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Geppert AB, Shah AH, Hirsch JS. "Hardly Able to Move, Much Less Open a Book": A Systematic Review of the Impact of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence Victimization on Educational Trajectories. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:1129-1149. [PMID: 37232565 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231173430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) is a highly prevalent issue, both in North America and globally, with well-recognized adverse impact on survivors' physical, emotional, and economic well-being. The objective of this systematic review is to collect and synthesize empirical work on the effects of SGBV victimization on educational trajectories, goals, attainment, and outcomes. The review summarizes what is known about factors associated with victimization that affect survivors' educational trajectories and highlights gaps in the literature pertaining to the effects of victimization on education. Five databases were searched for this review: Web of Science, Sociological Abstracts, PubMed, APA PsycInfo, and ERIC. For inclusion, the articles must present research on the academic impact of any form of SGBV experienced in higher education and must have been conducted in the United States or Canada. The 68 studies that met these criteria presented research on six key areas of educational outcomes: impacts on academic performance and motivation; attendance, dropout, and avoidance; changes in major/field of study; academic disengagement; educational attitudes and satisfaction; and academic climate and institutional relationships. Research also revealed factors mediating the relationship between SGBV exposure and educational outcomes such as mental health, physical health, social support, socioeconomic status, and resiliency, which we summarize in a pathway model. The research reviewed had significant limitations, including weak study designs, limited generalizability, and diversity concerns. We offer recommendations for future research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela B Geppert
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aarushi H Shah
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer S Hirsch
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Zogg CK, Runquist EB, Amick M, Gilmer G, Milroy JJ, Wyrick DL, Grimm K, Tuakli-Wosornu YA. Experiences of Interpersonal Violence in Sport and Perceived Coaching Style Among College Athletes. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2350248. [PMID: 38227316 PMCID: PMC10792469 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.50248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Concern about interpersonal violence (IV) in sport is increasing, yet its implications remain poorly understood, particularly among currently competing college athletes. Objective To document the self-reported prevalence of IV in college sports; identify associated risk factors; examine potential consequences associated with athletes' psychosocial well-being, emotional connection to their sport, and willingness to seek help; and explore the associations between IV reporting and perceived variations in coaching styles. Design, Setting, and Participants This survey study analyzes results of the 2021 to 2022 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) myPlaybook survey, which was administered from July to December 2021 to 123 colleges and universities across the US. Participants were NCAA athletes aged 18 to 25 years who were current players on an NCAA-sanctioned team. Exposures Self-reported demographic characteristics (eg, athlete gender identity and sexual orientation) and perceived differences in supportive vs abusive coaching styles (eg, athlete autonomy, team culture, and extent of abusive supervision). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was self-reported experiences of IV in sport during the college sports career of currently competing college athletes. Types of IV considered were physical abuse, financial abuse, sexual abuse, psychological or emotional abuse, and neglect or abandonment. Outcomes potentially affected by IV were assessed with 4 questionnaires. Results A total of 4119 athletes (mean [SD] age, 19.3 [1.5] years; 2302 males [55.9%]) completed the survey (response rate, 21.2%). One in 10 athletes (404 of 4119 [9.8%]) reported experiencing at least 1 type of IV during their college sports career, of whom two-thirds (267 [6.5%]) experienced IV within the past 6 weeks. On multivariable analysis, female gender identity (odds ratio [OR], 2.14; 95% CI, 1.46-3.13), nonheterosexual sexual orientation (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.01-2.42), increasing age beyond 18 years (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.30), increasing year of NCAA eligibility beyond the first year (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.02-1.39), and participation in select sports (eg, volleyball: OR, 2.77 [95% CI, 1.34-5.72]; ice hockey: OR, 2.86 [95% CI, 1.17-6.95]) were independently associated with IV. When exposed to IV, college athletes reported experiencing consistently worse psychosocial outcomes, including increased burnout (mean difference on a 5-point Likert scale, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.63-0.86; P < .001) and an expressed desire to consider quitting their sport (mean difference, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.70-0.92; P < .001). They were not, however, less willing to seek help. Differences in coaching style were associated with differences in IV reporting. In risk-adjusted linear regression models, having a more supportive coach was associated with a 7.4 (95% CI, 6.4-8.4) absolute percentage point decrease in athletes' probability of reporting experiencing IV. In contrast, having a more abusive coach was associated with up to a 15.4 (95% CI, 13.8-17.1) absolute percentage point increase in athletes' probability of reporting experiencing IV. Conclusions and Relevance Results of this survey study suggest that IV is associated with marked changes in the psychosocial health and emotional well-being of college athletes, particularly those who identify as female and with nonheterosexual sexual orientations. Variations in coaching style have the potential to alter these associations. Ongoing efforts are needed to leverage the unique position that coaches hold to help reduce IV and create safe places where all college athletes can thrive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl K Zogg
