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Basting EJ, Medenblik AM, Garner AR, Sullivan JA, Romero GJ, Shorey RC, Stuart GL. Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Among Sexual Minority Young Adults: Associations With Alcohol Use, PTSD Symptoms, Internalized Homophobia, and Heterosexist Discrimination. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:312-340. [PMID: 37650654 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231197152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and other sexual minority (LGBQ+) young adults report similar or higher rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration than their heterosexual peers. Elevated IPV risk among LGBQ+ young adults may be attributable to experiencing heterosexist discrimination and internalized homophobia. In addition, LGBQ+ people report disproportionate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, alcohol use, and IPV perpetration in dating relationships. Thus, this study explored which combinations of IPV risk factors (i.e., experiencing heterosexist discrimination, internalized homophobia, PTSD symptoms, alcohol use) related to forms of IPV perpetration, inclusive of psychological, physical, and sexual forms, in a sample of 342 LGBQ+ young adults. Internalized homophobia was related to psychological IPV perpetration at high and medium levels of PTSD symptoms and only high levels of alcohol use. PTSD symptoms and alcohol use interacted to predict psychological IPV perpetration; and PTSD symptoms related to increased psychological IPV perpetration at high and medium, but not low, alcohol use levels. Alcohol use was positively related to physical IPV perpetration. No other risk factors or interactions were significantly related to physical or sexual IPV perpetration. Results were consistent with prior findings that linked internalized homophobia, alcohol use, and PTSD symptoms to IPV perpetration and highlight the interacting nature of these IPV perpetration risk factors. Comprehensive IPV interventions with LGBQ+ young adults should evaluate the impact of simultaneously targeting these multiple IPV risk factors considering their interacting contributions to IPV perpetration risk. More research is needed to examine the temporal relations between minority stress, PTSD symptoms, alcohol use, and IPV perpetration.
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Dryburgh NSJ, Martin-Storey A, Craig WM, Dirks MA. The Development and Preliminary Validation of a Measure of Victimization within the Friendships of Emerging Adults. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2023; 40:2204-2226. [PMID: 37441632 PMCID: PMC10333973 DOI: 10.1177/02654075221142631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
For emerging adults, high-quality friendships can be an important source of companionship and support. The most commonly studied negative interaction between friends is conflict, yet work with youth suggests more serious victimization also occurs in friendship. In the current study, we developed and obtained preliminary psychometric evidence for the Friendship Victimization Scale, a measure that assesses physical, sexual, relational, and verbal forms of victimization in the friendships of emerging adults, as well as coercive and controlling behaviors. Emerging adults (N = 316, Mage = 21.27 years, SD = 1.47; 60.4% women, 37.0% men; 59.2% White) completed the Friendship Victimization Scale along with measures to examine construct validity. The majority of the sample reported experiencing at least one act of victimization by a friend, and men reported more victimization than did women. Results supported a 2-factor structure, with relational and verbal victimization loading on one factor and physical and sexual victimization and controlling behaviors loading on the other. Cronbach's alphas exceeded .90 for the total score and both subscales. Greater friendship victimization was predicted by negative features in each of a best and a challenging friendship, even after accounting for negative features in a dating relationship, and was unrelated to positive features in any of these relationships. Overall, results indicate that victimization is common in emerging adults' friendships. The findings provide preliminary evidence for the utility of the Friendship Victimization Scale as a measure of this understudied source of risk in the interpersonal lives of emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexa Martin-Storey
- Department of Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Wendy M Craig
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie A Dirks
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Cascardi M, Hassabelnaby R, Schorpp H, Smith Slep AM, Jouriles EN, O'Leary KD. The Relationship Behavior Survey: A Comprehensive Measure of Psychological Intimate Partner Violence for Adolescents. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:7012-7036. [PMID: 36583299 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221140044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Commonly used scales of psychological intimate partner violence (ψIPV) for adolescents may not include sufficient items to measure adequately different forms of ψ aggressive behaviors. They may also characterize as harmful ψ aggressive behaviors occurring in non-conflictual or joking contexts. The current study examined a new scale, the Relationship Behavior Survey (RBS), which was designed to measure three different forms of ψIPV (denigrating, controlling, and intrusive behaviors) and the appraisals of the perpetrator's intent. Factor structure was examined, and incremental validity was tested by examining the relation of the RBS to general aggressive tendencies and physical IPV after accounting for the emotional abuse and threatening behavior subscales of the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI). Criterion validity and gender differences were also examined. Data were collected using an online survey from a national sample of 1,100 13 to 17-year-olds in the United States (51% identified as female, 80% as White) in a dating relationship. Confirmatory factor analysis supported one ψIPV construct for males and females. The RBS demonstrated incremental validity; criterion validity was supported for controlling intent for males and females and mistrust intent for females. Joking intent was the most reported intent for males and correlated unexpectedly with physical IPV. The RBS captures a larger range of ψIPV behaviors than the CADRI. The addition of intent appraisals provides important information to differentiate forms of ψIPV, particularly in relation to acts motivated by coercion and mistrust.
