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Cytomegalovirus-Associated Autoantibody against TAF9 Protein in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10163722. [PMID: 34442018 PMCID: PMC8396997 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Evidence indicates a causal link between cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and the triggering of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Animal studies have revealed that CMV phosphoprotein 65 (pp65) induces autoantibodies against nuclear materials and causes the autoantibody attack of glomeruli. IgG eluted from the glomeruli of CMVpp65-peptide-immunized mice exhibited cross-reactivity against dsDNA and TATA-box-binding protein associated factor 9 (TAF9). Whether the elevation of anti-TAF9 IgG is associated with anti-CMV reactivity in human lupus remains unclear. Methods: The sera from patients with rheumatic diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis (AS), gout, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Sjögren syndrome (SS) were examined using ELISA for antibodies of CMV, CMVpp65, and TAF9. Results: In total, 83.8% of the rheumatic patients had acquired CMV infections. The SLE patients had a high prevalence of anti-CMV IgM. The highest seropositivity rates for anti-HCMVpp65 and anti-TAF9 IgG were observed in the SLE patients. Purified anti-CMVpp65 IgG from CMVpp65/TAF9 dual-positive SLE sera reacted to both TAF9 and dsDNA. An increased prevalence of proteinuria and low hemoglobin levels were found in CMV IgG- and CMVpp65 IgG-positive SLE patients. Conclusions: This observation suggests that immunity to CMVpp65 is associated with cross-reactivity with TAF9 and dsDNA and that it is involved in the development of clinical manifestations in SLE.
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Wu CS, Chyuan IT, Chiu YL, Chen WL, Shen CY, Hsu PN. Preserved specific anti-viral T-cell response but associated with decreased lupus activity in SLE patients with cytomegalovirus infection. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 59:3340-3349. [PMID: 32306043 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES SLE is an autoimmune disease characterized by aberrant autoantibody production and immune dysfunctions. Whether the anti-CMV immunity is impaired in SLE patients is poorly understood. We investigated the specific anti-viral T-cell response in SLE patients with CMV infection and its possible impacts on clinical manifestations in lupus. METHODS CD28 null T-cell percentages were measured by flow cytometry in 89 SLE patients and 58 healthy controls. A specific anti-CMV CD8 T-cell response was assessed ex vivo by the production of intracellular cytokines in response to CMV phosphoprotein 65 (pp65) by flow cytometry. Clinical manifestations and immune parameters were analysed in SLE patients according to their CMV serostatus. RESULTS CD28 null T cells were significantly expanded in SLE patients. When the anti-CMV pp65 CD8 polyfunctional T cell response was analysed, as defined by production of at least three of four functional cytokines or effectors (intracellular IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α and surface CD107a), the results demonstrated that it was not impaired in SLE patients. In contrast, when comparing clinical manifestations, there were lower anti-ds-DNA levels and decreased SLEDAI in SLE patients with CMV infection. Furthermore, the expansion of CD4+CD28 null T cells was negatively associated with anti-ds-DNA levels and SLEDAI in these lupus patients. CONCLUSION In SLE patients with CMV infection, the specific anti-CMV CD8 T-cell response is preserved but is associated with decreased disease activity and lower anti-DNA levels among these patients, suggesting CMV infection may mitigate lupus activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Sheng Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City
| | - I-Tsu Chyuan
- Department of Internal Medicine.,Department of Medical Research, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City
| | - Yen-Ling Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Informatics, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City
| | - Wen-Lin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City
| | | | - Ping-Ning Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine.,Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chabert P, Hot A. [Cytomegalovirus infection in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. A series of 12 case reports and literature review]. Rev Med Interne 2020; 42:237-242. [PMID: 33139080 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, due to the disease itself or to drug-induced immunosuppression. Also, active CMV infection may trigger or worsen SLE flare-up. METHODS In this retrospective single-centre cohort study, we reported all adult inpatients with a diagnosis of SLE, presenting with active and confirmed CMV infection. The goal was to describe their characteristics and outcomes (evolution of CMV infection, secondary infections and SLE flare-up), and to review the existing literature. RESULTS We identified 400 patients with confirmed SLE, including 12 who presented with active CMV infection. Severe CMV manifestations were present in 7 patients treated with immunosuppressive regimen out of 10, and in one patient out of two without immunosuppressive therapy. Six patients developed other infections, and 3 showed characterised SLE flare-up over the 3-month follow-up. All patients were alive at end of follow-up. DISCUSSION Among patients with SLE, CMV infection affected more frequently those treated with immunosuppressive drugs, but treatment-free patients were sometimes severely affected. CMV infection was associated with an increased incidence of SLE flare-up and infectious complications. Our results suggest that early anti-viral chemotherapy may be beneficial in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chabert
