In order for a future substantive longitudinal outcomes study in forensic IDD services to be informed and feasible, more needs to be understood about the outcome domains that are of relevance and importance and how they should be measured. A preliminary series of studies was therefore undertaken.ObjectivesTo synthesise evidence in relation to the outcome domains that have been researched in the existing literature from hospital and community forensic services for people with IDD, within the broad domains of service effectiveness, patient safety and patient experience. To identify a definitive framework of outcome domains (and associated measures and indicators) based both on this research evidence and on the views of patients, carers and clinicians. To synthesise the information gathered in order to inform design of future multisite longitudinal research in the sector.DesignThree linked studies were conducted. Stage 1 was a systematic review and evidence synthesis of outcome domains and measures as found within the forensic IDD literature. Stage 2 was a consultation exercise with 15 patients with IDD and six carers. Stage 3 was a modified Delphi consensus exercise with 15 clinicians and experts using the information gathered at stages 1 and 2.ResultsAt stage 1, 60 studies that researched a range of outcomes in forensic IDD services were identified from the literature. This resulted in the construction of an initial framework of outcome domains. The consultation with patients and carers at stage 2 added to these framework domains that related particularly to carer experience and the level of support post discharge in the community. The Delphi process at stage 3 confirmed the validity of the resulting framework for clinician. This survey also identified the outcome measures preferred by clinicians and those that are currently utilised in services. Thus, indicators of appropriate measures in some important domains were identified, although there was a paucity of measures in other domains.ConclusionsTogether, these three linked studies led to the development of an evidence-based framework of key outcome domains and subdomains. A provisional list of associated measures and indicators was developed, although with the paucity of measures in some domains development of specific indicators may be required. With further refinement this could eventually be utilised by services and commissioners for comparative purposes, and in future empirical research on outcomes in forensic IDD services. An outline research proposal closely linked to recent policy initiatives was proposed. Limitations of the study include the relatively small number of carers and patients and range of experts consulted.Future workThis would comprise a national longitudinal study tracking IDD in patients through hospitalisation and discharge.Study registrationThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42015016941.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrin Morrissey
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Community Forensic Service, Lincolnshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Lincoln, UK
| | - Nicole Geach
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - John Devapriam
- Community Learning Disability Service, Leicester Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Peter E Langdon
- Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Norfolk, UK
| | - Bill Lindsay
- Danshell Ltd, London, UK
- University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Jane McCarthy
- John Howard Centre, East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dawn-Marie Walker
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Morrissey C, Langdon PE, Geach N, Chester V, Ferriter M, Lindsay WR, McCarthy J, Devapriam J, Walker DM, Duggan C, Alexander R. A systematic review and synthesis of outcome domains for use within forensic services for people with intellectual disabilities. BJPsych Open 2017; 3:41-56. [PMID: 28243465 PMCID: PMC5303894 DOI: 10.1192/bjpo.bp.116.003616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited empirical information on service-level outcome domains and indicators for the large number of people with intellectual disabilities being treated in forensic psychiatric hospitals. AIMS This study identified and developed the domains that should be used to measure treatment outcomes for this population. METHOD A systematic review of the literature highlighted 60 studies which met eligibility criteria; they were synthesised using content analysis. The findings were refined within a consultation and consensus exercises with carers, patients and experts. RESULTS The final framework encompassed three a priori superordinate domains: (a) effectiveness, (b) patient safety and (c) patient and carer experience. Within each of these, further sub-domains emerged from our systematic review and consultation exercises. These included severity of clinical symptoms, offending behaviours, reactive and restrictive interventions, quality of life and patient satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS To index recovery, services need to measure treatment outcomes using this framework. DECLARATION OF INTEREST None. COPYRIGHT AND USAGE © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2017. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrin Morrissey
- , PhD, Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, and Complex and Forensic Service, Lincolnshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Lincoln, UK
| | - Peter E Langdon
- , PhD, Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, and Broadland Clinic, Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust in Norfolk, Norwich, UK
| | - Nicole Geach
- , MRes, Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Verity Chester
- , MSc, Department of Psychiatry, Partnerships in Care, Norfolk, and Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Michael Ferriter
- , PhD, [Retired from] Forensic Division, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - William R Lindsay
- , PhD, Department of Psychology, University of the West of Scotland, UK, and Department of Psychology, The Danshell Group, UK
| | - Jane McCarthy
- , FRCPsych, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (FANS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John Devapriam
- , FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, and Care Quality Commission, London, UK
| | | | - Conor Duggan
- , OBE, FRCPsych, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Regi Alexander
