1
|
Alomari N, Alhussaini W. Update on the advances and challenges in bioequivalence testing methods for complex topical generic products. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1330712. [PMID: 38389924 PMCID: PMC10881717 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1330712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Most of the government regulatory agencies, including the United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicine Agency, demand that the generic complex topical products prove pharmaceutical and bioequivalence. The evaluation of bioequivalence for complex topical dermatological formulations is a challenging task that requires careful consideration of several factors. Although comparative clinical studies are still considered the gold standard approach for establishing bioequivalence in most formulations, these studies can be costly and insensitive to detect formulation differences. Therefore, significant efforts have been made to develop and validate alternative approaches that demonstrate bioequivalence and expedite the availability of high-quality generic topical dermatological products. This article reviews the current methods for determining the bioequivalence of topical formulations in humans, with particular emphasis on recent advances in these methodologies. Most of the alternative methods are sensitive and reproducible, with the capability to ease the financial burden of comparative clinical studies within a short delivery time. The limitations associated with each technique are reviewed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nedaa Alomari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Alhussaini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Iliopoulos F, Goh CF, Haque T, Rahma A, Lane ME. Dermal Delivery of Diclofenac Sodium-In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102106. [PMID: 36297542 PMCID: PMC9607602 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported the use of confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) as a novel non-invasive approach to determine drug disposition in the skin in vivo. Results obtained by CRS were found to correlate with data from the well-established in vitro permeation test (IVPT) model using human epidermis. However, these studies used simple vehicles comprising single solvents and binary or ternary solvent mixtures; to date, the utility of CRS for monitoring dermal absorption following application of complex marketed formulations has not been examined. In the present work, skin delivery of diclofenac sodium (DFNa) from two topical dermatological drug products, namely Diclac® Lipogel 10 mg/g and Primofenac® Emulsion gel 1%, was determined by IVPT and in vivo by both CRS and tape stripping (TS) methodologies under similar experimental conditions. The in vivo data were evaluated against the in vitro findings, and a direct comparison between CRS and TS was performed. Results from all methodologies showed that Diclac promoted significantly greater DFNa delivery to the skin (p < 0.05). The cumulative amounts of DFNa which permeated at 24 h in vitro for Diclac (86.5 ± 9.4 µg/cm2) were 3.6-fold greater than the corresponding amounts found for Primofenac (24.4 ± 2.7 µg/cm2). Additionally, total skin uptake of DFNa in vivo, estimated by the area under the depth profiles curves (AUC), or the signal intensity of the drug detected in the upper stratum corneum (SC) (4 µm) ranged from 3.5 to 3.6-fold greater for Diclac than for Primofenac. The shape of the distribution profiles and the depth of DFNa penetration to the SC estimated by CRS and TS were similar for the two methods. However, TS data indicated a 4.7-fold greater efficacy of Diclac relative to Primofenac, with corresponding total amounts of drug penetrated, 94.1 ± 22.6 µg and 20.2 ± 7.0 µg. The findings demonstrate that CRS is a methodology that is capable of distinguishing skin delivery of DFNa from different formulations. The results support the use of this approach for non-invasive evaluation of topical products in vivo. Future studies will examine additional formulations with more complex compositions and will use a wider range of drugs with different physicochemical properties. The non-invasive nature of CRS coupled with the ability to monitor drug permeation in real time offer significant advantages for testing and development of topical dermatological products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fotis Iliopoulos
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Correspondence: (F.I.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Choon Fu Goh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Tasnuva Haque
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Annisa Rahma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Pharmaceutics Department, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Majella E. Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Correspondence: (F.I.); (M.E.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun Q, Purvis CG, Iqbal SN, Emmerich VK, Feldman SR, Maibach H. Percutaneous egression: What do we know? Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 35:187-195. [PMID: 35325893 DOI: 10.1159/000523795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process by which drugs leave the bloodstream to enter the skin compartments is important in determining appropriate routes of delivery and developing more efficacious medications. We conducted a general literature review on percutaneous egression mechanisms. SUMMARY Studies demonstrate that the stratum corneum (SC) is a compartment for systemically delivered drugs. Upon reviewing the available literature, it became apparent that there may be multiple mechanisms of percutaneous egression dependent upon drug physiochemical properties. These mechanisms include, but are not limited to, desquamation, sebum secretion, sweat transport and passive diffusion. While drugs often utilize one major pathway, it is possible that all mechanisms may play a role to varying extents. KEY MESSAGES Available literature suggests that hydrophilic substances tended to travel from blood to the upper layers of the skin via sweat, whereas lipophilic substances utilized sebum secretion to reach the SC. Upon reaching the skin surface, the drugs spread laterally before penetrating back into the skin as if they were topically administered. More data are warranted to identify additional percutaneous egression mechanisms, precise drug action sites and accelerate drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qisi Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caitlin G Purvis
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sahir N Iqbal
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Veronica K Emmerich
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven R Feldman
