Time passing: a Parse research method study

Review of Research Related to Parse's Theory of Human Becoming

Ninety-three retrievable studies guided by the human becoming theory between 1985 and 2006, are reviewed. A summary of the studies is tabulated according to the two basic human becoming research methods, the human becoming applied research method, and other qualitative research methods using human becoming as the frame of reference. The authors provide an overview of the studies and the human becoming research methods and further illuminate the findings of studies reviewed under four major themes that describe the phenomena studied.

‘You Can’t Turn Back the Clock’: Conceptualizing Time after Institutionalization

Le temps est un phénomène que l’on considère comme acquis. En gérontologie, le temps est souvent assimilé au temps chronologique ou linéaire, ainsi causant que le temps devient défini comme âge chronologique. Le but de cet article est d’éclairer la compréhension supplémentaire du temps et comment le passage du temps est relié à la vieillesse, en particulier dans le contexte d’un déplacement personnel vers un établissement de soins de longue durée. Á cette fin, nous décrivons une étude de cas que nous avons mené avec un gentilhomme qui est venu vivre dans un établissement de soins de longue durée. Les dimensions spécifiques de la temporalité sont évidentes, y compris le temps biographique, le temps incarné, et le temps intégré (y compris les notions du temps institutionnel).

The beauty of the moment: Lakota and humanbecoming perspective of time

Time is an enigmatic concept, that despite considerable attention by philosophers and scientists, remains poorly understood by nurses. After a brief discussion of the general literature on time, the author discusses Parse's humanbecoming school of thought and the Lakota Native American view of time and related concepts. Implications for nursing are discussed.

A holistic framework for nursing time: implications for theory, practice, and research

TOPIC

Nursing time has relevance for those who produce it, those who receive it, and those who must pay for it. Although the term nursing time may be commonly used, a common understanding of the concept within the fields of nursing and healthcare administration is lacking.

PURPOSE

The purposes of this paper are to explore the concept of nursing time and to identify implications for theory development, clinical and administrative practice, and research.

DISCUSSION

Both physical and psychological forms of time are viewed as fundamental to our experience of time as social beings. Nursing time has significant intrinsic and instrumental value in nursing and health care. A holistic approach incorporating the physical, psychological, and sociological aspects and dimensions of nursing time is advocated.

CONCLUSIONS

Multiple strategies to enhance the patient experience of nursing time are warranted and should address how much time nurses spend with patients as well as how they spend that time. Patterns of overlapping and competing time structures for nurses should be identified and evaluated for their effect on physical time available for patient care and the psychological experiences of time by nurses and patients.

An exploration of the perception of time from the perspective of the Science of Unitary Human Beings

What is time? The science of unitary human beings describes pandimensional reality as a domain without spatial or temporal attributes. As part of this pandimensional reality, unitary human beings experience time as passing, and involving the past, present, and future. The theory of accelerating evolution describes changes in human and environmental energy fields that are always accelerating and are manifested as differences in the experience of time as being slow, fast, and still. Time, be it measured or experienced, has no meaning in and of itself, but can only be understood in terms of the ever-evolving life process.

Time(lessness): Buddhist perspectives and end-of-life

The perception of time shifts as patients enter hospice care. As a complex, socially determined construct, time plays a significant role in end-of-life care. Drawing on Buddhist and Western perspectives, conceptualizations of linear and cyclical time are discussed alongside notions of time as interplay of embodied experience and concept. Buddhist understandings of self as patterns of relating and the theory of 'dependent origination' are introduced. Implications for understanding death, dying and end-of-life care within these differing perspectives are considered. These explorations contribute to the growing dialogue in nursing between Buddhist and Western traditions.

Struggling in change at the end of life: A nursing inquiry

Objective: The purpose of this human science nursing inquiry is to explore the meaning of struggling in change for persons at the end of life.

Methods: Guided by Parse's theory of human becoming, a descriptive exploratory method was used to answer the research question: What is the meaning of the experience of struggling in change for persons at the end of life? Eight persons who were living with dying described experiences of struggling in change during face-to-face audiotaped interviews.

Results: A process of analysis–synthesis revealed three themes that are discussed in relation to extant related literature and interpreted in light of the human becoming perspective.

Significance of results: Findings from the study contribute new knowledge about human experience at the end of life from a human science perspective and offer new insights on struggling in change as a rhythmical pattern of living and dying. Implications for palliative practice, research, and education are discussed.