1
|
Cruz-Benítez MM, Gónzalez-Morones P, Hernández-Hernández E, Villagómez-Ibarra JR, Castro-Rosas J, Rangel-Vargas E, Fonseca-Florido HA, Gómez-Aldapa CA. Covalent Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with Fructose, Starch, and Micro-Cellulose by Sonochemistry. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:490. [PMID: 33557420 PMCID: PMC7915305 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we report the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) nanohybrids with starch, fructose, and micro-cellulose molecules by sonication in an aqueous medium at 90 °C and a short reaction time (30 min). The final product was washed with solvents to extract the nanohybrids and separate them from the organic molecules not grafted onto the GO surface. Nanohybrids were chemically characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy and analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). These results indicate that the ultrasound energy promoted a chemical reaction between GO and the organic molecules in a short time (30 min). The chemical characterization of these nanohybrids confirms their covalent bond, obtaining a grafting percentage above 40% the weight in these nanohybrids. This hybridization creates nanometric and millimetric nanohybrid particles. In addition, the grafted organic molecules can be crystallized on GO films. Interference in the ultrasound waves of starch hybrids is due to the increase in viscosity, leading to a partial hybridization of GO with starch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Montserrat Cruz-Benítez
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca—Tulancingo km 4.5, C.P. 42184 Mineral de la Reforma, Mexico; (M.M.C.-B.); (J.R.V.-I.); (J.C.-R.); (E.R.-V.)
| | - Pablo Gónzalez-Morones
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Boulevard Enrique Reyna Hermosillo, No. 140, C.P. 25294 Saltillo, Mexico; (P.G.-M.); (E.H.-H.)
| | - Ernesto Hernández-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Boulevard Enrique Reyna Hermosillo, No. 140, C.P. 25294 Saltillo, Mexico; (P.G.-M.); (E.H.-H.)
| | - José Roberto Villagómez-Ibarra
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca—Tulancingo km 4.5, C.P. 42184 Mineral de la Reforma, Mexico; (M.M.C.-B.); (J.R.V.-I.); (J.C.-R.); (E.R.-V.)
| | - Javier Castro-Rosas
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca—Tulancingo km 4.5, C.P. 42184 Mineral de la Reforma, Mexico; (M.M.C.-B.); (J.R.V.-I.); (J.C.-R.); (E.R.-V.)
| | - Esmeralda Rangel-Vargas
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca—Tulancingo km 4.5, C.P. 42184 Mineral de la Reforma, Mexico; (M.M.C.-B.); (J.R.V.-I.); (J.C.-R.); (E.R.-V.)
| | - Heidi Andrea Fonseca-Florido
- CONACYT, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Blvd. Ing. Enrique Reyna H. No. 140, C.P. 25294 Saltillo, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alberto Gómez-Aldapa
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca—Tulancingo km 4.5, C.P. 42184 Mineral de la Reforma, Mexico; (M.M.C.-B.); (J.R.V.-I.); (J.C.-R.); (E.R.-V.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barghamadi M. Isothermal kinetics and thermodynamics studies of curing reaction of epoxy-aromatic diamine reinforced with epoxy functional MWCNT. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008316660367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the cure kinetics and thermodynamics of an epoxy functional multiwall carbon nanotube-containing epoxy nanocomposite obtained by the polymerization of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with diaminodiphenyl sulfone as a curing agent through isothermal technique of differential scanning calorimetry. Isothermal kinetic parameters including reaction orders ( m, n), rate constants ( k1, k2), activation energy ( Ea), and pre-exponential factor ( A) were estimated using Kamal autocatalytic model. The model gives a good description of curing kinetics at various temperatures prior to the onset of vitrification. Thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (Δ H#), entropy (Δ S#), and Gibbs free energy (Δ G#) changes were also determined using the rate constants from the isothermal kinetic analysis and transition state theory. The thermodynamic functions were shown to be very sensitive parameters for the evaluation of the cure reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Barghamadi
- Department of Chemistry, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, Islamic Republic of Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Englert C, Pröhl M, Czaplewska JA, Fritzsche C, Preußger E, Schubert US, Traeger A, Gottschaldt M. d-Fructose-Decorated Poly(ethylene imine) for Human Breast Cancer Cell Targeting. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [PMID: 28371343 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The high affinity of GLUT5 transporter for d-fructose in breast cancer cells has been discussed intensely. In this contribution, high molar mass linear poly(ethylene imine) (LPEI) is functionalized with d-fructose moieties to combine the selectivity for the GLUT5 transporter with the delivery potential of PEI for genetic material. The four-step synthesis of a thiol-group bearing d-fructose enables the decoration of a cationic polymer backbone with d-fructose via thiol-ene photoaddition. The functionalization of LPEI is confirmed by 2D NMR techniques, elemental analysis, and size exclusion chromatography. Importantly, a d-fructose decoration of 16% renders the polymers water-soluble and eliminates the cytotoxicity of PEI in noncancer L929 cells, accompanied by a reduced unspecific cellular uptake of the genetic material. In contrast, the cytotoxicity as well as the cell specific uptake is increased for triple negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Therefore, the introduction of d-fructose shows superior potential for cell targeting, which can be assumed to be GLUT5 dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Englert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Pröhl
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Justyna A Czaplewska
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Carolin Fritzsche
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Preußger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Traeger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Gottschaldt
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|