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Howard Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hoppel M, Tabosa MAM, Bunge AL, Delgado-Charro MB, Guy RH. Assessment of Drug Delivery Kinetics to Epidermal Targets In Vivo. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:49. [PMID: 33782803 PMCID: PMC8007522 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has proven challenging to quantify ‘drug input’ from a formulation to the viable skin because the epidermal and dermal targets of topically applied drugs are difficult, if not impossible, to access in vivo. Defining the drug input function to the viable skin with a straightforward and practical experimental approach would enable a key component of dermal pharmacokinetics to be characterised. It has been hypothesised that measuring drug uptake into and clearance from the stratum corneum (SC) by tape-stripping allows estimation of a topical drug’s input function into the viable tissue. This study aimed to test this idea by determining the input of nicotine and lidocaine into the viable skin, following the application of commercialised transdermal patches to healthy human volunteers. The known input rates of these delivery systems were used to validate and assess the results from the tape-stripping protocol. The drug input rates from in vivo tape-stripping agreed well with the claimed delivery rates of the patches. The experimental approach was then used to determine the input of lidocaine from a marketed cream, a typical topical product for which the amount of drug absorbed has not been well-characterised. A significantly higher delivery of lidocaine from the cream than from the patch was found. The different input rates between drugs and formulations in vivo were confirmed qualitatively and quantitatively in vitro in conventional diffusion cells using dermatomed abdominal pig skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hoppel
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 4LZ, UK
| | - M A M Tabosa
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 4LZ, UK
| | - A L Bunge
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, 80401, USA
| | - M B Delgado-Charro
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 4LZ, UK
| | - R H Guy
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 4LZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu M, Xing H, Chen X, Xian L, Jiang J, Yang T, Ding P. Advance in bioequivalence assessment of topical dermatological products. Asian J Pharm Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
|
6
|
Moncada B, Castillo-Martínez C, Arenas E, León-Bejarano F, Ramírez-Elías MG, González FJ. Raman spectroscopy analysis of the skin of patients with melasma before standard treatment with topical corticosteroids, retinoic acid, and hydroquinone mixture. Skin Res Technol 2015; 22:170-3. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Moncada
- Dermatology Department; Hospital Central ‘Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto’; Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí; San Luis Potosí México
| | - C. Castillo-Martínez
- Dermatology Department; Hospital Central ‘Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto’; Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí; San Luis Potosí México
| | - E. Arenas
- Dermatology Department; Hospital Central ‘Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto’; Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí; San Luis Potosí México
| | - F. León-Bejarano
- Engineering Division; University of Guanajuato; Guanajuato México
| | - M. G. Ramírez-Elías
- School of Sciences; Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí; San Luis Potosí México
| | - F. J. González
- Coordination for the Innovation and the Application of Science and Technology; Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí; San Luis Potosí México
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mura S, Manconi M, Fadda AM, Sala MC, Perricci J, Pini E, Sinico C. Penetration enhancer-containing vesicles (PEVs) as carriers for cutaneous delivery of minoxidil: in vitro evaluation of drug permeation by infrared spectroscopy. Pharm Dev Technol 2012; 18:1339-45. [PMID: 22563642 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2012.685661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we carried out a research on new liposomal systems prepared by using in their composition a few penetration enhancers which differ for chemical structure and physicochemical properties. The penetration enhancer-containing vesicles (PEVs) were prepared by using soy lecithin and different amounts of three penetration enhancers, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy) ethanol (Transcutol(®)), capryl-caproyl macrogol 8-glyceride (Labrasol(®)), and cineole.To study the influence of the PEVs on (trans)dermal delivery of minoxidil, in vitro diffusion experiments were performed through new born pig skin and the results were compared with that obtained applying the vesicular system without enhancer (control) after pretreatment of the skin with the various enhancers. In this study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), attenuated total reflectance FTIR (ATR-FTIR) and FTIR imaging were used to evaluate the effective penetration of minoxidil in the skin layers and to discover the influence of the enhancer on the drug topical delivery. These analytical studies allowed us to characterize the drug formulations and to evaluate the vesicle distribution into the skin. Recorded spectra confirmed that the vesicle formulations with penetration enhancers promoted drug deposition into the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mura
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Broding HC, van der Pol A, de Sterke J, Monsé C, Fartasch M, Brüning T. In vivo monitoring of epidermal absorption of hazardous substances by confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2011; 9:618-27. [PMID: 21790981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2011.07657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presently, percutaneous absorption of potentially hazardous chemicals in humans can only be assessed in animal experiments, in vitro, or predicted mathematically. Our aim was to demonstrate the proof-of-principle of a novel quantitative in vivo assay for percutaneous absorption: confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy (CRS). The advantages and limitations of CRS for health risk assessments are discussed. PATIENTS AND METHODS 2-butoxyethanol, toluene, and pyrene were applied in pure form, diluted in water, or in ethanol on the skin of three healthy volunteers. CRS measurements were done following application for 15 min and 3 hours. The concentrations of the three substances as a function of distance to the skin surface were calculated and further analyzed with regard to mass transport into the stratum corneum (μg/cm(2)) and the flux through the stratum corneum (μg/cm(2)h). The results were compared with the available data from literature. RESULTS Considering the preliminary nature of these data, good accordance with data from the literature was observed. In addition, we observed that 2-butoxyethanol penetrates markedly faster when dissolved in water as compared to ethanol. This observation is also in agreement with previous results. CONCLUSIONS CRS has the potential to provide fast, accurate and reliable results for advanced studies of in vivo percutaneous absorption kinetics of hazardous substances in human skin. This will require further research with other substances and under differing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Horst Christoph Broding
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bioequivalence for Topical Products—An Update. Pharm Res 2010; 27:2590-601. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
10
|
|