- Service de réanimation médicale, hôpital de la Croix Rousse, 104, grande rue de la Croix Rousse, 69004 Lyon, France; Hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
| | - A Hot
- Service de médecine interne - pavillon O, hôpital Édouard-Herriot, 5, place d'Arsonval, 69003 Lyon, France; Hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Gkoutzourelas A, Liaskos C, Simopoulou T, Katsiari C, Efthymiou G, Scheper T, Meyer W, Tsirogianni A, Tsigalou C, Dardiotis E, Daoussis D, Sakkas LI, Bogdanos DP. A study of antigen-specific anti-cytomegalovirus antibody reactivity in patients with systemic sclerosis and concomitant anti-Ro52 antibodies. Rheumatol Int 2020; 40:1689-1699. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-020-04643-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hsieh AH, Kuo CF, Chou IJ, Tseng WY, Chen YF, Yu KH, Luo SF. Human cytomegalovirus pp65 peptide-induced autoantibodies cross-reacts with TAF9 protein and induces lupus-like autoimmunity in BALB/c mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9662. [PMID: 32541894 PMCID: PMC7295797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been linked to the triggering of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We proposed that B cell epitope region of HCMV phosphoprotein 65 (HCMVpp65)422-439 mimics an endogenous antigen and initiates lupus-like autoimmunity. Amino acid homology between HCMVpp65422-439 and TAF9134-144 (TATA-box binding protein associated factor 9, TAF9) was investigated using a similarity search in NCBI protein BLAST program (BLASTP). A murine model was used to confirm their antigenicity and ability to induce lupus-like symptoms. HCMVpp65422-439 induced immune responses with the presence of specific antibodies against HCMVpp65422-439 and TAF9134-144, as well as anti-nuclear and anti-double-stranded (ds)DNA antibodies that are characteristic of SLE. In addition, the majority of HCMVpp65422-439 and TAF9134-144 immunized mice developed proteinuria, and their renal pathology revealed glomerulonephritis with typical abnormalities, such as mesangial hypercellularity and immune complex deposition. Immunoglobulin eluted from the glomeruli of HCMVpp65422-439 immunized mice showed cross-reactivity with TAF9134-144 and dsDNA. Increased anti-TAF9 antibody activity was also observed in the sera from SLE patients compared with healthy people and disease controls. Molecular mimicry between HCMVpp65 peptide and host protein has the potential to drive lupus-like autoimmunity. This proof-of-concept study highlights the mechanisms underlying the link between HCMV infection and the induction of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao-Ho Hsieh
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Fu Kuo
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - I-Jun Chou
- Division of Clinical Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Division of Paediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Tseng
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.,Kennedy Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yen-Fu Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hui Yu
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shue-Fen Luo
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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HoHsieh A, Wang CM, Wu YJJ, Chen A, Chang MI, Chen JY. B cell epitope of human cytomegalovirus phosphoprotein 65 (HCMV pp65) induced anti-dsDNA antibody in BALB/c mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:65. [PMID: 28320458 PMCID: PMC5359867 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HCMV phosphoprotein 65 (HCMVpp65) is a putative immunogen that acts as an accelerator, inducing autoantibody and exacerbating autoimmune response in susceptible animals. The immunity to pp65336-439 instigates autoimmunity, suggesting that pp65336-439 contains crucial B cell epitope(s) for the development of nephritis. This study narrowed down the target epitope to pp65422-439 for immunization of BALB/c mice and mapping of B cell epitope. Methods The target epitope pp65422-439 reactivity and B cell epitope mapping was examined in serum from pp65422-439-immunized mice and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Kidney tissue from immunized mice was examined for signs of immune complex nephritis. Results Anti-pp65422-439 antibody in serum either from patients with SLE or from pp65422-439-immunized mice exhibited cross-reactivity to several nuclear components such as double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Moreover, the pp65422-439-immunized mice developed initial signs of glomerulonephritis such as deposition of immunoglobulin G/M (IgG/IgM) and third complement component (C3). With B cell epitope mapping by pp65422-439-derived decapeptides, one dominant epitope, pp65428-437, was identified