Recurrent spontaneous subdural hematoma secondary to immune thrombocytopenia in a patient with overlap syndrome

Differences in Presentation, Radiological Features, and Outcomes in Traumatic Versus Spontaneous Acute Subdural Hematomas-A Single-Institution Population-Based Study

BACKGROUND

Spontaneous acute subdural hematoma (sASDH) is a rare neurosurgical condition, with the literature mainly consisting of case reports. In the present study, we compared sASDH with traumatic ASDH (tASDH) to determine the differences in presentation, radiological features, and outcomes in a population-based setting.

METHODS

All adult patients (age ≥18 years) who had undergone surgery for ASDH (n = 266), either spontaneous or traumatic, from 2010 to 2020 were included retrospectively. The cohort was divided into 2 groups for comparative analysis: sASDH group (n = 24) versus tASDH group (n = 242).

RESULTS

Of the 266 patients, 24 (9.0%) had presented with sASDH. The sASDH group had a mean age of 66.2 years, and sudden headache was the most common presenting symptom (83.3%). The sASDH group had a higher Glasgow coma scale score at presentation compared with the tASDH group (Glasgow coma scale scores, 10 and 8, respectively; P < 0.01). The outcomes, assessed using the Glasgow outcome scale (GOS), revealed a greater incidence of more favorable outcomes (GOS score 4-5) for the sASDH group (72.7%) than for the tASDH group (41.5%).

CONCLUSIONS

In the present population-based study of surgically evacuated ASDH cases, 9% were spontaneous without previous trauma. The outcomes (GOS scores) were significantly more favorable for those with sASDH than for those with tASDH. In one half of the patients with sASDH, arterial bleeding was noted perioperatively, although the preoperative radiological examinations revealed no abnormalities for most patients. However, the lack of sufficient examinations such as computed tomography angiography made it difficult to establish the most common etiology of bleeding in those with sASDH. Further research is warranted to determine the reference standard method for the investigation of sASDH.

A Review on Secondary Immune Thrombocytopenia in Malaysia

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired autoimmune disease that occurs in adults and children. In Malaysia, the clinical practice guideline (CPG) for the management of ITP was issued in 2006, which focused almost exclusively on primary ITP (pITP), and only a few secondary ITP (sITP) forms were addressed. All published (twenty-three) sITP articles among children and adults in Malaysia, identified on the academic databases were retrieved. The articles were published between 1981 and 2019, at a rate of 0.62 publications per year. The publications were considered low and mainly focused on rare presentation and followed-up of secondary diseases. This review revealed that sITP in Malaysia is commonly associated with autoimmune diseases (Evan’s syndrome, SLE and WAS), malignancy (Kaposi’s sarcoma and breast cancer) and infection (dengue haemorrhagic fever, Helicobacter pylori and hepatitis C virus). The relationship between ITP and autoimmune diseases, malignancy and infections raise the question concerning the mechanism involved in these associations. Further studies should be conducted to bridge the current knowledge gap, and the further information is required to update the existing CPG of management of ITP in Malaysia.

Traumatic lingual haematoma: Another unusual cause of upper airway obstruction in systemic lupus erythematosus

Lingual hematoma (LH) is an uncommon and potentially life-threatening condition due to its tendency to cause upper airway obstruction. It usually occurs as a result of trauma (motor vehicle accidents, grand mal seizures or traumatic tracheal intubations) and rarely spontaneously in cases of patients with inherited or acquired coagulopathies, high blood pressure, hematological disorders, or vascular malformations.

Herein, we report the first case, to our knowledge, of a traumatic massive lingual hematoma in a patient with Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) secondary to tongue biting after neurological deterioration, hypertensive crisis and multiple tonic clonic seizures during hemodialysis for chronic renal failure.

Risk of bleeding events among patients with systemic sclerosis and the general population in the UK: a large population-based cohort study

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES

To compare the risk of different bleeding outcomes between patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and the general population free of SSc.

METHODS

Using UK electronic primary care data (2000-2012), 1314 patients with SSc and a matched SSc-free comparison cohort (n = 19,992) were followed until December 2013 to identify bleeding, confirmed following manual review of patient records including free text comments. Incidence rates were calculated and Cox regression used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs; SSc cohort vs. matched general population cohort) adjusted for confounders.

RESULTS

One hundred and twenty-seven bleeding events occurred in the SSc cohort and 1762 in the general population cohort; incidence rates per 1000 person-years for the SSc cohort and general population cohort were 0.5 versus 0.3 for hemorrhagic stroke, 4.1 versus 3.3 for gastrointestinal bleeding, 2.5 versus 1.7 for pulmonary hemorrhage, 8.4 versus 7.5 for urogenital bleeding, and 15.5 versus 12.9 for any of the aforementioned bleedings. Adjusted HRs (95% confidence intervals) were 1.21 (1.00-1.46) for any bleeding, 1.51 (0.54-4.21) for hemorrhagic stroke, 1.50 (0.96-2.35) for pulmonary hemorrhage, 1.08 (0.75-1.54) for gastrointestinal bleeds, and 1.28 (1.00-1.64) for urogenital bleeds. HRs were more often higher in SSc patients with organ involvement than without organ involvement and in those with diffuse cutaneous SSc.

CONCLUSION

Our results are consistent with a moderately increased risk of bleeding in SSc patients. Further evidence from large SSc patient cohorts is needed to confirm this finding.Key Points• The risk of experiencing a major bleed may be higher among patients with SSc than the general population.• Further large and well-designed studies are needed to corroborate our findings.