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White SA, Canada NC, Carmalt JL, Schumacher J, Amitrano FN, Ortved K, Henry TJ, Brounts SH, Arnold CE. Long-Term Outcome of Horses Undergoing Unilateral Mandibular Condylectomy and Meniscectomy for Temporomandibular Joint Disease. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:898096. [PMID: 35585863 PMCID: PMC9108769 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.898096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are no reports describing the long-term outcome of sport horses undergoing unilateral mandibular condylectomy with meniscectomy (UMC) for treatment for severe temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease (TMD). Whether horses undergoing UMC require a specialized diet, can return to riding with a bit, or return to intended function after surgery is unknown. Objective To determine the long-term outcome of horses undergoing UMC for treatment of severe TMD. Study Design A multi-institutional, retrospective study. Methods Medical records obtained from seven equine referral hospitals of horses with severe TMD that underwent UMC were reviewed. Details regarding the presenting complaints, results of clinical examination, findings of diagnostic imaging, surgical technique, and outcome (including long-term follow-up with an owner questionnaire) were recorded. Results Eleven horses fit the inclusion criteria. Three had severe idiopathic osteoarthritis, and eight had confirmed septic osteoarthritis of the TMJ. The most common post-operative complications were drainage and peri-incisional swelling (n = 5). One horse developed a hematoma at the surgical site because the facial artery was inadvertently transected during the approach, causing the condylectomy to be postponed. All horses were discharged alive from the hospital, and 10 returned to their previous or intended use. All had complete resolution of clinical signs of TMD. One mare was retired from athletic use due to her genetic value as a broodmare. One horse was euthanized 2 years after UMC due to progressively worsening of clinical signs of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO), which were not present before surgery. When available, owner satisfaction of the results of the procedure was excellent. Main Limitations Sample size; multiple institutions; owner bias. Conclusions Unilateral mandibular condylectomy should not be considered a salvage procedure. Horses treated for severe TMD by UMC can return to their previous or intended level of athletic performance and do not require a specialized diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. White
- Department of Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Sarah A. White
| | | | - James L. Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - James Schumacher
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Fernando N. Amitrano
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Clinical Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Kyla Ortved
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States
| | - Travis J. Henry
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Large Animal Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sabrina H. Brounts
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Large Animal Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Carolyn E. Arnold
- Department of Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Carmalt JL, Pimentel KL. The Equine Temporomandibular Joint: Comparisons Between Standard and Needle Arthroscopic Examination of Cadaver Specimens and Standing Horses. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:876041. [PMID: 35558885 PMCID: PMC9087581 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.876041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Definitive diagnosis of equine temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) may require advanced diagnostic imaging. Arthroscopy is a modern, minimally invasive, diagnostic, and treatment modality. Standing arthroscopic treatment of joint disease is a relatively recent advance in equine surgery, despite which there are few published comparisons between the available arthroscopic systems. Objective To compare and contrast two arthroscopic systems for assessing the equine temporomandibular joint compartments in cadavers and standing horses. Study design Experimental study. Methods Phase I involved the assessment of the discotemporal joint (DTJ) and discomandibular (DMJ) joint compartments of both temporomandibular joints (TMJ) of 14 cadaveric equine heads using a caudally placed arthroscopy portal. Joints were initially examined using the needle arthroscope and the results compared to the findings of examination using a 2.5 mm 30° arthroscope system (standard). Three healthy horses were subsequently examined to determine the validity of the procedure in live animals in Phase II. Results Needle and standard arthroscopy, in combination with mandibular manipulation, allowed evaluation of the caudal aspects of both joint compartments of the TMJ in Phase I. However, the extreme margins of the joint were more commonly visualized using standard arthroscopy. Live horses in phase II were restrained in stocks and both the rostral and caudal aspects of the DTJ and DMJ compartments of both TMJs were examined successfully understanding sedation and local analgesia. The use of a modified Guenther speculum allowed the mandible to be manipulated and offset, which facilitated a complete