Nitroimidazoles Part 6. Synthesis, Structure and in Vitro anti-HIV Activity of New 5-substituted Piperazinyl-4-nitroimidazole Derivatives

Novel 4-nitroimidazole analogues: synthesis, in vitro biological evaluation, in silico studies, and molecular dynamics simulation

A new series of 4-nitroimidazole bearing aryl piperazines 7-16, tetrazole 17 and 1,3,4-thiadiazole 18 derivatives was synthesized. All derivatives were screened for their anticancer activity against eight diverse human cancer cell lines (Capan-1, HCT-116, LN229, NCI-H460, DND-41, HL-60, K562, and Z138). Compound 17 proved the most potent compound of the series inhibiting proliferation of most of the selected human cancer cell lines with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. In addition, compound 11 exhibited IC50 values ranging 8.60-64.0 μM against a selection of cancer cell lines. These findings suggest that derivative 17 can potentially be a new lead compound for further development of novel antiproliferative agents. Additionally, 17-18 were assessed for their antibacterial and antituberculosis activity. Derivatives 17 and 18 were the most potent compounds of this series against both Staphylococcus aureus strain Wichita and a methicillin resistant strain of S. aureus (MRSA), as well as against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain mc26230. The antiviral activity of 7-18 was also evaluated against diverse viruses, but no activity was detected. The docking study of compound 17 with putative protein targets in acute myeloid leukemia had been studied. Furthermore, the molecular dynamics simulation of 17 and 18 had been investigated.

Nitroimidazoles Part 10. Synthesis, crystal structure, molecular docking, and anticancer evaluation of 4-nitroimidazole derivatives combined with piperazine moiety

Piperazine-tagged imidazole derivatives 3a (symmetrical di-substituted piperazine) and 5-11 were synthesized through the combination of 4-nitroimidazole derivatives with piperazine moiety. The structural characterization was done by different physical and spectral techniques like NMR (¹H and ¹³C) and mass spectrometry. The constituency of compound 3a was confirmed by X-ray structural analyses. All compounds were assessed for their antiproliferative inhibition potency against five human cancer cell lines namely MCF-7, PC3, MDA-231, A549 and Fibro dental. Compound 5 was found to be the most potent anticancer agents against MCF-7 cell line with IC₅₀ values of (1.0 ± 0 µm) and against PC3 with IC₅₀ value of (9.00 ± 0.028 µm). The molecular docking of compound 5 had been studied, and the results revealed that the newly designed 4-nitroimidazole combined with piperazine moiety derivatives bond to the hydrophobic pocket and polar contacts with high affinity.

Design, synthesis and antimicrobial assessments of aminoacetylenic-piperazine nitroimidazole hybrid compounds

A new series of aminoacetylenic nitroimidazole piperazine hybrid compounds were prepared via three-component reaction. Mannich-type reaction was utilized to couple the nitroimidazole containing propargylic moiety with secondary amines and formaldehyde in the presence of Cu (I) catalyst. The newly synthesized molecules 10a-10w, were characterized an ambiguously through NMR and mass spectrometry. The prepared compounds were assessed in vitro for their antibacterial activity against selected gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. All of the compounds had shown insignificant activities toward gram-negative bacteria. While compounds 10m, 10q, 10s and 10t had shown moderate activities against the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and against fungi Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris.

Functionalized Nitroimidazole Scaffold Construction and Their Pharmaceutical Applications: A 1950–2021 Comprehensive Overview

Nitroimidazole represents one of the most essential and unique scaffolds in drug discovery since its discovery in the 1950s. It was K. Maeda in Japan who reported in 1953 the first nitroimidazole as a natural product from Nocardia mesenterica with antibacterial activity, which was later identified as Azomycin 1 (2-nitroimidazole) and remained in focus until now. This natural antibiotic was the starting point for synthesizing numerous analogs and regio-isomers, leading to several life-saving drugs and clinical candidates against a number of diseases, including infections (bacterial, viral, parasitic) and cancers, as well as imaging agents in medicine/diagnosis. In the present decade, the nitroimidazole scaffold has again been given two life-saving drugs (Delamanid and Pretomanid) used to treat MDR (multi-drug resistant) tuberculosis. Keeping in view the highly successful track-record of the nitroimidazole scaffold in providing breakthrough therapeutic drugs, this comprehensive review focuses explicitly on presenting the activity profile and synthetic chemistry of functionalized nitroimidazole (2-, 4- and 5-nitroimidazoles as well as the fused nitroimidazoles) based drugs and leads published from 1950 to 2021. The present review also presents the miscellaneous examples in each class. In addition, the mutagenic profile of nitroimidazole-based drugs and leads and derivatives is also discussed.

The crystal structure of 1-(N1-benzyl-2-methyl-4-nitro-imidazol-5-yl)-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yl) piperazine, C18H21N5O2

C18H21N5O2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 4), a = 10.0914(6) Å, b = 11.8919(7) Å, c = 15.545(1) Å, β = 102.321(6)°, V = 1822.5(2) Å3, Z = 4, R gt (F) = 0.0503, wR ref (F 2) = 0.1419, T = 293(2) K.

Nitroimidazoles Part 9. Synthesis, molecular docking, and anticancer evaluations of piperazine-tagged imidazole derivatives

New piperazine-tagged imidazole derivatives were synthesized via reaction of 1-alkyl/aryl-5-bromo-2-alkyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazoles 1–3 with piperazine nucleophiles. Nine selected compounds were assessed for their antiproliferative inhibition potency against five human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, PC3, Du145, HepG2 and Dermal/Fibroblast). Compounds 7 and 10 are the most potent anticancer agents on HepG2 cell line with IC50 values of (5.6 ± 0.5 µm) and (29.6 ± 7.6 µm) respectively, and on MCF-7 with IC50 values of (32.1 ± 5.6 µm) and (46.2 ± 8.2 µm) respectively. The molecular docking of compounds 7 and 10 has been studied, and the results reveal that the newly designed piperazine-tagged imidazole derivatives bind to the hydrophobic pocket and polar contact with high affinity.

Current Advances in the Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Pharmacologically Relevant 1,2,4,5-Tetrasubstituted-1H-Imidazole Derivatives

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In recent years, the synthesis and evaluation of the biological properties of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted-1H-imidazole derivatives have been the subject of a large number of studies by academia and industry. In these studies it has been shown that this large and highly differentiated class of heteroarene derivatives includes high valuable compounds having important biological and pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, antihypertensive, cholesterol-lowering, antifibrotic, antiuricemic, antidiabetic, antileishmanial and antiulcer activities.

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The present review with 411 references, in which we focused on the literature data published mainly from 2011 to 2017, aims to update the readers on the recent developments on the synthesis and biological evaluation of pharmacologically relevant 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted-1H-imidazole derivatives with an emphasis on their different molecular targets and their potential use as drugs to treat various types of diseases. Reference was also made to substantial literature data acquired before 2011 in this burgeoning research area.