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Edward B Runquist
- Department of Sports Medicine, Drexel School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Amick
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gabrielle Gilmer
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffery J Milroy
- Institute to Promote Athlete Health & Wellness, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro
| | - David L Wyrick
- Institute to Promote Athlete Health & Wellness, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro
| | | | - Yetsa A Tuakli-Wosornu
- Sports Equity Lab, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
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Fedina L, Bender AE, Tibbits J, Herrenkohl TI, Tolman R. Dating Abuse and Harassment Among Sexual and Gender Minority U.S. College Students. LGBT Health 2023; 10:S79-S88. [PMID: 37754923 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2023.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Sexual and relationship violence has devasting effects on the health and well-being of college students. This study assessed the prevalence of dating abuse victimization and harassment among sexual and gender minority (SGM) college students within the first 3 months of college enrollment and identified potential demographic differences in exposure. Methods: Data are from the 2020 to 2021 Sexual Assault Prevention for Undergraduates digital sexual assault prevention program (N = 250,359). Descriptive statistics were used to determine 3-month prevalence of dating abuse victimization and harassment among gender identity and sexual orientation subgroups and to examine within-group differences based on race and ethnicity. Results: Dating abuse victimization during college was reported by 6.5% of transgender women, 5.0% of transgender men, 5.0% of genderqueer/nonconforming students, 2.0% of "women," and 1.0% of "men." Harassment during college was reported by 13.7% of genderqueer/nonconforming students, 11.2% of transgender women, 8.9% of transgender men, 8.7% of "women," and 1.6% of "men." Students who identified with more than one sexual orientation identity reported the highest rates of dating abuse (3.9%) and harassment (14.9%) during college. SGM students with particular racial/ethnic identities (i.e., Indigenous, multiracial) reported disproportionately higher rates, particularly American Indian/Alaska Native/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander students who identified as transgender men (42.9%), transgender women (41.7%), genderqueer/nonconforming students (26.1%), queer/pansexual/questioning students (20%), and students with multiple sexual orientation identities (36.4%). Conclusion: Targeted intervention strategies and resources are needed on college campuses to support the needs and experiences of SGM students, including students who identify as Indigenous, multiracial, and other persons of color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fedina
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anna E Bender
- Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jaymie Tibbits
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Todd I Herrenkohl
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Richard Tolman
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Edwards KM, Lim S, Huff M, Herrington R, Leader Charge L, Littleton H. Rates and Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence Among Indigenous College Students: A Multi-Campus Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:7852-7866. [PMID: 36714950 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221150945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that Indigenous girls, women, and LGBTQ+ Two-Spirit people experience disproportionately high rates of intimate partner violence (IPV), but there is a dearth of research on IPV among Indigenous college students. Therefore, the current study sought to explore rates of IPV victimization and perpetration among Indigenous college students, as well as correlates including depressive and anxious symptoms, emotion dysregulation, on-campus social support, and hazardous drinking. Participants were 230 undergraduate students who identified as American Indian/Alaska Native attending 20 medium- and large-sized universities across the contiguous U.S. Results indicated that 28.9% of Indigenous students reported any type of IPV victimization in the past 6 months (psychological: 24.5%; physical: 9.1%; sexual: 9.8%; coercive control: 12.4%). Further, 18.3% of Indigenous students reported any type of IPV perpetration in the past 6 months (psychological: 16.9%; physical: 4.5%; sexual: 2.6%; coercive control: 7.1%). Anxious and depressive symptoms were related to many forms of IPV victimization; emotion dysregulation was related to all forms of IPV victimization and sexual IPV perpetration; and hazardous drinking was related to most forms of IPV victimization and perpetration. These findings underscore the alarmingly high rates of IPV among Indigenous college students as well as the potential deleterious effects of IPV victimization on psychological functioning, as well as the need to concurrently address hazardous alcohol use in IPV prevention and response efforts.