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Reichenheim ME, Marques ES, de Moraes CL. Structural validity of the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI): A reduced version for use on respondents as victims and perpetrators. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 127:105526. [PMID: 35168065 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate CADRI's configural and metric structures and explore its performance from the perspective of the respondents as perpetrators and victims. In the process, we present shorter versions for both roles. METHODS The sample consisted of 561 adolescents aged 15 and 19, enrolled in public and private schools in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Initially, confirmatory factor analyzes (CFA) tested the originally proposed dimensional structure. Since this model was rejected, the second step analyzed the data via Exploratory Structural Equation Models (ESEM) to reassess the instrument's structure. Applying a decision algorithm on a new dimensional structure, we proceeded to reduce the number of items to establish separate sets for victimization and perpetration. These final models were then analyzed via CFA to assess their psychometric properties. RESULTS The final solutions contained 15 items comprising four and three factors for victimization and perpetration, respectively. Thirteen items were common to both models, but two were unique to their respective sets. Regardless of their small differences, the final solutions fitted adequately, held factorial item pertinence and unambiguity, contained reliable and non-redundant items, and sustained factor-based convergent and discriminant validities. CONCLUSION The four and three-factor models were within the dimensional bounds proposed in the original CADRI, the shorter scales still succeeding in partially capturing what was envisaged in the first version of the instrument. However, the shorter versions suggested here are still tentative, thus requiring further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuele Souza Marques
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, Rio de Janeiro State University, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Leite de Moraes
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, Rio de Janeiro State University, Brazil; Medical School, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ragavan MI, Barral RL, Randell KA. Addressing Adolescent Relationship Abuse in the Context of Reproductive Health Care. Semin Reprod Med 2022; 40:146-154. [PMID: 34996120 PMCID: PMC9885502 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1741519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) is a significant public health issue that includes physical, sexual, psychological and cyber abuse, reproductive coercion, and/or sexual exploitation within an intimate relationship in which one or both partners is a minor. ARA is associated with numerous negative outcomes that include all domains of health. Many negative outcomes of ARA are related to reproductive and sexual health (RSH); thus, reproductive health care providers must be equipped to recognize and address ARA. This article will review the epidemiology and outcomes of ARA, followed by a discussion of means to robustly address ARA in health care settings. We recommend a strengths-based approach that promotes healthy adolescent relationships, connects adolescents experiencing ARA to harm reduction resources, and equips adolescents to serve as a resource for their peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya I. Ragavan
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh/Children’s Hospital Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Romina L. Barral
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA; University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Randell
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s Mercy Kansas City; University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA; University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Jacques-Tiura AJ, Lanni DJ, Anderson LA, Naar S. Victimization and Food Addiction Symptoms: Direct and Indirect Effects through Emotion Dysregulation, Impulsivity, and Loss-of-Control Eating. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2021; 45:243-254. [PMID: 34588739 DOI: 10.1177/0361684320987126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that dating, intimate partner, and sexual violence victimization throughout the lifespan are predictive of numerous adverse health outcomes including addictive behaviors, psychopathology, and physical health symptoms. Self-medication hypotheses posit that victims may drink heavily, use substances, or rely on food to cope with negative affect and psychological symptoms. We examined a self-medication hypothesis-driven model linking dating and sexual violence victimization with food addiction symptoms through their relationships with emotion regulation, impulsivity, and loss-of-control eating in a sample of 313 single, non-treatment-engaged, college student women aged 18-25 years old enrolled in a minority serving, urban university. Participants completed an online survey with measures of dating and sexual violence victimization since age 14 years, emotion regulation, impulsivity, loss-of-control eating, and food addiction symptoms. Seventy-nine percent of participants reported experiencing some form of intimate partner violence victimization. Using path analyses, we found some support for our model, as well as significant, positive, direct pathways from victimization to loss-of-control eating and food addiction symptoms. Clinicians and policy makers should incorporate these findings into practice by honoring the experiences of past victimizations in current health behaviors and by utilizing trauma-informed care practices. To extend this study's findings, researchers should examine the role of trauma-informed interventions targeting emotional regulation and impulsivity to decrease loss-of-control eating and food addiction symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J Lanni