- , FRCPsych, Department of Psychiatry, Partnerships in Care, Department of Psychiatry, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Hockley OJ, Langdon PE. Men with intellectual disabilities with a history of sexual offending: empathy for victims of sexual and non-sexual crimes. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2015; 59:332-341. [PMID: 24761788 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives were (a) to compare the general empathy abilities of men with intellectual disabilities (IDs) who had a history of sexual offending to men with IDs who had no known history of illegal behaviour; and (b) to determine whether men with IDs who had a history of sexual offending had different levels of specific victim empathy towards their own victim, in comparison with an unknown victim of sexual crime, and a victim of non-sexual crime, and make comparisons with non-offenders. METHODS Men with mild IDs (n=35) were asked to complete a measure of general empathy and a measure of specific victim empathy. All participants completed the victim empathy measure in relation to a hypothetical victim of a sexual offence, and a non-sexual crime, while additionally, men with a history of sexual offending were asked to complete this measure in relation to their own most recent victim. RESULTS Men with a history of sexual offending had significantly lower general empathy, and specific victim empathy towards an unknown sexual offence victim, than men with no known history of illegal behaviour. Men with a history of sexual offending had significantly lower victim empathy for their own victim than for an unknown sexual offence victim. Victim empathy towards an unknown victim of a non-sexual crime did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that it is important include interventions within treatment programmes that attempt to improve empathy and perspective-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Hockley
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
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A forensic-psychiatric study of sexual offenders in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Forensic Leg Med 2015; 31:23-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lindsay WR, Carson D, Holland AJ, Taylor JL, O'Brien G, Wheeler JR, Steptoe L. Alcohol and its relationship to offence variables in a cohort of offenders with intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL & DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY 2013; 38:325-331. [PMID: 24279785 DOI: 10.3109/13668250.2013.837154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use and misuse may be lower in people with intellectual disability (ID) than in the general population but may be related to offending. METHOD Alcohol-related crime and history of alcohol use was recorded in 477 participants with ID referred to forensic ID services and related to offending. RESULTS Level of alcohol-related crime and history of alcohol misuse was lower than in some previous studies at 5.9% and 20.8%, respectively. History of alcohol abuse was associated with alcohol-related offences and theft. Higher rates of alcohol problem history were associated with histories of a number of offences, psychiatric disturbance in adulthood, psychiatric disturbance in childhood, and experiences of childhood adversity. Most effect sizes were weak or moderate. CONCLUSIONS The convergence of childhood adversity, psychiatric problems in childhood and adulthood, and alcohol abuse is consistent with studies that have found these as risk markers for offending.
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van den Bogaard KJHM, Embregts PJCM, Hendriks AHC, Heestermans M. Comparison of intellectually disabled offenders with a combined history of sexual offenses and other offenses versus intellectually disabled offenders without a history of sexual offenses on dynamic client and environmental factors. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:3226-3234. [PMID: 23886764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sexually offensive behavior is prevalent among individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) and many sex offenders also commit other offenses such as vandalism or assault. We examined the differences between sex offenders with ID and a history of combined sex and other types of offenses (mixed sex offenders) versus offenders with no history of sexual offenses (non-sex offenders). Dynamic client and environmental factors were measured using the Adult Behaviour Checklist (ABCL) and the Risk Inventarization Scale on Sexually Offensive Behavior of Clients with intellectual disabilities (RISC-V). Item, subscale, and total scores were then compared for the two groups. Most of the comparisons did not reveal significant differences between the two groups. The findings call for a general theory of offending behavior to explain the absence of differences between the mixed sex offenders and non-sex offenders with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J H M van den Bogaard
- Department Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands; Dichterbij Kennisn@, Ottersum, The Netherlands.
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Lindsay WR, Steptoe L, Wallace L, Haut F, Brewster E. An evaluation and 20-year follow-up of a community forensic intellectual disability service. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2013; 23:138-149. [PMID: 23595864 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.1859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the middle of the 20th century, there have been several heterogeneous studies of recidivism by offenders with intellectual disabilities (ID) who have been in specialist mental health services after an index offence. Although some were long term, as befits a chronically needy group, laws and services have changed in that time. It may no longer be appropriate to rely on findings from the 1960s and 1970s. AIMS To compare mental health presentations and recidivism between male sex offenders, men convicted of other offences and female offenders from a 1986-2008 cohort of offenders referred to specialist forensic ID services in Scotland. METHOD A 20-year follow-up of an assessment and treatment service for 309 offenders with ID (156 sex offenders, 126 non sexual male offenders and 27 women) was conducted. RESULTS Sex offenders were more likely to be referred from the courts and had lower anger levels. Women were more likely to be diagnosed with mental illness. There was a split between groups with sex offenders committing few nonsexual offences and the other groups showing few sexual offences. During the study period, 16% of sexual offenders, 43% of male nonsexual offenders and 23% of women committed at least one further offence. Following assessment and treatment there was a 90-95% reduction in offending incidents. CONCLUSIONS Although recidivism rates are disappointing, harm reduction data suggests that assessment and treatment for offenders with ID can be highly successful in terms of public safety.
