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Chase LE, Gurung D, Shrestha P, Rumba S. Gendering psychosocial care: risks and opportunities for global mental health. Lancet Psychiatry 2021; 8:267-269. [PMID: 33333065 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30483-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liana E Chase
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Dristy Gurung
- Department of Health Services and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Research Department, Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Parbati Shrestha
- Clinical Department, Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Tembo D, Hickey G, Montenegro C, Chandler D, Nelson E, Porter K, Dikomitis L, Chambers M, Chimbari M, Mumba N, Beresford P, Ekiikina PO, Musesengwa R, Staniszewska S, Coldham T, Rennard U. Effective engagement and involvement with community stakeholders in the co-production of global health research. BMJ 2021; 372:n178. [PMID: 33593805 PMCID: PMC7879275 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Tembo
- Wessex Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Gary Hickey
- Wessex Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- School of Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Cristian Montenegro
- School of Nursing, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Chandler
- The Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Alliance, St Albans, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Erica Nelson
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Katie Porter
- Wessex Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Mary Chambers
- Clinical Research Unit, and Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Vietnam
| | - Moses Chimbari
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Nursing and Public Health, South Africa
| | - Noni Mumba
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Kenya
| | - Peter Beresford
- School of Health and Social Care, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | | | | | - Sophie Staniszewska
- Warwick Medical School, Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Tina Coldham
- National Institute for Health Research Centre for Engagement and Dissemination, London, UK
- School for Social Care Research, National Institute Health Research, London, UK
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Steege R, Taegtmeyer M, McCollum R, Hawkins K, Ormel H, Kok M, Rashid S, Otiso L, Sidat M, Chikaphupha K, Datiko DG, Ahmed R, Tolhurst R, Gomez W, Theobald S. How do gender relations affect the working lives of close to community health service providers? Empirical research, a review and conceptual framework. Soc Sci Med 2018; 209:1-13. [PMID: 29777956 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Close-to-community (CTC) providers have been identified as a key cadre to progress universal health coverage and address inequities in health service provision due to their embedded position within communities. CTC providers both work within, and are subject to, the gender norms at community level but may also have the potential to alter them. This paper synthesises current evidence on gender and CTC providers and the services they deliver. This study uses a two-stage exploratory approach drawing upon qualitative research from the six countries (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique) that were part of the REACHOUT consortium. This research took place from 2013 to 2014. This was followed by systematic review that took place from January-September 2017, using critical interpretive synthesis methodology. This review included 58 papers from the literature. The resulting findings from both stages informed the development of a conceptual framework. We present the holistic conceptual framework to show how gender roles and relations shape CTC provider experience at the individual, community, and health system levels. The evidence presented highlights the importance of safety and mobility at the community level. At the individual level, influence of family and intra-household dynamics are of importance. Important at the health systems level, are career progression and remuneration. We present suggestions for how the role of a CTC provider can, with the right support, be an empowering experience. Key priorities for policymakers to promote gender equity in this cadre include: safety and well-being, remuneration, and career progression opportunities. Gender roles and relations shape CTC provider experiences across multiple levels of the health system. To strengthen the equity and efficiency of CTC programmes gender dynamics should be considered by policymakers and implementers during both the conceptualisation and implementation of CTC programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Steege
- Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Miriam Taegtmeyer
- Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Rosalind McCollum
- Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Kate Hawkins
- Pamoja Communications, UK Bishopstone, 36 Crescent Road, Worthing BN11 1RL, UK
| | - Hermen Ormel
- Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Health, P.O. Box 95001, 1090 HA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maryse Kok
- Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Health, P.O. Box 95001, 1090 HA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabina Rashid
- James P. Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lilian Otiso
- LVCT Health, Research and Strategic Information Department, P.O Box 19835- 00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mohsin Sidat
- University Eduardo Mondlane, Department of Community Health, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Kingsley Chikaphupha
- Research for Equity and Community Health (REACH) Trust, P.O. Box 1597, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Rukhsana Ahmed
- Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, UK; Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Rachel Tolhurst
- Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Woedem Gomez
- Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Sally Theobald
- Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, UK