examination of the joint compartments. Despite adverse behavior encountered during the procedure in one horse, no surgical complications ensued. Main Limitations Not blinded-bias; learning curve. Conclusions The needle arthroscope system is a relatively inexpensive diagnostic tool, which can be used to evaluate the TMJ in the absence of advanced diagnostic imaging such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. However, if arthroscopic treatment is required after advanced imaging and pre-operative diagnosis, superior image quality and ease of manipulation may favor the use of the standard equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Pimentel KL, Allen AL, Carmalt JL. Developmental orthopaedic disease and early osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint in a 15‐month‐old Quarter Horse filly. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. L. Pimentel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - A. L. Allen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - J. L. Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
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Lean NE, Young A, Ahern BJ. Fusobacterium necrophorum
septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint in an Australian Stockhorse mare. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. E. Lean
- School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - A. Young
- School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - B. J. Ahern
- School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
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Pimentel KL, Carmalt JL. The Frequency of Communication Between the Synovial Compartments of the Equine Temporomandibular Joint: A Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomographic Assessment. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:753983. [PMID: 34760960 PMCID: PMC8573115 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.753983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is conflicting evidence regarding communication between the two compartments of the equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Understanding the inter-relationship between TMJ compartments is critical for diagnostic and clinical management purposes. Objective: To determine the frequency of communication between the discotemporal joint (DTJ) and the discomandibular joint (DMJ) of the equine TMJ in horses free of overt disease. Study Design: A randomized, blinded, controlled cadaveric study. Methods: Equine cadaver heads (n = 20), with no reported history of potential TMJ disease, were collected and stored frozen until use. Horses were randomized to the treatment group, such that Group A horses (n = 10) underwent arthrocentesis of the left DTJ and the right DMJ compartments, while Group B (n = 10) underwent arthrocentesis of the left DMJ and the right DTJ compartments of the TMJ, for a total of 40 joints. Computed tomography (CT) imaging was performed before, and after, intra-articular injection of contrast media in each head. Two observers, blinded to the treatment group, independently interpreted CT images. Results: Communication between synovial compartments occurred in the left TMJ of two horses. Arthroscopic evaluation revealed that both horses had a perforation of the intra-articular disc in the region of the caudomedial fibrous expansion. Mild anterior displacement of the abnormal disc in the joint of one horse was demonstrated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Main Limitations: Sample size, the use of owner provided animals' history, and frozen specimens. Conclusions: No physiological communication was present between the DTJ and the DMJ in the equine TMJ of the cases studied, regardless of which compartment underwent arthrocentesis. Two joints had pathological communications. These results suggest that diagnostic, and medical, treatment of intra-articular disease may be most effective when both joint compartments are injected. Furthermore, this study illustrates the value of contrast enhancement while imaging the equine TMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James L. Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Rodríguez MJ. Unusual pathogen in an unusual joint: Implications on antimicrobial resistance. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Elzer EJ, Wulster KB, Richardson DW, Ortved KF. Standing Arthroscopic Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Sepsis in a Horse. J Vet Dent 2020; 37:94-99. [PMID: 32815477 DOI: 10.1177/0898756420948269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A 15-year-old Thoroughbred gelding was presented for investigation of fever, right temporomandibular region swelling, and progressive pain when opening the mouth. Right temporomandibular joint (TMJ) sepsis was diagnosed based on synovial fluid analysis, sonographic imaging, and standing robotic cone-beam computed tomography. Concurrent otitis media and temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO) were also noted. The horse was treated with arthroscopic debridement and lavage during standing sedation followed by local and systemic antimicrobial therapy. There were no complications associated with the surgical procedure and the gelding's clinical signs resolved. Arthroscopy of the TMJ can be accomplished in the standing horse and should be considered when arthroscopic exploration or debridement of this joint is indicated. This is also the first case report of concurrent otitis media, TMJ sepsis, and THO; due to their close anatomic relationship, it is possible that septic otitis media could lead to pathology in the TMJ and temporohyoid joint, as described in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn B Wulster
