1
|
Deng D, Zhang Y, Tang B, Zhang Z. Sources and applications of endothelial seed cells: a review. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:175. [PMID: 38886767 PMCID: PMC11184868 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03773-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are widely used as donor cells in tissue engineering, organoid vascularization, and in vitro microvascular model development. ECs are invaluable tools for disease modeling and drug screening in fundamental research. When treating ischemic diseases, EC engraftment facilitates the restoration of damaged blood vessels, enhancing therapeutic outcomes. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the current sources of ECs, which encompass stem/progenitor cells, primary ECs, cell lineage conversion, and ECs derived from other cellular sources, provides insights into their characteristics, potential applications, discusses challenges, and explores strategies to mitigate these issues. The primary aim is to serve as a reference for selecting suitable EC sources for preclinical research and promote the translation of basic research into clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Circadian Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu H, Liu J, Liu C, Niu X, Liu J. Transplantation of endothelial progenitor cells improves myocardial hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats through HO-1/CREB3/AKT axis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 746:109739. [PMID: 37678424 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Hypertensive myocardial hypertrophy produces a hostile microenvironment characterized by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, inflammation and oxidative stress, which also leads to endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) dysfunction, preventing EPC migration, adhesion and angiogenesis. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an intracellular protein that plays an important role in angiogenesis and cell survival. The upregulation of cAMP response element-binding protein 3 (CREB3) is closely related to the formation of endothelial cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of HO-1 and CREB3 in EPCs and their effects on hypertensive myocardial hypertrophy. EPCs were transfected with HO-1 adenoviral overexpression vector (Ad-HO-1) or together with CREB3 siRNA (si-CREB3), or transfected with CREB3 adenoviral overexpression vector (Ad-CREB3) or together with HO-1 siRNA, and then treated with 100 nM Ang Ⅱ for 12 h. Overexpressing HO-1 or CREB3 promoted adhesion to extracellular matrix, cell migration, and angiogenesis, inhibited the secretion of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6, and reduced ROS level, ICAM-1 and MCP-1 mRNA expression levels in EPCs treated with Ang Ⅱ. Online prediction and Co-IP assay showed that HO-1 interacts with CREB3, and they promote expression of each other. EPC-conditioned medium supplemented with CREB3 recombinant protein decreased the levels of ANP and BNP mRNA in H9C2 cells treated with Ang Ⅱ and alleviated oxidative stress. Ad-CREB3 transfected EPCs promoted the phosphorylation of AKT in vivo and in vitro, thereby improving myocardial swelling and dysfunction in SHR rats. Taken together, transplantation of CREB3 overexpressing EPCs alleviates myocardial hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats by promoting HO-1 protein expression and AKT phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Xiaolin Niu
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Military Personnel Medical Care Center, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dou Y, Shu Y, Wang Y, Jia D, Han Z, Shi B, Chen J, Yang J, Qin Z, Huang S. Combination treatment of Danggui Buxue Decoction and endothelial progenitor cells can enhance angiogenesis in rats with focal cerebral ischemia and hyperlipidemia. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 314:116563. [PMID: 37121452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Danggui Buxue Decoction (DBD) is a classic prescription of traditional Chinese medicine that is mainly used for treating clinical anemia for more than 800 years. This prescription has been utilized for nourishing "Qi" and enriching "Blood" for women suffering from menopausal symptoms. Meanwhile, DBD has the role of improving angiogenesis and promoting the neuroprotective functions. Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) was suboptimal to treat the focal cerebral ischemia (FCI). Thus, it's may be a novel strategy of DBD combined with EPCs transplantation for the FCI. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the mechanistic effects of DBD in combination with EPCs transplantation to improve behavioral function of the FCI and hyperlipidemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used rats with hyperlipidemia to develop a FCI model using photo-thrombosis, and treated the DBD in combination with EPCs transplantation. We adopted the Modified Neurological Severity Score to evaluate the neurological deficit, undertook the 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining to calculate the total infarct volume. We carried out the RT-qPCR, Immunohistochemical analyses, TUNEL, ELISA, and Western blotting to measure the gene and protein levels which related to anti-apoptosis mechanisms and angiogenesis. RESULTS Administration of DBD in combination with EPCs transplantation was found to improve behavioral function, reducing the infarct volume and decrease the level of total-cholesterole (TC) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). Treatment of DBD plus EPCs increased the mRNA and protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A, fibroblastic growth factor-2, and angiopoietin-1 and decreased the apoptosis of endothelial cells by activating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 associated death promoter (PI3K/Akt/BAD) pathway and promoting activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, which induced angiogenesis directly. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provided that DBD administration combined with EPCs transplantation promoted reconstruction of nervous function. This was achieved by enhancing expression of the growth factors related to anti-apoptosis mechanisms and angiogenesis thanks to regulation of the PI3K/Akt/BAD and ERK signaling pathways, and might be relate to the lowering of TC and LDL-C levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Dou
