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Perceptual Biases as the Side Effect of a Multisensory Adaptive System: Insights from Verticality and Self-Motion Perception. Vision (Basel) 2022; 6:vision6030053. [PMID: 36136746 PMCID: PMC9502132 DOI: 10.3390/vision6030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceptual biases can be interpreted as adverse consequences of optimal processes which otherwise improve system performance. The review presented here focuses on the investigation of inaccuracies in multisensory perception by focusing on the perception of verticality and self-motion, where the vestibular sensory modality has a prominent role. Perception of verticality indicates how the system processes gravity. Thus, it represents an indirect measurement of vestibular perception. Head tilts can lead to biases in perceived verticality, interpreted as the influence of a vestibular prior set at the most common orientation relative to gravity (i.e., upright), useful for improving precision when upright (e.g., fall avoidance). Studies on the perception of verticality across development and in the presence of blindness show that prior acquisition is mediated by visual experience, thus unveiling the fundamental role of visuo-vestibular interconnections across development. Such multisensory interactions can be behaviorally tested with cross-modal aftereffect paradigms which test whether adaptation in one sensory modality induces biases in another, eventually revealing an interconnection between the tested sensory modalities. Such phenomena indicate the presence of multisensory neural mechanisms that constantly function to calibrate self-motion dedicated sensory modalities with each other as well as with the environment. Thus, biases in vestibular perception reveal how the brain optimally adapts to environmental requests, such as spatial navigation and steady changes in the surroundings.
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Timofeeva OP, Andreeva IG, Gvozdeva AP. Dynamics of Postural Indices in Case of Listening to Sounds of Steps Approaching from the Front and from Behind. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021060284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pöhlmann KMT, Föcker J, Dickinson P, Parke A, O'Hare L. The Effect of Motion Direction and Eccentricity on Vection, VR Sickness and Head Movements in Virtual Reality. Multisens Res 2021; 34:1-40. [PMID: 33882451 DOI: 10.1163/22134808-bja10049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Virtual Reality (VR) experienced through head-mounted displays often leads to vection, discomfort and sway in the user. This study investigated the effect of motion direction and eccentricity on these three phenomena using optic flow patterns displayed using the Valve Index. Visual motion stimuli were presented in the centre, periphery or far periphery and moved either in depth (back and forth) or laterally (left and right). Overall vection was stronger for motion in depth compared to lateral motion. Additionally, eccentricity primarily affected stimuli moving in depth with stronger vection for more peripherally presented motion patterns compared to more central ones. Motion direction affected the various aspects of VR sickness differently and modulated the effect of eccentricity on VR sickness. For stimuli moving in depth far peripheral presentation caused more discomfort, whereas for lateral motion the central stimuli caused more discomfort. Stimuli moving in depth led to more head movements in the anterior-posterior direction when the entire visual field was stimulated. Observers demonstrated more head movements in the anterior-posterior direction compared to the medio-lateral direction throughout the entire experiment independent of motion direction or eccentricity of the presented moving stimulus. Head movements were elicited on the same plane as the moving stimulus only for stimuli moving in depth covering the entire visual field. A correlation showed a positive relationship between dizziness and vection duration and between general discomfort and sway. Identifying where in the visual field motion presented to an individual causes the least amount of VR sickness without losing vection and presence can guide development for Virtual Reality games, training and treatment programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Föcker
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Patrick Dickinson
- School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Adrian Parke
- School of Media, Culture and Society, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Louise O'Hare
- Division of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
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Saftari LN, Kwon OS. Ageing vision and falls: a review. J Physiol Anthropol 2018; 37:11. [PMID: 29685171 PMCID: PMC5913798 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-018-0170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Falls are the leading cause of accidental injury and death among older adults. One of three adults over the age of 65 years falls annually. As the size of elderly population increases, falls become a major concern for public health and there is a pressing need to understand the causes of falls thoroughly. Main body of the abstract While it is well documented that visual functions such as visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and stereo acuity are correlated with fall risks, little attention has been paid to the relationship between falls and the ability of the visual system to perceive motion in the environment. The omission of visual motion perception in the literature is a critical gap because it is an essential function in maintaining balance. In the present article, we first review existing studies regarding visual risk factors for falls and the effect of ageing vision on falls. We then present a group of phenomena such as vection and sensory reweighting that provide information on how visual motion signals are used to maintain balance. Conclusion We suggest that the current list of visual risk factors for falls should be elaborated by taking into account the relationship between visual motion perception and balance control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Nafisa Saftari
- Department of Human Factors Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Oh-Sang Kwon
- Department of Human Factors Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.