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Dean W Richardson
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Kyla F Ortved
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
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Smyth TT, Allen AL, Carmalt JL. Histologic assessment of age-related changes in the temporomandibular joints of horses. Am J Vet Res 2020; 80:1107-1113. [PMID: 31763947 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.12.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe histologic changes in the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) of horses of various ages. SAMPLE 22 TMJs from cadavers of 11 horses. PROCEDURES Horses were categorized into 3 age groups (group 1, 2 to 10 years old [n = 3]; group 2, 11 to 20 years old [3]; and group 3, > 20 years old [5]). Each TMJ was sectioned into 5-mm slices, preserved in formalin, decalcified in formic acid, and routinely processed for histologic analysis. Joints were systematically assessed by use of previously described methods. Multilevel mixed-effects models were used to examine the data. RESULTS The number of changes was significantly fewer and degree of changes was significantly less within the TMJs of group 1 horses, compared with those of group 3 horses. Comparison among groups revealed that the combination of temporal and mandibular scores for group 1 was significantly lower than for groups 2 or 3. Disk score did not differ significantly between groups 1 and 2, but disk scores of groups 1 and 2 were significantly lower than the disk score of group 3. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The assessed lesions were associated with osteoarthritis, and they accumulated in the TMJs as horses aged. In the absence of signs of pain manifested as changes in mastication, behavior, or performance, it would be difficult to determine the point at which accrued pathological changes represented the onset of clinically important osteoarthritis of the TMJs.
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Luedke LK, Nixon AJ, Whitty JA, Irby NL, Ducharme NG. Bilateral rostral temporomandibular luxation with bilateral coronoid fracture in a Welsh pony. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Luedke
- Clinical SciencesCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Alan J Nixon
- Clinical SciencesCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Justin A Whitty
- Clinical SciencesCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Nita L Irby
- Clinical SciencesCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Norm G Ducharme
- Clinical SciencesCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
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Norvall A, Cota JG, Pusterla N, Cissell D. Ultrasound-guided arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint in healthy adult horses is equivalent to blind arthrocentesis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:346-352. [PMID: 31896164 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) diseases are increasingly recognized as a problem for the well-being and performance of horses. Diagnosis is confounded by overlap of clinical signs associated with pathology of the oral cavity, poll, and cervical vertebrae. Arthrocentesis for intra-articular analgesia, sampling of synovial fluid, and medication is needed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Ultrasound features of the normal TMJ and a blind arthrocentesis technique have been described, but a systematic approach to ultrasound-guided (USG) arthrocentesis has not been reported. Ultrasound guidance allows visualization of the TMJ that may prove beneficial in cases when pathology, abnormal anatomy, or clinician inexperience make blind arthrocentesis difficult. We hypothesized that USG arthrocentesis would result in fewer needle repositions than blind arthrocentesis. We also aimed to assess synovial fluid parameters for normal equine TMJs. A prospective randomized method comparison with crossover experimental design compared the number of needle positionings required for accurate injection of the TMJ using each technique. Arthrocentesis technique and operator experience were tested using cadavers and two operators. Injection success was confirmed using CT. The radiologist then applied both techniques in normal live horses. No statistically significant difference was noted between arthrocentesis techniques or operators (P > .05). No complications were observed in live horses following either technique. Synovial fluid parameters were largely within the normal range expected for other synovial joints. Either blind or USG arthrocentesis of the equine TMJ can be performed with minimal prior operator experience. Ultrasound-guided arthrocentesis is an alternative method and can be considered in cases with altered anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Norvall
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jose Guerrero Cota
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Derek Cissell
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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Balducci J, Ruby J, Hall C, Williams J. Arthrotomy, curettage and medical management of septic arthritis and osteomyelitis of the temporomandibular joint in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Balducci
