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Artificial Intelligence-Empowered 3D and 4D Printing Technologies toward Smarter Biomedical Materials and Approaches. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142794. [PMID: 35890571 PMCID: PMC9319487 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, 3D printing has played a crucial role as an innovative technology for tissue and organ fabrication, patient-specific orthoses, drug delivery, and surgical planning. However, biomedical materials used for 3D printing are usually static and unable to dynamically respond or transform within the internal environment of the body. These materials are fabricated ex situ, which involves first printing on a planar substrate and then deploying it to the target surface, thus resulting in a possible mismatch between the printed part and the target surfaces. The emergence of 4D printing addresses some of these drawbacks, opening an attractive path for the biomedical sector. By preprogramming smart materials, 4D printing is able to manufacture structures that dynamically respond to external stimuli. Despite these potentials, 4D printed dynamic materials are still in their infancy of development. The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) could push these technologies forward enlarging their applicability, boosting the design space of smart materials by selecting promising ones with desired architectures, properties, and functions, reducing the time to manufacturing, and allowing the in situ printing directly on target surfaces achieving high-fidelity of human body micro-structures. In this review, an overview of 4D printing as a fascinating tool for designing advanced smart materials is provided. Then will be discussed the recent progress in AI-empowered 3D and 4D printing with open-loop and closed-loop methods, in particular regarding shape-morphing 4D-responsive materials, printing on moving targets, and surgical robots for in situ printing. Lastly, an outlook on 5D printing is given as an advanced future technique, in which AI will assume the role of the fifth dimension to empower the effectiveness of 3D and 4D printing for developing intelligent systems in the biomedical sector and beyond.
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Hudak YF, Li JS, Cullum S, Strzelecki BM, Richburg C, Kaufman GE, Abrahamson D, Heckman JT, Ripley B, Telfer S, Ledoux WR, Muir BC, Aubin PM. A novel workflow to fabricate a patient-specific 3D printed accommodative foot orthosis with personalized latticed metamaterial. Med Eng Phys 2022; 104:103802. [PMID: 35641072 PMCID: PMC9210925 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2022.103802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes mellitus are at elevated risk for secondary complications that result in lower extremity amputations. Standard of care to prevent these complications involves prescribing custom accommodative insoles that use inefficient and outdated fabrication processes including milling and hand carving. A new thrust of custom 3D printed insoles has shown promise in producing corrective insoles but has not explored accommodative diabetic insoles. Our novel contribution is a metamaterial design application that allows the insole stiffness to vary regionally following patient-specific plantar pressure measurements. We presented a novel workflow to fabricate custom 3D printed elastomeric insoles, a testing method to evaluate the durability, shear stiffness, and compressive stiffness of insole material samples, and a case study to demonstrate how the novel 3D printed insoles performed clinically. Our 3D printed insoles results showed a matched or improved durability, a reduced shear stiffness, and a reduction in plantar pressure in clinical case study compared to standard of care insoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri F Hudak
- VA RR&D Center for Limb Loss and MoBility (CLiMB), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jing-Sheng Li
- VA RR&D Center for Limb Loss and MoBility (CLiMB), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Scott Cullum
- VA RR&D Center for Limb Loss and MoBility (CLiMB), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brian M Strzelecki
- VA RR&D Center for Limb Loss and MoBility (CLiMB), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Chris Richburg
- VA RR&D Center for Limb Loss and MoBility (CLiMB), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - G Eli Kaufman
- VA RR&D Center for Limb Loss and MoBility (CLiMB), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Daniel Abrahamson
- VA RR&D Center for Limb Loss and MoBility (CLiMB), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeffrey T Heckman
- James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital & Clinics, Tampa, FL, United States; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Beth Ripley
- Department of Radiology, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA ,United States
| | - Scott Telfer
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William R Ledoux
- VA RR&D Center for Limb Loss and MoBility (CLiMB), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brittney C Muir
- VA RR&D Center for Limb Loss and MoBility (CLiMB), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Patrick M Aubin
- VA RR&D Center for Limb Loss and MoBility (CLiMB), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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