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Asher BlackDeer Msw PhD Candidate A, Patterson Silver Wolf PhD DA, Maguin PhD E, Beeler-Stinn PhD S. Depression and anxiety among college students: Understanding the impact on grade average and differences in gender and ethnicity. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:1091-1102. [PMID: 34242525 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1920954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Psychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety, can hinder academic performance among college-age individuals. Participants: Mental health among college students is a growing public health concern, with some scholars describing collegiate mental health as a crisis (Chen et al., Psychiatr Serv. 2019;70(6):442-449). Methods: This study analyzes data from four annual administrations of the American College Health Association (ACHA)'S NCHA (n = 117,430). Results: Overall, anxiety and depression were the most common conditions, at 9.2% and 8.7%, respectively. Of students reporting the focal symptom, 17.87% were treated for depression and 12.91% were treated for anxiety. Compared to not-treated students, diagnosed only students, had significantly lower grade averages, with effect sizes of -0.30 and -0.20 for depression and anxiety, respectively. Conclusions: Given the prevalence of depression and anxiety among college-aged students, continued research into help seeking behaviors and their effects on outcomes like grade average is an essential part of understanding the toll these disorders take.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eugene Maguin PhD
- Research Scientist, Buffalo Center for Social Research, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Sara Beeler-Stinn PhD
- PhD Candidate, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Bonar EE, DeGue S, Abbey A, Coker AL, Lindquist CH, McCauley HL, Miller E, Senn CY, Thompson MP, Ngo QM, Cunningham RM, Walton MA. Prevention of sexual violence among college students: Current challenges and future directions. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:575-588. [PMID: 32407244 PMCID: PMC7666108 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1757681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective Preventing sexual violence among college students is a public health priority. This paper was catalyzed by a summit convened in 2018 to review the state of the science on campus sexual violence prevention. We summarize key risk and vulnerability factors and campus-based interventions, and provide directions for future research pertaining to campus sexual violence. Results and Conclusions: Although studies have identified risk factors for campus sexual violence, longitudinal research is needed to examine time-varying risk factors across social ecological levels (individual, relationship, campus context/broader community and culture) and data are particularly needed to identify protective factors. In terms of prevention, promising individual and relational level interventions exist, including active bystander, resistance, and gender transformative approaches; however, further evidence-based interventions are needed, particularly at the community-level, with attention to vulnerability factors and inclusion for marginalized students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Bonar
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sarah DeGue
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Antonia Abbey
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ann L Coker
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Christine H Lindquist
- Division for Applied Justice Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heather L McCauley
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh & Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charlene Y Senn
- Department of Psychology and Women's & Gender Studies Program, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martie P Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Quyen M Ngo
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maureen A Walton
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Moylan CA, Javorka M. Widening the Lens: An Ecological Review of Campus Sexual Assault. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2020; 21:179-192. [PMID: 29409433 DOI: 10.1177/1524838018756121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Varying prevalence rates of sexual violence across colleges and universities indicate the need to understand institutional factors underlying such variation; however, research often focuses exclusively on individual risk and protective factors, which both under theorizes and under explains the phenomenon of campus sexual assault. In this review, we propose that broadening to include campus- and contextual-level factors is necessary to fully explain campus sexual assault. Using an ecological approach, we identify and synthesize research related to campus-level variation in sexual violence, including availability of campus services and resources for survivors, institutional risk factors such as alcohol and party culture, athletics, and fraternities, and the impact of policies at the state and federal levels. Suggestions are made for conducting additional research at the campus level and implications of reframing campus sexual assault from an institutional lens are discussed, including the importance of this approach for practice, evaluation, and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Moylan