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Brear M. 'I was thinking we would be spoon-fed': Community co-researchers' perceptions of individual empowerment in participatory health research in Swaziland. Glob Public Health 2017; 13:1441-1453. [PMID: 28793832 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2017.1363901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Empowerment is an influential concept in global public health. Current theoretical models, which were developed in resource-rich countries, conceptualise individual-level empowerment as a process (or outcome) of developing positive self-perceptions, critical thinking expertise and new behaviours. They neglect the social and structural aspects that were central to early conceptualisations of empowerment, and may be culturally biased. My aim was to elucidate lay-people in Swaziland's perspectives about individual-level empowerment. Twenty-one focus group discussions with lay-community 'co-researchers' were collected longitudinally over 14 months of a participatory health research process. Findings generated using interpretive analysis of epiphanies highlighted the salience of socio-historic context, in limiting the co-researchers' expectations and experiences, and shaping their perceptions, of empowerment. The findings demonstrate that the co-researchers perceived: working independently and collaboratively; developing new perceptions of others, and technical (health and research) expertise; using expertise to take action; and accessing material resources were important aspects of empowerment. They indicate that individual-level empowerment models utilised in global public health might be enhanced by incorporating social and structural dimensions. These dimensions are needed to capture the relations and interactions which mediate socially excluded people's agency to access the social and material resources needed to secure their right to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Brear
- a School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Jean Hailes Research Unit) , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
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Kane S, Kok M, Ormel H, Otiso L, Sidat M, Namakhoma I, Nasir S, Gemechu D, Rashid S, Taegtmeyer M, Theobald S, de Koning K. Limits and opportunities to community health worker empowerment: A multi-country comparative study. Soc Sci Med 2016; 164:27-34. [PMID: 27459022 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In LMICs, Community Health Workers (CHW) increasingly play health promotion related roles involving 'Empowerment of communities'. To be able to empower the communities they serve, we argue, it is essential that CHWs themselves be, and feel, empowered. We present here a critique of how diverse national CHW programs affect CHW's empowerment experience. METHODS We present an analysis of findings from a systematic review of literature on CHW programs in LMICs and 6 country case studies (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique). Lee & Koh's analytical framework (4 dimensions of empowerment: meaningfulness, competence, self-determination and impact), is used. RESULTS CHW programs empower CHWs by providing CHWs, access to privileged medical knowledge, linking CHWs to the formal health system, and providing them an opportunity to do meaningful and impactful work. However, these empowering influences are constantly frustrated by - the sense of lack/absence of control over one's work environment, and the feelings of being unsupported, unappreciated, and undervalued. CHWs expressed feelings of powerlessness, and frustrations about how organisational processual and relational arrangements hindered them from achieving the desired impact. CONCLUSIONS While increasingly the onus is on CHWs and CHW programs to solve the problem of health access, attention should be given to the experiences of CHWs themselves. CHW programs need to move beyond an instrumentalist approach to CHWs, and take a developmental and empowerment perspective when engaging with CHWs. CHW programs should systematically identify disempowering organisational arrangements and take steps to remedy these. Doing so will not only improve CHW performance, it will pave the way for CHWs to meet their potential as agents of social change, beyond perhaps their role as health promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kane
- Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Health, P.O. Box 95001, 1090 HA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maryse Kok
- Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Health, P.O. Box 95001, 1090 HA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hermen Ormel
- Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Health, P.O. Box 95001, 1090 HA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lilian Otiso
- LVCT Health, Research and Strategic Information Department, P.O Box 19835-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mohsin Sidat
- University Eduardo Mondlane, Department of Community Health, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ireen Namakhoma
- Research for Equity and Community Health (REACH)Trust, P.O. Box 1597, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Sudirman Nasir
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, and Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia; Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | - Sabina Rashid
- James P. Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Miriam Taegtmeyer
- Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Theobald
- Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Korrie de Koning
- Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Health, P.O. Box 95001, 1090 HA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Naidu T, Sliep Y. Understanding the agency of home-based care volunteers: establishing identity and negotiating space in AIDS-home-based care in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. AJAR-AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AIDS RESEARCH 2015; 11:143-52. [PMID: 25859917 DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2012.698082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In traditional Zulu communities, caregiving is rooted in compassionate and hardworking personal identity precepts and the traditional identity expectations of women. Home-based-care volunteerism in the community represents the performance of this identity. Data from a series of interviews with 15 home-based care volunteers (HBCVs), in a rural community in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, is used to illustrate how HBCVs promote the notion of women as paid home-based caregivers, with a recognised space in the care and support system regarding HIV and AIDS. Home-based-care volunteering also represents the attempt by women to be seen, heard and recognised in the hope that it will lead to self-improvement and the improvement of their families. Volunteer motivations vary from altruism, to volunteering as a means to be recognised and increasing the chances of self-improvement. We propose that home-based-care volunteering may be viewed as a form of agency in response to a lack of recognition, support and acknowledgement for AIDS caregivers and their patients. The continued lack of support for HBCVs over a long period undermines the work and the basis of the HBCVs' identity or the aspects of identity on which the motivation for the work is based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirusha Naidu
- a Department of Behavioural Medicine, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine , University of KwaZulu-Natal , George Campbell Building, Howard College Campus , Durban , 4041 , South Africa
