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Kamalipour J, Beheshty M, Zohuriaan-Mehr M. Novel phosphonated hardeners derived from diamino diphenyl sulfone for epoxy resins: Synthesis and one-pack flame-retardant formulation alongside dicyandiamide. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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2
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Synthesis and Application Studies of DOPO-Based Organophosphorous Derivatives to Modify the Thermal Behavior of Polybenzoxazine. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030606. [PMID: 35160595 PMCID: PMC8840307 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The DOPO-based flame-retardant additives DOPO-HQ, DOPO-AP and DOPO-Van were synthesized in varying numbers of phenolic hydroxyl groups and amine groups. Moreover, their influence on the polymerization of a bisphenol F-based benzoxazine, as well as the thermal properties of the resulting materials, were studied. All DOPO-based derivatives influenced the polymerization temperature onset with a reduction of up to 20 °C, while thermo-mechanical properties remained high. Surprisingly, phosphorous content below 0.4 wt% significantly improved the reaction against small flames yielding an increase in the limited oxygen index by 2% and a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. DOPO-HQ proved to be the most effective additive regarding the reaction against small flames at an astonishingly low phosphorous concentration of below 0.1 wt%, whereas DOPO-AP and DOPO-Van simultaneously lowered the polymerization temperature.
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Sun Q, Shen Y, Wei J, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Song X. Antiflaming poly(L‐lactide) by synthesizing polyurethane with phosphorus and nitrogen. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qihao Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Yueshi Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Junge Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Baochang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
- Office of Academic Studies Guangdong Industry Polytechnic Guangzhou China
| | - Xiaofeng Song
- School of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
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Fang M, Qian J, Wang X, Chen Z, Guo R, Shi Y. Synthesis of a Novel Flame Retardant Containing Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and Silicon and Its Application in Epoxy Resin. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:7094-7105. [PMID: 33748623 PMCID: PMC7970578 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel flame retardant (TDA) containing phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon was synthesized successfully via a controllable ring-opening addition reaction between 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide, and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and TDA was then blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resins (EPs). The chemical structure and components of TDA were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that after the introduction of TDA, cured EP maintained good thermal stability with a minimum initial decomposition temperature of 337.6 °C, and the char yields of a EP/TDA-5 sample significantly increased by 76.2% compared with that of the neat EP thermoset. Additionally, with the addition of 25.0 wt % TDA (1.05 wt % phosphorus loading), the limited oxygen index value of cured EP increased from 22.5% of pure EP to 33.4%, and vertical burning V-0 rating was easily achieved. Meanwhile, after the incorporation of TDA, the total heat release and total smoke production of the EP/TDA-5 sample obviously reduced by 28.9 and 27.7% in the cone calorimeter test, respectively. Flame-retardant performances and flame-retardant mechanisms were further analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, energy-dispersive spectrometry, and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results reveal that the synergistic effect of phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon plays an excellent flame-retardant role in both gaseous and condensed phases. In addition, the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of cured EP thermosets are well maintained rather than destroyed. All the results demonstrate that TDA endows epoxy resin with excellent flame retardancy and possesses great promise in the industrial field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Fang
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuezhi Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ruilin Guo
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yifeng Shi
- Hangzhou
Rongfang Pressure Sensitive New Material Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200237, China
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Xie C, Leng F, Dong Z, Xu W, Zhu M, Xie K, Du J, Zhao L. Synthesis of 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide derivative grafted polyethylene films for improving the flame retardant and anti‐dripping properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non‐power Nuclear Technology Research and Development Center Hubei University of Science and Technology Xianning China
| | - Fan Leng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Zhen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Weilin Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non‐power Nuclear Technology Research and Development Center Hubei University of Science and Technology Xianning China
| | - Mengjiao Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non‐power Nuclear Technology Research and Development Center Hubei University of Science and Technology Xianning China
| | - Kangjun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Jifu Du
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non‐power Nuclear Technology Research and Development Center Hubei University of Science and Technology Xianning China
| | - Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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Wan J, Zhao J, Zhang X, Fan H, Zhang J, Hu D, Jin P, Wang DY. Epoxy thermosets and materials derived from bio-based monomeric phenols: Transformations and performances. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang Z, Gao X, Li W. Epoxy resin/cyanate ester composites containing DOPO and wollastonite with simultaneously improved flame retardancy and thermal resistance. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008319897095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Flame-retardant epoxy (EP) resin/cyanate ester (CE) composites were prepared with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) and wollastonite (Wo). The combustion behavior of the flame-retardant EP/CE composites was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, and cone calorimeter tests. It is found that the EP/CE composite containing 7 wt% DOPO and 3 wt% Wo (sample 7DO/3Wo/EP/CE) exerts the best flame retardancy (LOI 35.5% and UL-94 V-0 rating). The peak heat release rate and total heat release of sample 7DO/3Wo/EP/CE increase slightly, while total smoke release decreases about 14% compared with the EP/CE composite containing 10 wt% DOPO (sample 10DO/EP/CE). Thermal studies indicate that the glass transition temperature and temperature at 5% mass loss of sample 7DO/3Wo/EP/CE are higher than that of sample 10DO/EP/CE. Moreover, the mechanical properties of EP/CE composites were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhou Wang
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Gu L, Qiu J, Qiu C, Yao Y, Sakai E, Yang L. Mechanical Properties and Degrading Behaviors of Aluminum Hypophosphite-Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) Nanocomposites. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03602559.2018.1466169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Gu
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Japan
| | - Jianhui Qiu
- Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Japan
- Advanced Materials Institute, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Advanced Materials Institute, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Youwei Yao
- Advanced Materials Institute, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Eiichi Sakai
- Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Japan
| | - Liting Yang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Wang P, Fu X, Kan Y, Wang X, Hu Y. Two high-efficient DOPO-based phosphonamidate flame retardants for transparent epoxy resin. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008318762037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, two kinds of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-based phosphonamidate flame retardants named 4,4′-diamino-diphenyl methane (DDM)-DOPO and morpholine (MPL)-DOPO are successfully synthesized by the classic Atherton–Todd reaction, and their chemical structures are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Epoxy composites containing DDM-DOPO or MPL-DOPO are prepared, which still retain relatively high transparency compared with pure epoxy resin (EP). Its fire behavior is studied in terms of vertical burning test (UL-94), limiting oxygen index (LOI), and cone calorimeter tests. The LOI values can achieve 30% and UL-94 test past V-0 rating for DDM-DOPO-modified epoxy composites with 0.25 wt% phosphorus content. The cone calorimeter results indicate that the modified epoxy composites can release less heat and smoke compared with pure EP. Also, thermal degradation behavior and flame-retardant mechanism of epoxy composites are investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry. The results indicate that two DOPO-based phosphonamidates show a significant gaseous-phase effect on reducing the release of combustible volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilong Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianling Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongchun Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
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Kheyrabadi R, Rahmani H, Najafi SHM. Flame-retardant halogen-free polymers using phosphorylated hexaglycidyl epoxy resin. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008316688759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Flame-retardant halogen-free epoxy resin, containing phosphorus and nitrogen atoms in the main chain, was synthesized through the curing of tris(3-(bis(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)amino)phenyl)phosphine oxide (HGE, hexaglycidyl epoxy monomer), starting from tris(3-aminophenyl) phosphine oxide (TAPO) and epichlorohydrin. The molecular structure of HGE with molecular weight 660 was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques. Epoxy equivalent weight determined by titration method was 120. The thermal curing behavior of the HGE/TAPO was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. An intense exotherm due to curing reaction was observed in the temperature range from 123°C to 215°C. The HGE cured with TAPO, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS), and 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) and the thermal behaviors were studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The flame retardancy properties of the HGE/TAPO, DDS, and DAN were evaluated by vertical burning test (UL-94 V). The high performance cured epoxy resins showed high thermal stability and UL-94 V-0 flame retardancy rating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Kheyrabadi
- Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Iran
| | - Hossein Rahmani
- Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Iran
| | - S Heydar Mahmoudi Najafi
- Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Iran
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