in serum from pp65422-439-immunized mice and patients with SLE with anti-pp65422-439 antibody. Epitope spreading from pp65428-437 to pp65430-439 was found in pp65422-439-immunized mice in which we generated monoclonal antibodies to pp65425-434 and pp65430-439. However, dsDNA positive reactivity was exclusively observed in Crithidia luciliae stains with pp65430-439-reactive monoclonal antibody. Additionally, we observed the amelioration of autoimmunity following the elevation of IgM targeting pp65428-437. Conclusions Our data suggest that pp65428-437 may be an autoimmune or lupus-prone B cell epitope and may catalyze further epitope spreading for inducing autoantibodies in lupus-susceptible individuals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1268-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao HoHsieh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chin Man Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yeong-Jian Jan Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 5, Fu-Shin St. Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, 33375, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Albert Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ming-I Chang
- Biologics, Ruen Huei Biopharmaceuticals, 1F, No.16-1, Ln. 119, Sec. 1, Roosevelt Rd., Jhongjheng Dist., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ji-Yih Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 5, Fu-Shin St. Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, 33375, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by the development of autoantibodies and immunologic attack of different organ systems, including the skin. This review aims to provide an overview of some of the pathogenic processes that may be important in the development of SLE, specifically cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and then illustrates how therapies might be tailored to modify these processes and treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Kirchhof
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, 835 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E8, Canada
| | - Jan P Dutz
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, 835 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E8, Canada; Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada.
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8
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Correlation between systemic lupus erythematosus and cytomegalovirus infection detected by different methods. Clin Rheumatol 2015; 34:691-8. [PMID: 25750182 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-015-2868-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a β-herpes virus subfamily member, leads to a lifelong, latent infection in most humans, but the correlation between HCMV infection and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains controversial. We analyzed the relevance of HCMV infection in SLE by analyzing the peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and serum samples of 60 patients with SLE and 111 healthy individuals. HCMV genes UL55 and UL138 were detected in PBLs by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and HCMV-specific serum IgG and IgM antibodies were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The relationship between cellular HCMV infection in PBLs and common clinical indicators of SLE was further explored. Data indicated that the frequency of positive IgG and IgM anti-CMV antibodies was not significantly different in SLE patients and controls. However, compared to the healthy controls, the titers of IgG and IgM anti-CMV antibodies in SLE patients were significantly higher. The detection of cellular HCMV infection showed that almost all subjects were positive for UL138 gene in PBLs, but the positivity for UL55 gene was lower in PBLs. HCMV UL138 detection in PBLs was highly consistent with the frequency of the HCMV-specific IgG test and did not show significant difference in SLE patients and healthy controls. However, compared with that in healthy people, the positivity rate for cellular HCMV UL55 detection was significantly higher in SLE patients (P < 0.001). In addition, cellular HCMV UL55 with positive detection in PBLs was associated with significantly different clinical characteristics of SLE than that with negative detection. In conclusion, our data confirmed that the HCMV infection was related to the development of SLE. Especially, some clinical strains or substrains of HCMV, such as containing the UL55 gene in HCMV's genome, might play a vital role in the development of SLE.
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9