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Gibbs A, Campbell C, Maimane S. Can local communities 'sustain' HIV/AIDS programmes? A South African example. Health Promot Int 2014; 30:114-25. [PMID: 25351362 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dau096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, there is a renewed interest in building the local sustainability of HIV/AIDS programmes to ensure that once funders withdraw, local communities can sustain programmes. While the 'local sustainability assumption' is widespread, little research has assessed this. In this article, we assess the sustainability of the Entabeni Project, a community-based intervention that sought to build women's local leadership and capacity to respond to HIV/AIDS through a group of volunteer carers, 3 years after external support was withdrawn. Overall, the sustainability of the Entabeni Project was limited. The wider social and political context undermined volunteer carers' sense that they could affect change, with little external support for them from government and NGOs, who struggled to engage with local community organizations. At the community level, some church leaders and community members recognized the important role of health volunteers, many continued to devalue the work of the carers, especially once there was no external organization to support and validate their work. Within the health volunteer group, despite extensive efforts to change dynamics, it remained dominated by a local male leader who denied others active participation while lacking the skills to meaningfully lead the project. Our case study suggests that the local-sustainability assumption is wishful thinking. Small-scale local projects are unlikely to be able to challenge the broader social and political dynamics hindering their sustainability without meaningful external support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gibbs
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Catherine Campbell
- Institute of Social Psychology, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
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Nhamo-Murire M, Campbell C, Gregson S. Community group membership and stigmatising attitudes towards people living with HIV in Eastern Zimbabwe. J Community Health 2014; 39:72-82. [PMID: 23913105 PMCID: PMC3890052 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-013-9741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stigmatising attitudes towards people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHIV) are hampering attempts to control HIV epidemics in sub-Saharan African countries. This study measures the effect of social capital, in the form of local community groups, in reducing stigma and tests a new explanatory framework for the association between community group membership and less stigmatising attitudes. Prospective data on membership of a wide range of different community groups and stigmatising attitudes (being unwilling to care for a relative with AIDS), collected from a general population cohort of 5,253 men and women aged 15–54 years in eastern Zimbabwe between 2003 and 2008 were analysed using multivariable logistic regression. 36 % of respondents were members of community groups throughout the study period. Individuals in community groups were less likely to express stigmatising attitudes towards PLHIV—3.4 versus 9.5 % (adjusted odds ratio = 0.46, p < 0.001). Discussions of care for PLHIV within groups, improved knowledge about AIDS, greater exposure to PLHIV, and increased uptake of HIV testing and counselling did not account for the association. Further work is needed to identify the mechanisms through which community participation can reduce stigma. Nevertheless, these findings suggest that promoting well-informed discussions about HIV within pre-existing community groups and involving these groups in stigma reduction programmes could be effective means of reducing stigma at the grassroots level.
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Campbell C, Nair Y. From rhetoric to reality? Putting HIV and AIDS rights talk into practice in a South African rural community. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2014; 16:1216-1230. [PMID: 25005486 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2014.930180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Whilst international rhetoric on HIV and AIDS frequently invokes discourses of human rights to inspire and guide action, translating universal rights talk into practice in specific settings remains a challenge. Community mobilisation is often strategy of choice. We present a case study of the Entabeni Project in South Africa--in which a foreign-funded NGO sought to work with female health volunteers in a deep rural community to increase their access to two HIV-relevant rights: women's rights (especially gender equality) and rights to health (especially access to HIV- and AIDS-related services). Whilst the project had short-term health-related successes, it was less successful in implementing a gender empowerment agenda. The concept of women's rights had no purchase with women who had little interest in directly challenging male power, foregrounding the fight against poverty as their main preoccupation. The area's traditional chief and gatekeeper insisted the project should remain 'apolitical'. Project funders prioritised 'numbers reached' over a gender empowerment orientation. In the absence of (1) a marginalised group who are willing to assert their rights; and (2) a context where powerful people are willing to support these claims, 'rights' may be a blunt tool for HIV-related work with women in deeply oppressive and remote rural communities beyond the reach of international treaties and urban-based activist movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Campbell
- a Department of Social Psychology , London School of Economics , London , UK
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Gibbs A, Campbell C, Akintola O, Colvin C. Social Contexts and Building Social Capital for Collective Action: Three Case Studies of Volunteers in the Context of HIV and AIDS in South Africa. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gibbs
- HEARD; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban South Africa
| | - Catherine Campbell
- Institute of Social Psychology; London School of Economics and Political Science; London UK
| | - Olagoke Akintola
- School of Applied Human Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban South Africa
- Centre for Health Economics and Health Policy Analysis; McMaster University; Hamilton Canada
| | - Christopher Colvin
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
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Nic a Bháird C. The Complexity of Community Engagement: Developing Staff-Community Relationships in a Participatory Child Education and Women's Rights Intervention in Kolkata Slums. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gibbs
- a Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division (HEARD) , University of KwaZulu-Natal , South Africa
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