- Department of Psychology and the Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University
| | - Lindsay A Anderson
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University
| | - Sylvie Naar
- Center for Translational Behavioral Science, Florida State University
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Cuccì G, O'Leary KD, Olivari MG, Confalonieri E. Prevalence, Gender and Age Differences of Dating Aggression Among Italian Adolescents. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 16:659-675. [PMID: 33680204 PMCID: PMC7909496 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v16i4.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study represents an effort to expand and deepen the scant literature on Adolescent Dating Aggression (ADA) within the Italian context; adolescent dating aggression is a public health issue of interest due to its increasing frequency among adolescents. The prevalence of verbal-emotional and physical ADA was examined as well as gender and age differences in a sample of Italian adolescents. Participants included 436 adolescents (47.7% males; 52.3% females) living in northern Italy, aged 16 to 18 years (M = 17.11). Participants completed the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory measuring abusive behaviors between adolescent dating partners. Non-parametric analyses were computed. Verbal-emotional ADA perpetration and victimization were much more common than physical ADA perpetration and victimization. Females reported higher levels of verbal-emotional and physical ADA perpetration than males. To fully investigate gender differences single behaviors were analyzed and described. Finally, age differences emerged only for perpetrated verbal-emotional abuse with such aggression being highest at age 18. This research suggests that in order to prevent the onset of dating aggression in teens in northern Italy, prevention programs may need to begin earlier than previously provided in junior high school. Another core conclusion is that physical aggression against partners is a problem for both males and females, thus intervention for the empowerment of interpersonal skills are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Cuccì
- CRIdee, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
| | - K Daniel O'Leary
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Maria Giulia Olivari
- CRIdee, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Confalonieri
- CRIdee, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
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Valencia J, Alvaro-Meca A, Troya J, Gutiérrez J, Ramón C, Rodríguez A, Vázquez-Morón S, Resino S, Moreno S, Ryan P. Gender-based vulnerability in women who inject drugs in a harm reduction setting. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230886. [PMID: 32226042 PMCID: PMC7105126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims In comparison with men, women who use drugs (WWUD) have considerably more frequent and intense experiences with interpersonal violence, sexual abuse and trauma. The aim of this study was to identify issues related to gender-based vulnerability in a group of WWUD attended in a harm reduction facility in Madrid, Spain. Material and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted during a screening of blood borne infections. We included WWUD (smoked or injected heroin/cocaine) who were actively screened for HIV, HBV and HCV in a harm reduction setting in Madrid (Spain) from January to December 2017. WWUD were interviewed for gender-based abuse or violence using a face-to-face questionnaire by a trained interviewer. Aspects related to their social-epidemiological condition and gender-based vulnerability were collected. Results We included 109 women who were actively using drugs. The median age was 39 (IQR 35–47) years, 84.4% were Spanish born, 22.9% were homeless, 43 (41.7%) had ever used injected drugs, 29 (26.6%) were currently using injected drugs, and 27.1% had mental health disorders. Aspects related to gender-based vulnerability were collected. Among those surveyed, they reported having ever suffered emotional or psychological damage (88%), having experienced at least one incident of serious physical injury by a male partner (71%), and having ever suffered sexual abuse (49%). In addition, 28% had ever exchanged sex for money/drugs. When compared to women that did not use injecting drugs, those who injected drugs had more frequently exchanged sex for money/drugs (55% vs 21%, p = 0.003). Conclusions A high proportion of WWUD suffer psychological or physical violence by partners denoting gender-based vulnerability. Interventions in harm reduction settings with a multidisciplinary and gender-based approach should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Valencia