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Hsieh AH, Jhou YJ, Liang CT, Chang M, Wang SL. Fragment of tegument protein pp65 of human cytomegalovirus induces autoantibodies in BALB/c mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R162. [PMID: 21989080 PMCID: PMC3308095 DOI: 10.1186/ar3481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection has been implicated in the development of autoimmunity, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Previously we reported that HCMV phosphoprotein 65 (pp65) could induce early onset of autoantibody and glomerulonephritis on lupus-prone NZB/W mice. This study further examined whether the B cell epitope(s) in pp65 is able to drive the development of autoantibody. Methods Sera from SLE patients or HCMVpp65-immunized mice were analyzed for anti-nuclear antibody by immunoblotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescent stain and Crithidia luciliae stain. The deposition of immunoglobulin to the kidney was also examined by immunofluorescent stain. The interactions between pp65 sub-fragment to cellular proteins were revealed by yeast two-hybrid analyses. Results Our results showed that most SLE patients possessed antibodies to the C-terminal half of the HCMVpp65 antigen. Of these positive sera, 73% were also positive to the pp65336-439 sub-fragment. The immunization of pp65336-439 induced formation of multiple anti-nuclear antibodies, including anti-chromatin, anti-centriole, anti-mitotic spindle type I/II (MSA I/II) and a significant elevation of anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies on BALB/c mice. Yeast two-hybrid analyses revealed the binding of pp65336-439 sub-fragment to cellular proteins. Immunoglobulin deposition on glomeruli was also detected on pp65336-439-immunized mice. Conclusions Our data suggested that HCMVpp65336-439 sub-fragment may induce cross-reactive antibodies to several nuclear antigens, which could contribute to the development of autoimmunity in genetic-suspected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao-Ho Hsieh
- Institute of Medical Science, Tzu-Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien City, Hualien County 970, Taiwan
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Su BYJ, Su CY, Yu SF, Chen CJ. Incidental discovery of high systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity associated with cytomegalovirus viral activity. Med Microbiol Immunol 2007; 196:165-70. [PMID: 17318574 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-007-0040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We try to find the association of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and anti-beta2 glycoprotein 1 autoantibodies (anti-beta2 GP1), a key antibody in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), among systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and cerebral vascular accident (CVA) patients. This retrospective study enrolled serum samples obtained from 87 SLE and 97 CVA patients who have been checked for the existence of anti-beta2 GP1. First, the prevalence rate of anti-CMV IgG and IgM in patients with and without anti-beta2 GP1 were compared. Second, the prevalence of anti-CMV IgG and IgM were compared between SLE and CVA patients. Last, this study analyzed the clinical characteristics and disease activity in SLE patients with positive anti-CMV IgM and IgG. No difference existed in the prevalence rate of anti-CMV IgG and IgM between positive or negative anti-beta2 GP1 serum samples in both SLE and CVA patients. However, the prevalence of anti-CMV IgM was significantly higher in the SLE group than in the CVA group. Severity of clinical features and SLEDAI scores were considerably higher in patients with positive anti-CMV IgM than in SLE patients with negative anti-CMV IgM. Very impressively, all IgM-positive SLE samples (9/9) carrying highest levels of anti-CMV IgG, indicated reactivation of the latent CMV infection. Hence, it suggests that CMV reactivation might contribute toward the disease flare in some SLE patients. In future, a prospective and longitudinal study is stongly indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Yu-Jih Su
- Division of Allergy, Immuology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No.123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung Hsiang, 833 Kaohsiung Hsein, Taiwan
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Jørgensen TN, Thurman J, Izui S, Falta MT, Metzger TE, Flannery SA, Kappler J, Marrack P, Kotzin BL. Genetic susceptibility to polyI:C-induced IFNalpha/beta-dependent accelerated disease in lupus-prone mice. Genes Immun 2006; 7:555-67. [PMID: 16900204 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. Associations between viral infections and the onset of SLE have been suggested, and recent studies have provided evidence that type I interferons (IFNalpha/beta) might play a role in the SLE disease process. Viruses and interferons have also been implicated in mouse models of SLE. We generated a model of accelerated proteinuria, in which lupus-prone mice were injected repeatedly with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (polyI:C), mimicking exposure to virus-derived double stranded RNA (dsRNA), leading to the production of IFNalpha/beta. PolyI:C-treated (B6.Nba2 x NZW)F1 and (B6 x NZW)F1 hybrid mice developed significantly increased levels of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies, characteristic of lupus. Most significantly, polyI:C-treated (B6.Nba2 x NZW)F1 mice, but not (B6 x NZW)F1 or parental strains, developed lupus-like nephritis in an accelerated fashion, which was dependent on IFNalpha/beta and associated with elevated deposition of total IgG, IgG2a and complement factor C3 in the glomerular capillary walls. These data suggest that reagents, which increase the levels of endogenous IFNalpha/beta (directly or indirectly), can accelerate the course of lupus-like nephritis, the development of which is dependent on the presence of both NZW- and Nba2-encoded genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Jørgensen
- Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA.