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Lee CY, Chao SS, Chen SP, Chou FHC, Su CY, Ho WW. The characteristics of and risk factors associated with incarcerated sex offenders in Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2010; 33:144-148. [PMID: 20388571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the demographic characteristics of a sample of Taiwanese sex offenders, examines the rate of sexual recidivism in Taiwan, and describes which factors distinguish recidivists from non-recidivists. This article assesses the recidivism rate of a sample of 503 male sex offenders incarcerated from 1999 to 2004. The sample is divided into two groups: non-recidivists (88.7%) and recidivists (11.3%). The variables are categorized into demographic characteristics, criminal history, interpersonal relationships, and offending behaviors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggests that recidivism is significantly related to male victims, poor interactions with employers, verbal control (i.e., threats to or verbal control of victims), weapon control (threatening or controlling victims with weapons), and familiarity with victims. Furthermore, this article will establish a database for demographic characteristics and associated risk factors related to recidivism in incarcerated sex offenders in Taiwan. These data will be useful for preventing future sex crimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ying Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chia-Yi Veterans Hospital, Taiwan
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Keeling JA, Rose JL, Beech AR. Sexual Offending Theories and Offenders with Intellectual Disabilities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3148.2009.00493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lindsay WR, Hogue TE, Taylor JL, Steptoe L, Mooney P, O'Brien G, Johnston S, Smith AHW. Risk assessment in offenders with intellectual disability: a comparison across three levels of security. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2008; 52:90-111. [PMID: 18174529 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x07308111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In mainstream offender samples, several risk assessments have been evaluated for predictive validity. This study extends this work to male offenders with intellectual disabilities. Participants from high-, medium-, and low-security settings, as well as community settings, were compared on a range of risk assessments. The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide, HCR-20-Historical Scale, the Risk Matrix 2000-C (combined risk), and the Emotional Problems Scales-Internalising discriminated between groups, with participants from high security having higher scores than those in medium security, who had higher scores than those in the community. The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide, all HCR-20 scales, the Short Dynamic Risk Scale, and the Emotional Problems Scales (Internalising and Externalising) showed significant areas under the curve for the prediction of violence. The Static-99 showed a significant area under the curve for the prediction of sexual incidents. The discussion reviews the value of these various scales to intellectual disability services.
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Michie AM, Lindsay WR, Martin V, Grieve A. A test of counterfeit deviance: a comparison of sexual knowledge in groups of sex offenders with intellectual disability and controls. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2006; 18:271-8. [PMID: 16871448 DOI: 10.1177/107906320601800305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Several authors have suggested that lack of sexual knowledge is a primary reason for inappropriate sexual behaviour in men with intellectual disabilities. This hypothesis, counterfeit deviance, is tested in the current report with two separate cohorts comparing sex offenders and controls, both with intellectual disability. The Socio-Sexual Knowledge and Attitudes Test was completed on all participants and any significant differences between groups indicated that the sex offender cohort had a higher level of knowledge. The hypothesis has not been supported. In addition, a positive relationship was found between intellectual ability and knowledge for the control cohort but not for the sex offender cohort.