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Tinga AM, Jansen C, van der Smagt MJ, Nijboer TCW, van Erp JBF. Inducing circular vection with tactile stimulation encircling the waist. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018; 182:32-38. [PMID: 29128511 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In general, moving sensory stimuli (visual and auditory) can induce illusory sensations of self-motion (i.e. vection) in the direction opposite of the sensory stimulation. The aim of the current study was to examine whether tactile stimulation encircling the waist could induce circular vection (around the body's yaw axis) and to examine whether this type of stimulation would influence participants' walking trajectory and balance. We assessed the strength and direction of perceived self-motion while vision was blocked and while either receiving tactile stimulation encircling the waist clockwise or counterclockwise or no tactile stimulation. Additionally, we assessed participants' walking trajectory and balance while receiving these different stimulations. Tactile stimulation encircling the waist was found to lead to self-reported circular vection in a subset of participants. In this subset of participants, circular vection was on average experienced in the same direction as the tactile stimulation. Additionally, perceived rotatory self-motion in participants that reported circular vection correlated with balance (i.e., sway velocity and the standard error of the mean in the medio-lateral dimension). The fact that, in this subset of participants, subjective reports of vection correlated with objective outcome measures indicates that tactile stimulation encircling the waist might indeed be able to induced circular vection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica M Tinga
- TNO, Department of Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, Soesterberg, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Tilburg University, Department of Communication and Information Sciences, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - Chris Jansen
- TNO, Department of Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten J van der Smagt
- Utrecht University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja C W Nijboer
- Utrecht University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, and Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, The Netherlands
| | - Jan B F van Erp
- TNO, Department of Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, Soesterberg, The Netherlands; Twente University, Department of Human Media Interaction, Enschede, The Netherlands
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O'Hare L, Sharp A, Dickinson P, Richardson G, Shearer J. Investigating Head Movements Induced by 'Riloid' Patterns in Migraine and Control Groups Using a Virtual Reality Display. Multisens Res 2018; 31:753-777. [PMID: 31264621 DOI: 10.1163/22134808-20181310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Certain striped patterns can induce illusory motion, such as those used in op-art. The visual system and the vestibular system work together closely, and so it is possible that illusory motion from a visual stimulus can result in uncertainty in the vestibular system. This increased uncertainty may be measureable in terms of the magnitude of head movements. Head movements were measured using a head-mounted visual display. Results showed that stimuli associated with illusory motion also seem to induce greater head movements when compared to similar stimuli. Individuals with migraine are more susceptible to visual discomfort, and this includes illusory motion from striped stimuli. However, there was no evidence of increased effect of illusory motion on those with migraine compared to those without, suggesting that while motion illusions may affect discomfort judgements, this is not limited to only those with migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise O'Hare
- 1School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Alex Sharp
- 1School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Patrick Dickinson
- 2School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Graham Richardson
- 3School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - John Shearer
- 2School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
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Andreeva IG. The motion aftereffect as a universal phenomenon in sensory systems involved in spatial orientation. III. Aftereffect of motion adaptation in the somatosensory and vestibular systems. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209301605001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Greenlee M, Frank S, Kaliuzhna M, Blanke O, Bremmer F, Churan J, Cuturi LF, MacNeilage P, Smith A. Multisensory Integration in Self Motion Perception. Multisens Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/22134808-00002527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Self motion perception involves the integration of visual, vestibular, somatosensory and motor signals. This article reviews the findings from single unit electrophysiology, functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging and psychophysics to present an update on how the human and non-human primate brain integrates multisensory information to estimate one’s position and motion in space. The results indicate that there is a network of regions in the non-human primate and human brain that processes self motion cues from the different sense modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Greenlee
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Frank