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12
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Chang M, Pan MR, Chen DY, Lan JL. Human cytomegalovirus pp65 lower matrix protein: a humoral immunogen for systemic lupus erythematosus patients and autoantibody accelerator for NZB/W F1 mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 143:167-79. [PMID: 16367948 PMCID: PMC1809570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the infection of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and the immunization of its recombinant glycoprotein (gB) in mice have been known to induce autoimmunity, resulting in symptoms similar to those of human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Research has also found that the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) is able to react with a human U1-70K-like autoantigen. To investigate HCMV involvement in autoimmunity, we analysed the humoral responses to HCMV by autoimmune patients and normal adults. Our studies show unambiguously that sera from SLE patients exhibited an elevated IgG titre to HCMV when compared with those observed in controls and other connective tissue disease (CTD) patients (P < 0.001). The IgM titres to HCMV and IgG to HBV were evaluated, and no significant differences were noted among all testing groups. In addition to initiating T cell activity, as reported by many investigators, we found that the HCMV pp65 antigen (also known as lower matrix protein) was able to induce humoral responses in SLE patients. Immunoblot assays showed that 82.56% of sera from SLE patients reacted with the HCMV pp65 antigen, but only 11.11%, 23.53% and 31.17% of patients from normal control, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and CTD patients, respectively, reacted to it. Unlike HCMV pp65, HCMV pp150 induced B cell activity in most collected sera (92.22%-98.04%). Finally, female NZB/W F1 mice immunized with plasmids encoding HCMV pp65 open reading frame (pcDNApp65) developed an early onset of autoantibody activity and more severe glomerulonephritis. Thus, we conclude that the HCMV pp65 antigen triggers humoral immunity in SLE patients and autoimmune-prone mice and that it could very well exacerbate the autoimmune responses in susceptible animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chang
- Section of Immunology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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13
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Gerl V, Hostmann B, Johnen C, Waka A, Gerl M, Schumann F, Klein R, Radbruch A, Hiepe F. The intracellular 52-kd Ro/SSA autoantigen in keratinocytes is up-regulated by tumor necrosis factor ? via tumor necrosis factor receptor I. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:531-8. [PMID: 15692985 DOI: 10.1002/art.20851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown that the nuclear Ro/SSA autoantigens involved in photosensitive cutaneous lupus manifestations are regulated by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. UVB exposure triggers the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) from keratinocytes in the epidermis and from mast cells in the dermis. The present study aimed to characterize the effect of TNFalpha on messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of the intracellular 52-kd Ro/SSA autoantigen in primary human keratinocytes and to elucidate the TNFalpha receptor (TNFR) signaling pathways mediating this effect. METHODS Expression of 52-kd Ro/SSA mRNA in primary human keratinocytes was investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (LightCycler system) using GAPDH as the housekeeping gene. Expression of 52-kd Ro/SSA protein was studied by flow cytometry after staining intracellular protein with IgG purified from an anti-52-kd Ro/SSA-positive serum. TNFR function was assessed by culturing cells in the presence and absence of neutralizing antibodies directed against the TNFR subunits TNFRI and TNFRII. RESULTS TNFalpha-induced up-regulation of 52-kd Ro/SSA mRNA expression peaked at 4 hours, followed by up-regulation of intracellular 52-kd Ro/SSA protein expression at 24 hours, independently of apoptosis. Between different donors, a high variability of both constitutive expression levels and TNFalpha-induced changes in 52-kd Ro/SSA mRNA and protein expression was observed. The up-regulatory effect of TNFalpha on 52-kd Ro/SSA mRNA and protein expression was inhibited by anti-TNFRI antibodies but enhanced by anti-TNFRII antibodies. CONCLUSION The finding that TNFalpha up-regulates 52-kd Ro/SSA expression in keratinocytes via TNFRI suggests that it may play a role in the pathogenesis of anti-Ro/SSA-associated cutaneous lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velia Gerl
- Charité Hospital, Center for University Medicine in Berlin, and German Rheumatism Research Center, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini C Soliotis
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 75 M. Asias, 115 27, Athens, Greece
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15
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Döcke WD, Kiessling C, Worm M, Friedrich M, Pruss A, Weitz M, Prösch S, Kern F, Volk HD, Sterry W, Asadullah K. Subclinical activation of latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and anti-CMV immune response in patients with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2003; 148:954-63. [PMID: 12786826 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbiological infections are considered to be of pathophysiological importance in atopic dermatitis (AD). As yet, no information is available regarding cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in this disease. This, however, is of interest because of the high prevalence of latent infections in the general population, the frequent reactivation in inflammatory diseases, and the immunomodulating capacity of CMV. OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of latent CMV infection, the frequency of active CMV infection, and the immune response to CMV in patients with moderate to severe AD. Methods To detect active infection we analysed CMV antigen expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 27 patients with moderate to severe AD in comparison with 53 healthy volunteers. We used three monoclonal antibodies recognizing different CMV-encoded antigens and immunocytological staining (alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase technique). RESULTS Patients with AD had a higher mean frequency of CMV-positive PBMC: 2.25 per 10 000 vs. 0.74 per 10 000 in controls (P = 0.001) as well as a higher incidence of CMV antigenaemia: 29.6% vs. 7.5% (P < 0.01). Seropositivity for anti-CMV IgG antibodies indicated subclinical activation of latent infection. Remarkably, a clearance of CMV antigenaemia was observed during anti-eczematous treatment. Significantly higher plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, which is involved in CMV reactivation, and interleukin-12, which is crucial for an antiviral cellular immune response, were observed in AD patients in comparison with healthy volunteers. Furthermore, a significantly enhanced frequency of circulating activated HLA-DR+ T cells especially in CMV-seropositive AD patients (19.3% vs. 13.5% in seronegative AD patients vs. 10.2% in controls) suggested that the active CMV infection triggers a cellular immune response. This was also supported by a high frequency of CMV-specific interferon-gamma-producing T cells in CMV-seropositive patients with AD. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that active, subclinical CMV infection is more frequent in patients with moderate to severe AD and may have immunopathophysiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-D Döcke
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin Humboldt University, D-10098 Berlin, Germany.