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, PR China
| | - Yue Shu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, PR China
| | - Yaoyu Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, PR China
| | - Dan Jia
- Guangzhou General Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510240, PR China
| | - Zhengyun Han
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, PR China
| | - Beiyin Shi
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, PR China
| | - Jieying Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, PR China
| | - Jie Yang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, PR China
| | - Zhen Qin
- School of Basic Medcine Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
| | - Shuiqing Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jiang Y, Zhao Y, Li ZY, Chen S, Fang F, Cai JH. Potential roles of microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs as diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers in coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol 2023:S0167-5273(23)00478-3. [PMID: 37019219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD), which is mainly caused by atherosclerotic processes in coronary arteries, became a significant health issue. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), have been shown to be stable in plasma and could thereby be adopted as biomarkers for CAD diagnosis and treatment. MiRNAs can regulate CAD development through different pathways and mechanisms, including modulation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) activity, inflammatory responses, myocardial injury, angiogenesis, and leukocyte adhesion. Similarly, previously studies have indicated that the causal effects of lncRNAs in CAD pathogenesis and their utility in CAD diagnosis and treatment, has been found to lead to cell cycle transition, proliferation dysregulation, and migration in favour of CAD development. Differential expression of miRNAs and lncRNAs in CAD patients has been identified and served as diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers for the assessment of CAD patients. Thus, in the current review, we summarize the functions of miRNAs and lncRNAs, which aimed to identify novel targets for the CAD diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, No. 5 Jilin Street, Jilin 132013, China.
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Jilin Central Hospital, Jilin 132011, China
| | - Zheng-Yi Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, No. 5 Jilin Street, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, No. 5 Jilin Street, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, No. 5 Jilin Street, Jilin 132013, China.
| | - Jian-Hui Cai
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China; Jilin Collaborative Innovation Center for Antibody Engineering, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Transplantation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells: Summary and prospect. Acta Histochem 2023; 125:151990. [PMID: 36587456 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) are precursor cells of endothelial cells (ECs), which can differentiate into vascular ECs, protect from endothelial dysfunction and tissue ischemia, and reduce vascular hyperplasia. Due to these functions, EPCs are used as a candidate cell source for transplantation strategies. In recent years, a great progress was achieved in EPCs biology research, and EPCs transplantation has become a research hotspot. At present, transplanted EPCs have been used to treat ischemic diseases due to their powerful vasculogenesis and beneficial paracrine effects. Although EPCs transplantation has been proved to play an important role, the clinical application of EPCs still faces many challenges. This review briefly summarized the basic characteristics of EPCs, the process of EPCs transplantation promoting the healing of ischemic tissue, and the ways to improve the efficiency of EPCs transplantation. In addition, the application of EPCs in neurological improvement, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and the challenges and problems in clinical application of EPCs were also discussed. In the end, the application of EPCs transplantation in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering was discussed.
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang H, Huang W. Regulation of Endothelial Progenitor Cell Functions in Ischemic Heart Disease: New Therapeutic Targets for Cardiac Remodeling and Repair. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:896782. [PMID: 35677696 PMCID: PMC9167961 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.896782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Ischemia and hypoxia following myocardial infarction (MI) cause subsequent cardiomyocyte (CM) loss, cardiac remodeling, and heart failure. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are involved in vasculogenesis, angiogenesis and paracrine effects and thus have important clinical value in alternative processes for repairing damaged hearts. In fact, this study showed that the endogenous repair of EPCs may not be limited to a single cell type. EPC interactions with cardiac cell populations and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in ischemic heart disease can attenuate cardiac inflammation and oxidative stress in a microenvironment, regulate cell survival and apoptosis, nourish CMs, enhance mature neovascularization, alleviate adverse ventricular remodeling after infarction and enhance ventricular function. In this review, we introduce the definition and discuss the origin and biological characteristics of EPCs and summarize the mechanisms of EPC recruitment in ischemic heart disease. We focus on the crosstalk between EPCs and endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs), CMs, cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), and MSCs during cardiac remodeling and repair. Finally, we discuss the translation of EPC therapy to the clinic and treatment strategies.