- Harm Reduction Unit “SMASD”; Subdirección General de Adicciones; SERMAS, Madrid, Spain
- Non-Governmental Organization “Madrid Positivo”, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Alejandro Alvaro-Meca
- Unit of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Troya
- Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Gutiérrez
- Non-Governmental Organization “Madrid Positivo”, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Ramón
- Non-Governmental Organization “Madrid Positivo”, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sonia Vázquez-Morón
- Fundación Estatal, Salud, Infancia y Bienestar Social (FCSAI), Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, IRYCIS, University of Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Ryan
- Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
- Complutense de Madrid University (UCM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
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Vanwoerden S, Leavitt J, Gallagher MW, Temple JR, Sharp C. Dating violence victimization and borderline personality pathology: Temporal associations from late adolescence to early adulthood. Personal Disord 2019; 10:132-142. [PMID: 30829527 DOI: 10.1037/per0000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Borderline personality pathology is a serious mental illness characterized by pervasive interpersonal deficits that onset during adolescence. Risk factors for borderline personality pathology include maladaptive interpersonal dynamics within attachment relationships. Given the shift toward emphasizing romantic relationships during adolescence as an important attachment relationship with implications for healthy development, the current study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal and reciprocal relations between victimization in dating relationships and borderline pathology in the transition from late adolescence to early adulthood. A large sample of high school daters (N = 818; 58% female; Mage = 16.10 years, SDage = .78) were recruited to complete annual assessments of borderline personality features and dating violence victimization across 5 years. Results of a cross-lagged panel model revealed that primarily among girls, borderline features predicted increased levels of relational, psychological, and physical violence, whereas psychological and sexual violence predicted greater borderline features. The current findings provide the first evidence of a longitudinal association between victimization and borderline pathology in adolescence and suggest, particularly among girls, that interventions for borderline features have important implications for reducing dating violence victimization among adolescents and young adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeff R Temple
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston
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Cascardi M, Chesin M, Kammen M. Personality correlates of intimate partner violence subtypes: A latent class analysis. Aggress Behav 2018. [PMID: 29528489 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) represent a heterogeneous group who engage in a variety of aggressive acts which often co-occur. However, few studies take this co-occurrence into consideration. Failure to consider overlapping forms of IPV confounds understanding of risk factors for physical IPV, which in turn undermines identification, prevention, and intervention efforts. Though rarely studied in emerging adults, personality variables have recently been identified as important correlates of IPV. The primary aims of the current studies are to identify distinct subgroups of moderate and severe psychological and physical IPV and personality covariates of class membership. Two studies were conducted at different public regional universities in the northeast (n = 500; n = 497). Both samples were about two-thirds female, approximately one-half White, one-fifth Black, and one-quarter Latino, of any race. Latent Class Analysis identified three subgroups in both studies: low, moderate, and severe IPV. The severe and moderate IPV groups included those who reported threats and moderate physical IPV while the severe IPV group also included those who engaged in severe and injurious forms of physical IPV. Multinomial regression analysis showed that impulsive aggression discriminated moderate and severe from low IPV (Study 1), and more frequent emotionally abusive and controlling behavior, a hostile-dominant interpersonal style and trait aggression discriminated among all three groups, with severe IPV having the greatest likelihood of controlling behavior and aggression (Study 2). IPV is represented by distinct subgroups that vary by severity of IPV with different personality covariates. General aggressive and domineering tendencies in relationships characterize those engaging in severe IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Cascardi
- Department of PsychologyWilliam Paterson UniversityWayneNew Jersey
| | - Megan Chesin
- Department of PsychologyWilliam Paterson UniversityWayneNew Jersey
| | - Molly Kammen
- Department of PsychologyWilliam Paterson UniversityWayneNew Jersey
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