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Bezanahary H, Inaoui R, Allot V, Ly K, Rogez S, Liozon E, Loustaud V, Soria P, Vidal E. [Systemic lupus erythematosus and herpes virus infection: three new observations]. Rev Med Interne 2002; 23:1018-21. [PMID: 12504239 DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(02)00728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic lupus erythematosus is still of unknown origin. Viruses have long been postulated to play a role in its pathogenesis particularly cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus. EXEGESE We describe three patients who presented acute onset of systémic lupus erythematosus concurrently with recent viral infection (two with cytomegalovirus and one with Epstein-Barr virus). CONCLUSION The peculiar clinical events emphasize the difficulty of diagnosis at the onset of the disease and suggest possible role of these viruses in the pathogenesis of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bezanahary
- Clinique médicale A, CHU Dupuytren, 2, avenue Martin-Luther-king, 87042 Limoges, France
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17
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Lazaro P, Olalquiaga J, Bartolomé J, Ortiz-Movilla N, Rodríguez-Iñigo E, Pardo M, Lecona M, Pico M, Longo I, García-Morrás P, Carreño V. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA and core protein in keratinocytes from patients with cutaneous lichen planus and chronic hepatitis C. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:798-803. [PMID: 12406323 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.00609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous lichen planus has been associated in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. It is still unknown whether hepatitis C virus infects keratinocytes of lichen planus lesions. In this report we have analyzed the presence of genomic and anti-genomic hepatitis C virus RNA in skin biopsies from 26 patients with chronic hepatitis C and healthy skin and from 24 patients with cutaneous lichen planus (five with and 19 without hepatitis C virus infection) by in situ hybridization. Hepatitis C virus RNA was detected in the keratinocytes of 69% of the patients with healthy skin and chronic hepatitis C, in 100% of the patients with lichen planus and hepatitis C virus infection, and in none of lichen planus patients without hepatitis C virus infection. The percentage of keratinocytes showing genomic or anti-genomic hepatitis C virus RNA was statistically lower (p < 0.01 in all cases) in patients with healthy skin (mean +/- SD: 5.7 +/- 3.5% and 2.7 +/- 3.1% of keratinocytes with genomic or anti-genomic hepatitis C virus RNA, respectively) than in those with lichen planus lesions (31.7 +/- 7.9% and 18.8 +/- 7.4%, mean +/- SD) or the unaffected adjacent skin (24.8 +/- 6.9% and 14.3 +/- 3.8%, mean +/- SD). In conclusion, we have demonstrated that hepatitis C virus infects keratinocytes from patients with lichen planus and hepatitis C virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lazaro
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Nield LE, Silverman ED, Taylor GP, Smallhorn JF, Mullen JBM, Silverman NH, Finley JP, Law YM, Human DG, Seaward PG, Hamilton RM, Hornberger LK. Maternal anti-Ro and anti-La antibody-associated endocardial fibroelastosis. Circulation 2002; 105:843-8. [PMID: 11854125 DOI: 10.1161/hc0702.104182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies are associated with congenital heart block (CHB). Although endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) has been described in isolated cases of autoantibody-mediated CHB, the natural history and pathogenesis of this disease are poorly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS We retrospectively reviewed the clinical history, echocardiography, and pathology of fetuses and children with EFE associated with CHB born to mothers positive for anti-Ro or anti-La antibodies at 5 centers. Thirteen patients were identified, 6 with a prenatal and 7 with a postnatal diagnosis. Six mothers were positive for anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies, and 7 were positive for anti-Ro antibodies only. Only 1 mother had autoimmune disease. Severe ventricular dysfunction was seen in all fetal and postnatal cases. Four fetal and 3 postnatal cases had EFE at initial presentation. However, 2 fetal and 4 postnatal cases developed EFE 6 to 12 weeks and 7 months to 5 years from CHB diagnosis, respectively, even despite ventricular pacing in 6 postnatal cases. Eleven (85%) either died (n=9) or underwent cardiac transplantation (n=2) secondary to the EFE. Pathologic assessment of the explanted heart, available in 10 cases, revealed moderate to severe EFE in 7 and mild EFE in 3 cases, predominantly involving the left ventricle. Immunohistochemistry in 4 cases (including 3 fetuses) demonstrated deposition of IgG in 4 and IgM in 3 and T-cell infiltrates in 3 cases, suggesting an immune response by the affected fetus or child. CONCLUSIONS EFE occurs in the presence of autoantibody-mediated CHB despite adequate ventricular pacing. Autoantibody-associated EFE has a very high mortality rate, whether developing in fetal or postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne E Nield