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Steptoe L, Lindsay WR, Forrest D, Power M. Quality of life and relationships in sex offenders with intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL & DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY 2006; 31:13-9. [PMID: 16766318 DOI: 10.1080/13668250500488652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hayes (1991) and Day (1994) have developed hypotheses about the importance of social and developmental variables in the aetiology of sexual offences in offenders with intellectual disability. The present study is the first of its kind to investigate the perceived quality of life and relationships of sex offenders in comparison to an appropriate control group. METHOD A group of 28 sex offenders with intellectual disability (ID) were compared with 28 members of a control group of individuals with ID. All participants completed the Significant Others Scale (SOS) which assesses self-perceptions of potential and ideal support from significant others in the individual's life, and the Life Experience Checklist (LEC) which assesses experiences and opportunities across 5 living domains: home, leisure, freedom, relationships and opportunities. RESULTS There were no differences between the groups on age and IQ. On the SOS there were no differences between the groups on the number of times each significant other was reported. Actual and ideal levels of support from both mother and father were lower for sex offenders than the control group. On the LEC, sex offenders reported lower scores on the relationships and leisure sections. CONCLUSIONS Poorer relationships and little indication of any wish to change that state of affairs suggests lower levels of integration and identification with society for sex offenders compared with the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Steptoe
- The State Hospital, Carstairs and University of Abertay, Dundee, Scotland
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Hogue T, Steptoe L, Taylor JL, Lindsay WR, Mooney P, Pinkney L, Johnston S, Smith AHW, O'Brien G. A comparison of offenders with intellectual disability across three levels of security. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2006; 16:13-28. [PMID: 16572489 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of authors have described, with disparate results, the prevalence of people with intellectual disability and their characteristics, in a range of offender cohorts defined by service use. These have included high security, a range of criminal justice services and community services. There is a need for research comparing cohorts of offenders with intellectual disabilities across different settings. AIM AND HYPOTHESIS: To conduct such a comparison and test the hypothesis that severity of characteristics measured will be highest in highest levels of residential security. METHOD A clinical-record-based comparison a offenders with intellectual disability in high security (n = 73), medium/low security (n = 70), and a community service (n = 69). RESULTS Groups were similar in age and tested IQ levels. Early psychiatric service contact had been more likely in the lower security groups. In line with the hypothesis, more complex presentations, in particular comorbid personality disorder, was more likely in the highest security group. Both fatal and non-fatal interpersonal violence convictions were significantly related to group, with more in the high security group sustaining a conviction both at the index offence and prior to that. Over 50% of all groups had at least one conviction for a sexual offence. A regression model accounting for 78% of the variance was made up largely of disposal variables (Mental Health Act status and probation) and indications of antisocial traits (criminal damage, lifetime conviction for murder and ICD-10 personality disorder classification). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The authors show that context of sampling affects most relationships between intellectual disability (ID) and offending when the methods for measuring ID are held constant. The results also present several questions on the relationship between risk, services available in an area and referral to higher security.
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Lindsay WR. Model Underpinning Treatment for Sex Offenders With Mild Intellectual Disability: Current Theories of Sex Offending. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 43:428-41. [PMID: 16266211 DOI: 10.1352/0047-6765(2005)43[428:mutfso]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although many writers have provided a theoretical framework for treatment of mainstream sex offenders, this research has not been extended to sex offenders with mild intellectual disability. My purpose here is to bring together several research strands to provide a theoretical model for working in this field, including theories of sex offending, developmental theories for offending, and work on quality of life. In addition to dealing with issues of sex offending, researchers should also investigate developmental and societal issues crucial in the genesis of sex offending and offending in general. Because societal issues are also important for treatment, engagement and identification with society are suggested. Quality of life and issues directly related to sex offending are of central importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Lindsay
- Clinical Psychology Department, Wedderburn House, 1 Edward Street, Dundee, Scotland, DD1 5NS.
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Lindsay WR, Taylor JL. A selective review of research on offenders with developmental disabilities: assessment and treatment. Clin Psychol Psychother 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lindsay WR, Elliot SF, Astell A. Predictors of Sexual Offence Recidivism in Offenders with Intellectual Disabilities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3148.2004.00217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lindsay WR, Murphy L, Smith G, Murphy D, Edwards Z, Chittock C, Grieve A, Young SJ. The Dynamic Risk Assessment and Management System: An Assessment of Immediate Risk of Violence for Individuals with Offending and Challenging Behaviour. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3148.2004.00215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lindsay WR, Smith AHW, Quinn K, Anderson A, Smith A, Allan R, Law J. Women with intellectual disability who have offended: characteristics and outcome. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2004; 48:580-590. [PMID: 15312059 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2004.00627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been a few reports describing the characteristics and outcomes of male offenders with intellectual disability (ID). Therefore, while we are building up a reasonable picture of this client group, there are almost no reports of female offenders with ID. This paper is a preliminary attempt to present information on a small cohort of female offenders. METHODS Characteristics of female offenders are presented including information on age, IQ, mental illness, referring agents, crimes committed, problems identified, sexual and physical abuse and outcome. Some comparisons are made with corresponding descriptions of male cohorts in Lindsay et al. (2004). RESULTS The main result is that females constitute 9% of referrals to the service. Other notable results are that: at 61% sexual abuse in the cohort of female offenders is higher than in male cohorts but at 38.5% physical abuse is no higher than in appropriate comparison groups; as with mainstream female offenders identification of mental illness is high at 67%; and total re-offending over 5 years was 22% but, excluding prostitution, was only 16.5%. CONCLUSIONS In some respects, this cohort of female offenders shows similar characteristics to their male counterparts. However, there are higher levels of mental illness, higher levels of sexual abuse and lower levels of re-offending. It is hypothesized that as females constitute such a low percentage of referrals, it suggests that women with ID do not show the same levels of sexually abusive behaviour or aggressive behaviour--the two most frequent reasons for male referral. Therefore, an intervening variable such as mental illness may indeed be a significant factor. Lower re-offending rates may indicate the success of interventions directed at psychological problems and mental illness.
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