Collapse
|
7
|
Perdomo S, Brugnini A, Trias N, Menyou A, Silveira G, Ranero S, Lens D, Díaz L, Grille S. Mobilized and apheresis-collected endothelial progenitor cells with plerixafor. J Clin Apher 2022; 37:245-252. [PMID: 35114004 DOI: 10.1002/jca.21967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are immature cells able to proliferate and contribute to endothelial repair, vascular homeostasis, neovascularization, and angiogenesis. It therefore seems likely that circulating EPCs have therapeutic potential in ischemic and vascular diseases. In this study we evaluated the efficiency of EPC mobilization and collection by large volume leukapheresis in subjects with hematological diseases, treated with plerixafor in association with G-CSF. METHODS Twenty-two patients with lymphoid malignancies underwent rHuG-CSF and plerixafor treatment followed by leukapheresis. Blood samples before and after treatment and apheresis liquid sample were taken and analyzed by flow cytometry in order to quantified EPC. RESULTS The percentage of CD34+ cells and EPCs among circulating total nuclear cells (TNCs) increased significantly by approximately 2-fold and 3-fold, respectively, after plerixafor treatment. Consequently, the absolute number of CD34+ cells and EPCs were increased 4-fold after plerixafor treatment. The median PB concentration of EPCs before and after treatment were 0.77/μL (0.31-2.15) and 3.41/μL (1.78-4.54), respectively, P < .0001. The total EPCs collected per patient were 3.3×107 (0.8×107 -6.8×107 ). CONCLUSION We have shown that plerixafor in combination with G-CSF allows the mobilization and collection of large amounts of EPCs along with CD34+ cells in lymphoid neoplasm patients. The possibility to collect and to store these cells could represent a promising therapeutic tool for the treatment of ischemic complications without the need of in vitro expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Perdomo
- Servicio Médico Integral, Centro de Trasplante de Médula Ósea, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andreina Brugnini
- Laboratorio de Citometría y Biología Molecular, Departamento Básico de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Trias
- Laboratorio de Citometría y Biología Molecular, Departamento Básico de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alba Menyou
- Servicio Médico Integral, Centro de Trasplante de Médula Ósea, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Silveira
- Laboratorio de Citometría y Biología Molecular, Departamento Básico de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sabrina Ranero
- Laboratorio de Citometría y Biología Molecular, Departamento Básico de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Facultad de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Daniela Lens
- Laboratorio de Citometría y Biología Molecular, Departamento Básico de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lilián Díaz
- Servicio Médico Integral, Centro de Trasplante de Médula Ósea, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Grille
- Servicio Médico Integral, Centro de Trasplante de Médula Ósea, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Citometría y Biología Molecular, Departamento Básico de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Facultad de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang X, Jiang H, Guo L, Wang S, Cheng W, Wan L, Zhang Z, Xing L, Zhou Q, Yang X, Han H, Chen X, Wu X. SDF-1 secreted by mesenchymal stem cells promotes the migration of endothelial progenitor cells via CXCR4/PI3K/AKT pathway. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:1155-1164. [PMID: 34642827 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-10008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapeutics bring great hope in areas of unmet medical needs. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been suggested to facilitate neovascularization mainly by paracrine action. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) can migrate to ischemic sites and participate in angiogenesis. The combination cell therapy that includes MSCs and EPCs has a favorable effect on ischemic limbs. However, the mechanism of combination cell therapy remains unclear. Herein, we investigate whether stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1 secreted by MSCs contributes to EPC migration to ischemic sites via CXCR4/Phosphoinositide 3-Kinases (PI3K)/protein kinase B (termed as AKT) signaling pathway. First, by a "dual-administration" approach, intramuscular MSC injections were supplemented with intravenous Qdot® 525 labeled-EPC injections in the mouse model of hind limb ischemia. Then, the mechanism of MSC effect on EPC migration was detected by the transwell system, tube-like structure formation assays, western blot assays in vitro. Results showed that the combination delivery of MSCs and EPCs enhanced the incorporation of EPCs into the vasculature and increased the capillary density in mouse ischemic hind limb. The numbers of CXCR4-positive EPCs increased after incubation with MSC-conditioned medium (CM). MSCs contributed to EPC migration and tube-like structure formation, both of which were suppressed by AMD3100 and wortmannin. Phospho-AKT induced by MSC-CM was attenuated when EPCs were pretreated with AMD3100 and wortmannin. In conclusion, we confirmed that MSCs contributes to EPC migration, which is mediated via CXCR4/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.,Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Shihezi University, No. 59 North 2 Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Huijiao Jiang
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Shihezi University, No. 59 North 2 Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lijiao Guo
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Shihezi University, No. 59 North 2 Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Sibo Wang
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Shihezi University, No. 59 North 2 Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wenzhe Cheng
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Shihezi University, No. 59 North 2 Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Longfei Wan
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Shihezi University, No. 59 North 2 Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhongzhou Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Shihezi University, No. 59 North 2 Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lihang Xing
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Shihezi University, No. 59 North 2 Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Shihezi University, No. 59 North 2 Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiongfeng Yang
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Shihezi University, No. 59 North 2 Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Huanhuan Han
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Shihezi University, No. 59 North 2 Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xueling Chen
- Department of Immunology, Medical School of Shihezi University, No. 59 North 2 Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Medical School of Shihezi University, No. 59 North 2 Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China. .,Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, No. 107 North 2 Road, Shihezi, 832008, Xinjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|