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bouza E, Moya JG, Muñoz P. Infections in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2001; 15:335-61, vii. [PMID: 11447699 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5520(05)70149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus have a higher infection rate than the general population. It is estimated that at least 50% of them will suffer a severe infectious episode during the course of the disease. Improvements in the control of the disease are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bouza
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Service, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Cerimele F, Curreli F, Ely S, Friedman-Kien AE, Cesarman E, Flore O. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus can productively infect primary human keratinocytes and alter their growth properties. J Virol 2001; 75:2435-43. [PMID: 11160746 PMCID: PMC114826 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.5.2435-2443.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown the presence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8) DNA in endothelial cells, in keratinocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis overlying plaque-stage nodular lesions of cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), and in the epithelial cells of eccrine glands within KS lesions. We infected primary cell cultures of human keratinocytes with KSHV/HHV8. At 6 days post infection, transcription of viral genes was detected by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), and protein expression was documented by an immunofluorescence assay with an anti-LANA monoclonal antibody. To determine whether the viral lytic cycle was inducible by chemical treatment, KSHV/HHV8-infected keratinocytes were treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and RT-PCR was performed to confirm the transcription of lytic genes such as open reading frame 26, (which encodes a capsid protein). Finally, to assess infectious viral production, other primary human cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells), were infected with concentrated supernatant of KSHV-infected, TPA-induced keratinocytes and the presence of viral transcripts was confirmed by RT-PCR. The uninfected keratinocytes senesced 3 to 5 weeks after mock infection, while the KSHV/HHV8-infected keratinocytes continued to proliferate and to date are still in culture. However, 8 weeks after infection, viral genomes were no longer detectable by nested PCR. Although the previously KSHV/HHV8-infected keratinocytes still expressed epithelial markers, they acquired new characteristics such as contact inhibition loss, telomerase activity, anchorage-independent growth, and changes in cytokine production. These results show that KSHV/HHV8, like other herpesviruses, can infect and replicate in epithelial cells in vitro and suggest that in vivo these cells may play a significant role in the establishment of KSHV/HHV8 infection and viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cerimele
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Yang YS, Yang MC, Wang B, Weissler JC. Autoantigen Ro52 directly interacts with human IgG heavy chain in vivo in mammalian cells. Mol Immunol 2000; 37:591-602. [PMID: 11163395 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(00)00068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, when we used in vivo yeast two-hybrid and in vitro protein-protein interaction analyses, we demonstrated a direct interaction between autoantigen Ro52 and the human IgG heavy chain. This interaction occurred in the absence of antibody-antigen specific interaction. Here, by employing a novel strategy, we further demonstrated that Ro52 co-localized with IgG in transfected mammalian cells. The co-localization was specific to IgG1 but not IgG3. Co-immunoprecipitating IgG with Ro52 from transfected cell lysates suggested that protein complex containing Ro52 and IgG contributed to the in vivo co-localization. In addition, IgG from normal human serum was shown to bind to the surface of apoptotic keratinocytes and the binding could be competitively blocked by 50-fold excesses of IgG1, not IgG3. With a direct binding study, we also demonstrated that IgG1 could bind to the surface of apoptotic cells while IgG3 bound barely. This binding was not competed by Fcgamma fragments indicating a non-Fcgamma receptor mediated interaction. Finally, in a competition analysis the addition of GST-RFP could reduce the IgG binding to the cell surface. Thus, we suggested that the binding of IgG to the apoptotic keratinocytes might be mediated through the interactions with the surface exposed Ro52. The potential role of forming this protein complex on the apoptotic cells will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9034, USA.