- Department of Large Animal Medicine University of Georgia College of Veterinary MedicineAthens Georgia USA
| | - J. Ruby
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine AthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - C. Hall
- Central Georgia Equine Services Fort Valley Georgia USA
| | - J. Williams
- Department of Large Animal Medicine University of Georgia College of Veterinary MedicineAthens Georgia USA
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Frietman SK, van Proosdij ER, Veraa S, de Heer N, Ter Braake F. A minimally invasive partial condylectomy and temporal bone resection for the treatment of a suspected chronic synovial sepsis of the temporomandibular joint in a 3.5-year-old paint horse gelding. Vet Q 2019; 38:118-124. [PMID: 30773124 PMCID: PMC6830993 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2018.1535216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S K Frietman
- a Equine Department , Equine Veterinary Clinic Emmeloord , Espelerlaan 77 , Emmeloord 8302 DC , the Netherlands
| | - E R van Proosdij
- b Equine Department , DAP VUG , Evertsenlaan 18 , Voorthuizen 3781 TB , the Netherlands
| | - S Veraa
- c Division of Diagnostic Imaging , Utrecht University , Yalelaan 108 , Utrecht 3584 CM , the Netherlands
| | - N de Heer
- a Equine Department , Equine Veterinary Clinic Emmeloord , Espelerlaan 77 , Emmeloord 8302 DC , the Netherlands
| | - F Ter Braake
- a Equine Department , Equine Veterinary Clinic Emmeloord , Espelerlaan 77 , Emmeloord 8302 DC , the Netherlands
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Correction: ECG of the Month. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252:807. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.7.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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True CK, Bolam CJ, Baratt RM, Selberg K. Diagnostic Imaging in Veterinary Dental Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252:805-807. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.7.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Smyth T, Allen AL, Carmalt JL. Clinically significant, nontraumatic, degenerative joint disease of the temporomandibular joints in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Smyth
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - A. L. Allen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - J. L. Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- T. H. Witte
- Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
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Jørgensen E, Christophersen MT, Kristoffersen M, Puchalski S, Verwilghen D. Does temporomandibular joint pathology affect performance in an equine athlete? EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Jørgensen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Tåstrup Denmark
| | | | - M. Kristoffersen
- Helsingborg Regional Animal Hospital - Evidensia; Helsingborg Sweden
| | - S. Puchalski
- Helsingborg Regional Animal Hospital - Evidensia; Helsingborg Sweden
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis USA
| | - D. Verwilghen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Tåstrup Denmark
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Barba M, Lepage OM. Diagnostic utility of computed tomography imaging in foals: 10 cases (2008-2010). EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Carmalt JL, Bell CD, Tatarniuk DM, Suri SS, Singh B, Waldner C. Comparison of the response to experimentally induced short-term inflammation in the temporomandibular and metacarpophalangeal joints of horses. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:1586-91. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.12.1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging features of the temporomandibular joint in two normal camels. ANATOMY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2012:242065. [PMID: 22567308 PMCID: PMC3335628 DOI: 10.1155/2012/242065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) image features of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and associated structures in two mature dromedary camels were obtained with a third-generation equipment CT and a superconducting magnet RM at 1.5 Tesla. Images were acquired in sagittal and transverse planes. Medical imaging processing with imaging software was applied to obtain postprocessing CT and MR images. Relevant anatomic structures were identified and labelled. The resulting images provided excellent anatomic detail of the TMJ and associated structures. Annotated CT and MR images from this study are intended as an anatomical reference useful in the interpretation for clinical CT and MR imaging studies of the TMJ of the dromedary camels.
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RODRÍGUEZ MJ, AGUT A, SOLER M, LÓPEZ-ALBORS O, ARREDONDO J, QUEROL M, LATORRE R. Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine temporomandibular joint anatomy. Equine Vet J 2010; 42:200-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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EBLING ALESSIAJ, MCKNIGHT ALEXIAL, SEILER GABRIELA, KIRCHER PATRICKR. A COMPLEMENTARY RADIOGRAPHIC PROJECTION OF THE EQUINE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009; 50:385-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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