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - McKenzie Javorka
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Brewer NQ, Thomas KA. Intimate partner violence and academic performance: the role of physical, mental, behavioral, and financial health. SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE 2019; 58:854-869. [PMID: 31544629 DOI: 10.1080/00981389.2019.1659905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Undergraduate students of all gender identities are at risk of experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization. It is known that IPV negatively affects academic performance, yet little is known about the role of health. This study examined if past-year IPV victimization was associated with an increase in students' self-perception of health interfering with academic performance. Data were drawn from the 2011-2014 National College Health Assessment (N = 84,734). Structural equation modeling was used to examine the relationship between a latent variable of IPV and health impediments to academic performance. The model was a good fit for the data (RMSEA = .012, CFI = .994, TLI = .981). Undergraduate survivors of past-year IPV - and transgender students - were more likely to report impediments to their academic performance: physical assault (0.66, p < .001), sexual assault (0.57, p < .001), sexually transmitted infections (0.42, p < .001), pregnancy (0.38, p < .001), depression (0.38, p < .001), disordered eating (0.36, p < .001), financial problems (0.33, p < .001), anxiety (0.32, p < .001), sleep problems (0.32, p < .001), chronic health problems (0.29, p < .001), drug use (0.29, p < .001), injury (0.25, p < .001), and alcohol use (0.25, p < .001). This demonstrates that IPV has a spiral effect, such that IPV's impact on health is perceived by students as detrimental to their academics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Q Brewer
- School of Social Work, Simmons University , Boston , MA , USA
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Brewer N, Thomas KA, Higdon J. Intimate partner violence, health, sexuality, and academic performance among a national sample of undergraduates. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2018; 66:683-692. [PMID: 29565765 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1454929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and academic performance among heterosexual and sexual minority undergraduates, including whether health mediates this relationship. PARTICIPANTS A national sample of undergraduate students aged 18-24 years old who completed the 2011-2014 National College Health Assessment IIb (N = 85,071). METHODS We used structural equation modeling to create a latent variable of IPV victimization (stalking, physical, sexual, and emotional violence) in order to test its relationship with health (physical and mental) and two indicators of academic performance (GPA and perceived academic difficulties), according to participants' sexual identity (heterosexual, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and unsure). RESULTS Regardless of sexual identity, undergraduates who reported IPV were more likely to have lower GPA and increased academic difficulties. Health mediates this relationship, such that IPV reduces health, which negatively affects performance. CONCLUSIONS IPV poses a serious threat to undergraduates' health and educational success. Findings warrant universal prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Brewer
- a School of Social Work , Simmons College , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Kristie A Thomas
- a School of Social Work , Simmons College , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Julia Higdon
- b Avenues: The World School , New York , New York , USA
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Oswalt SB, Wyatt TJ, Ochoa Y. Sexual Assault Is Just the Tip of the Iceberg: Relationship and Sexual Violence Prevalence in College Students. JOURNAL OF COLLEGE STUDENT PSYCHOTHERAPY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/87568225.2017.1350122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara B. Oswalt
- Department of Kinesiology, Health, and Nutrition, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Tammy J. Wyatt
- Department of Kinesiology, Health, and Nutrition, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Yesenia Ochoa
- Department of Public Administration, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Consequences of Violent Victimization for Native American Youth in Early Adulthood. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 46:1333-1350. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0587-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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