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22
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Bonnet F, Morlat P, Neau D, Viallard JF, Ragnaud JM, Dupon M, Legendre P, Imbert Y, Lifermann F, Le Bras M, Beylot J, Longy-Boursier M. [Hematologic and immunologic manifestations of primary cytomegalovirus infections in non-immunocompromised hospitalized adults]. Rev Med Interne 2000; 21:586-94. [PMID: 10942974 DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(00)80003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in non-immunocompromised adults can sometimes induce hematological and immunological disorders that may mislead diagnosis. METHODS Case reports of hospitalized non-immunocompromised adults with positive serology for CMV including the presence of immunoglobulin M or seroconversion were assessed in a retrospective study (1981-1998). We focused on clinical and biological abnormalities showing the role of CMV in disruption of functioning of hematological and immunological systems. RESULTS Among 115 patients, lymphoma-like syndrome with large adenopathies and/or splenomegaly was diagnosed in eight patients, uncovering underlying CMV infection. Lymphoma was accompanied by hematoma in two patients. Three patients presented leg purpura (with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in one case), one patient had cutaneous vasculitis and on other a Still's disease. Blood abnormalities were mononucleosis (64%), anemia (20%), and thrombopenia (25%) often of peripheral or hemolytic origin or due to hypersplenia. Electrophoresis of serum proteins showed an increase in immune globulins in 56% of the cases and monoclonal abnormality in nine cases. Immunological assessment was conducted in 18 patients. At least one abnormality was depicted in ten patients, consisting of either antinuclear, anti-platelet or anti smooth muscle antibodies, cryoglobulinemia, rheumatoid factor, or reduced complement fixation. CONCLUSION Testing for CMV infection can be of value in case of blood or immunological disorders associated with clinical or biological signs. Although hematological disorders occur early, they are rarely severe. Immunological disorders are rarely symptomatic, but often raise issues regarding the potential genesis of immune diseases in at-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bonnet
- Fédération de médecine interne, maladies infectieuses et pathologies tropicales, hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux, France
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Eggleton P, Reid KB, Kishore U, Sontheimer RD. Clinical relevance of calreticulin in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1997; 6:564-71. [PMID: 9302659 DOI: 10.1177/096120339700600703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Calreticulin is an abundant intracellular protein which is proposed to have numerous biological functions. However, there is increasing evidence to suggest that calreticulin plays a multifunctional role as an autoantigen present in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. In this review we detail some of the recent evidence which indicate that calreticulin may play a supportive role in the formation of the autoantigen complex-Ro/SS-A. In addition, several proposed mechanisms of release and surface expression of calreticulin are described in relation to SLE mediated responses to the autoantigen. In particular, the generation of autoantibodies to specific regions of the protein and the ability of calreticulin to interfere with complement mediated inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Eggleton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
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26
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Lieu TS, Sontheimer RD. A subpopulation of WIL-2 cell calreticulin molecules is associated with RO/SS-A ribonucleoprotein particles. Lupus 1997; 6:40-7. [PMID: 9116718 DOI: 10.1177/096120339700600106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A subpopulation of human calreticulin (CR) molecules that is reactive with human Ro/SS-A autoimmune sera was identified in a nucleic acid- enriched Wil-2 cell fraction derived by anion exchange column chromatography. Further resolution of this fraction by gel filtration size separation demonstrated that the appearance of CR (true mol. weight 46 kD) coincided with the emergence of Ro/SS-A ribonucleoprotein (mol. weight > 250 kD) antigenic activity and increasing 260 nm ultraviolet absorbance. This high nucleic acid fraction could be further partitioned into four small RNA-containing Ro/SS-A antigenic subfractions by a second passage over the anion exchange column. CR was enriched in one subfraction and present in the other three subfractions as well. No CR was found in the RNA-free fraction of the repartition eluate. These results represent the first direct demonstration that CR, a high-affinity calcium binding protein, exists in a form that is directly associated with all four varieties of native, human Ro/SS-A ribonucleoprotein particles (hY1-5).
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Lieu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235-9069, USA
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