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Mariia Kaliuzhna
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Blanke
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Switzerland
| | - Frank Bremmer
- Department of Neurophysics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jan Churan
- Department of Neurophysics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Luigi F. Cuturi
- German Center for Vertigo, University Hospital of Munich, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul R. MacNeilage
- German Center for Vertigo, University Hospital of Munich, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew T. Smith
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK
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Holten V, Donker SF, Stuit SM, Verstraten FAJ, van der Smagt MJ. Visual directional anisotropy does not mirror the directional anisotropy apparent in postural sway. Perception 2015; 44:477-89. [PMID: 26422898 DOI: 10.1068/p7925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Presenting a large optic flow pattern to observers is likely to cause postural sway. However, directional anisotropies have been reported, in that contracting optic flow induces more postural sway than expanding optic flow. Recently, we showed that the biomechanics of the lower leg cannot account for this anisotropy (Holten, Donker, Verstraten, & van der Smagt, 2013, Experimental Brain Research, 228, 117-129). The question we address in the current study is whether differences in visual processing of optic flow directions, in particular the perceptual strength of these directions, mirrors the anisotropy apparent in postural sway. That is, can contracting optic flow be considered to be a perceptually stronger visual stimulus than expanding optic flow? In the current study we use a breaking continuous flash suppression paradigm where we assume that perceptually stronger visual stimuli will break the flash suppression earlier, making the suppressed optic flow stimulus visible sooner. Surprisingly, our results show the opposite, in that expanding optic flow is detected earlier than contracting optic flow.
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Interaction effects of visual stimulus speed and contrast on postural sway. Exp Brain Res 2015; 234:113-24. [PMID: 26378007 PMCID: PMC4713711 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Manipulating the characteristics of visual stimuli that simulate self-motion through the environment can affect the resulting postural sway magnitude. In the present study, we address the question whether varying the contrast and speed of a linear translating dot pattern influences medial–lateral postural sway. In a first experiment, we investigated whether the postural sway magnitude increases with increasing dot speed, as was previously demonstrated for expanding and contracting stimuli. In a second experiment, we also manipulated the contrast of the stimuli. For reasons that high-contrast stimuli can be considered ‘perceptually’ stronger, we expect that higher-contrast stimuli induce more sway than lower-contrast stimuli. The results of the first experiment show that dot speed indeed influences postural sway, although in an unexpected way. For higher speeds, the sway is in the direction of the stimulus motion, yet for lower speeds the sway is in a direction opposite to the stimulus motion. The results of the second experiment show that dot contrast does affect postural sway, but that this depends on the speed of the moving dots. Interestingly, the direction of postural sway induced by a relatively low dot speed (4°/s) depends on dot contrast. Taken together, our results suggest that interactions between the visual, vestibular and proprioceptive system appear to be influenced by an internal representation of the visual stimulus, rather than being influenced by the external visual stimulus characteristics only.
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Imaizumi S, Honma M, Hibino H, Koyama S. Illusory visual motion stimulus elicits postural sway in migraine patients. Front Psychol 2015; 6:542. [PMID: 25972832 PMCID: PMC4411888 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the perception of visual motion modulates postural control, it is unknown whether illusory visual motion elicits postural sway. The present study examined the effect of illusory motion on postural sway in patients with migraine, who tend to be sensitive to it. We measured postural sway for both migraine patients and controls while they viewed static visual stimuli with and without illusory motion. The participants' postural sway was measured when they closed their eyes either immediately after (Experiment 1), or 30 s after (Experiment 2), viewing the stimuli. The patients swayed more than the controls when they closed their eyes immediately after viewing the illusory motion (Experiment 1), and they swayed less than the controls when they closed their eyes 30 s after viewing it (Experiment 2). These results suggest that static visual stimuli with illusory motion can induce postural sway that may last for at least 30 s in patients with migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Imaizumi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University Chiba, Japan ; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Haruo Hibino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichi Koyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University Chiba, Japan ; School of Medicine, Showa University Tokyo, Japan ; School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Singapore
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