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Zhang X, Zhu R, Yu D, Wang J, Yan Y, Xu K. Single-cell RNA sequencing to explore cancer-associated fibroblasts heterogeneity: "Single" vision for "heterogeneous" environment. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13592. [PMID: 38158643 PMCID: PMC11056715 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous stromal cell, are one of the most important components of the tumour microenvironment. Previous studies have consolidated it as a promising target against cancer. However, variable therapeutic efficacy-both protumor and antitumor effects have been observed not least owing to the strong heterogeneity of CAFs. Over the past 10 years, advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies had a dramatic effect on biomedical research, enabling the analysis of single cell transcriptomes with unprecedented resolution and throughput. Specifically, scRNA-seq facilitates our understanding of the complexity and heterogeneity of diverse CAF subtypes. In this review, we discuss the up-to-date knowledge about CAF heterogeneity with a focus on scRNA-seq perspective to investigate the emerging strategies for integrating multimodal single-cell platforms. Furthermore, we summarized the clinical application of scRNA-seq on CAF research. We believe that the comprehensive understanding of the heterogeneity of CAFs form different visions will generate innovative solutions to cancer therapy and achieve clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjian Zhang
- The Dingli Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Department of Surgical OncologyWenzhou Central HospitalWenzhouZhejiangChina
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Ruiqiu Zhu
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative MedicinePutuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Die Yu
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative MedicinePutuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Juan Wang
- School of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuxiang Yan
- The Dingli Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Department of Surgical OncologyWenzhou Central HospitalWenzhouZhejiangChina
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Ke Xu
- Institute of Translational MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
- Organoid Research CenterShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
- Wenzhou Institute of Shanghai UniversityWenzhouChina
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Bertero L, Gambella A, Barreca A, Osella-Abate S, Chiusa L, Francia di Celle P, Lista P, Papotti M, Cassoni P. Caveolin-1 expression predicts favourable outcome and correlates with PDGFRA mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). J Clin Pathol 2021; 75:825-831. [PMID: 34155091 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2021-207595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Novel prognostic markers are warranted for gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Caveolin-1 is a multifunctional protein that proved to be associated with outcome in multiple tumour types. Aim of this study was to investigate Caveolin-1 expression and prognostic efficacy in a series of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. METHODS Caveolin-1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in a retrospective series of 66 gastrointestinal stromal tumours representative of the different molecular subtypes. Correlations with clinical, histopathological and molecular features were investigated. Statistical analyses were performed as appropriate. RESULTS Thirty-five cases out of 66 (53.0%) expressed Caveolin-1. Presence of Caveolin-1 expression correlated with favourable histopathologic and clinical traits, including a lower mitotic count (p=0.003) and lower relapse rate (p=0.005). Caveolin-1 expression also resulted associated with the presence of PDGFRA mutations (p=0.010). Outcome analyses showed a favourable prognostic significance of Caveolin-1 expression in terms of relapse-free survival (HR=0.14; 95% CI=0.03 to 0.63) and overall survival (HR=0.29; 95% CI=0.11 to 0.74), even after adjusting for the mutational subgroup (relapse-free survival: HR=0.14, 95% CI=0.04 to 0.44; overall survival: HR=0.29, 95% CI=0.11 to 0.51) and imatinib treatment (relapse-free survival: HR=0.14, 95% CI=0.02 to 0.81; overall survival: HR=0.29, 95% CI=0.17 to 0.48). CONCLUSION Caveolin-1 represents a novel prognostic marker in gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Further studies are warranted to validate these results and to explore the mechanisms linking Caveolin-1 expression with the PDGFRA oncogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bertero
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gambella
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonella Barreca
- Pathology Unit, "Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino" University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Osella-Abate
- Molecular Pathology Unit, "Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino" University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Chiusa
- Pathology Unit, "Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino" University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Francia di Celle
- Molecular Pathology Unit, "Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino" University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lista
- Oncology Unit, "Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino" University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Cassoni
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Chen Y, Liu C, Xie B, Chen S, Zhuang Y, Zhang S. miR‑96 exerts an oncogenic role in the progression of cervical cancer by targeting CAV‑1. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:543-550. [PMID: 32377722 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the 4th most common malignant tumor type affecting women worldwide; however, its molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Previous studies have indicated that microRNAs (miRs) serve crucial roles in the cellular functions of tumors. miR‑96 is involved in the tumorigenesis of many cancer types. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role and mechanism of miR‑96 in the progression of cervical cancer. The present results suggested that overexpression of miR‑96 significantly enhanced the proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities of cervical cancer cells, while inhibiting miR‑96 had the opposite effects. Additionally, activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was enhanced by miR‑96 overexpression, while it was inhibited by the miR‑96 inhibitor. Moreover, it was identified that miR‑96 may directly target caveolin‑1 (CAV‑1) to decrease its expression level. Furthermore, overexpression of CAV‑1 could reverse the increase in cell proliferation, migration and invasion induced by miR‑96, as well as the upregulation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. In conclusion, the present results suggested that miR‑96 may have an oncogenic role in the progression of cervical cancer by targeting CAV‑1. Therefore, miR‑96 may be a potential target for cervical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of Gynecology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Changqing Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Bingfan Xie
- Department of Gynecology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Shangqiu Chen
- Department of Gynecology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Gynecology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
| | - Shaoxia Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonography, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
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Shi YB, Li J, Lai XN, Jiang R, Zhao RC, Xiong LX. Multifaceted Roles of Caveolin-1 in Lung Cancer: A New Investigation Focused on Tumor Occurrence, Development and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020291. [PMID: 31991790 PMCID: PMC7073165 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common and malignant cancers with extremely high morbidity and mortality in both males and females. Although traditional lung cancer treatments are fast progressing, there are still limitations. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), a main component of caveolae, participates in multiple cellular events such as immune responses, endocytosis, membrane trafficking, cellular signaling and cancer progression. It has been found tightly associated with lung cancer cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis resistance and drug resistance. In addition to this, multiple bioactive molecules have been confirmed to target Cav-1 to carry on their anti-tumor functions in lung cancers. Cav-1 can also be a predictor for lung cancer patients’ prognosis. In this review, we have summarized the valuable research on Cav-1 and lung cancer in recent years and discussed the multifaceted roles of Cav-1 on lung cancer occurrence, development and therapy, hoping to provide new insights into lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bo Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.-B.S.); (J.L.); (X.-N.L.); (R.-C.Z.)
- Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China;
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.-B.S.); (J.L.); (X.-N.L.); (R.-C.Z.)
- Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xing-Ning Lai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.-B.S.); (J.L.); (X.-N.L.); (R.-C.Z.)
- Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China;
| | - Rui-Chen Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.-B.S.); (J.L.); (X.-N.L.); (R.-C.Z.)
- Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China;
| | - Li-Xia Xiong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (Y.-B.S.); (J.L.); (X.-N.L.); (R.-C.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang 330006, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-791-8636-0556
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Caveolin-1 enhances brain metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer, potentially in association with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker SNAIL. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:171. [PMID: 31297035 PMCID: PMC6599320 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) plays an important role in the development of various human cancers. We investigated the relationship between Cav-1 expression and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression in the context of brain metastasis (BM). Methods Cav-1 expression was investigated in a series of 102 BM samples and 49 paired primary NSCLC samples, as well as 162 unpaired primary NSCLC samples with (63 cases) or without (99 cases) metastasis to distant organs. Human lung cancer cell lines were used for in vitro functional analysis. Results High Cav-1 expression in tumor cells was observed in 52% (38/73) of squamous cell carcinomas (SQCs) and 33% (45/138) of non-SQCs. In SQC, high Cav-1 expression was increased after BM in both paired and unpaired samples of lung primary tumors and BM (53% vs. 84% in paired samples, P = 0.034; 52% vs. 78% in unpaired samples, P = 0.020). Although the difference in median overall survival in patients NSCLC was not statistically significant, high Cav-1 expression in tumor cells (P = 0.005, hazard ratio 1.715, 95% confidence index 1.175–2.502) was independent prognostic factors of overall survival on multivariate Cox regression analyses, in addition to the presence of BM and non-SQC type. In vitro assays revealed that Cav-1 knockdown inhibited the invasion and migration of lung cancer cells. Genetic modulation of Cav-1 was consistently associated with SNAIL up- and down-regulation. These findings were supported by increased SNAIL and Cav-1 expression in BM samples of SQC. Conclusions Cav-1 plays an important role in the BM of NSCLC, especially in SQC. The mechanism may be linked to SNAIL regulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-019-0892-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Zhang Y, Fan W, Wu J, Dong J, Cui Z. Association of caveolin-1 protein expression with hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis and literature review. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:5113-5122. [PMID: 31239768 PMCID: PMC6553953 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s194033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Aberrant expression of caveolin-1 (CAV-1) is involved in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the results have been inconsistent due to the small size of sample in the individual study. Methods: We performed a meta-analysis and evaluated the association of CAV-1 protein overexpression and clinicopathological significance by using Review Manager 5.2. Pooled ORs and HR with corresponding CIs were calculated. Results: Nine studies were included in the meta-analysis with 810 HCC and 172 cirrhosis patients. CAV-1 protein overexpression was correlated with the risk of cirrhosis; OR was 3.25, p=0.01. Furthermore, the rate of CAV-1 protein overexpression was significantly higher in HCC with cirrhosis than HCC without cirrhosis, suggesting that the CAV-1 protein overexpression likely initiated carcinogenesis in liver with cirrhosis and subsequently contributed to the progression of HCC. In addition, CAV-1 protein overexpression was strongly associated with poor differentiated HCC and invasion; ORs were 2.61 and 2.71, respectively. CAV-1 protein overexpression was strongly correlated with poor overall survival in patients with HCC; HR was 0.4, p=0.03. Conclusions: In summary, CAV-1 protein overexpression is at risk for liver cirrhosis and HCC derived from cirrhosis, and CAV-1 is also a promising prognostic predictor in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Fan
- Medical Bioengineering Key Laboratory, Luohe Medical College, Luohe 462002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Pathology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglong Dong
- Department of Pathology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanjun Cui
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
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Raja SA, Shah STA, Tariq A, Bibi N, Sughra K, Yousuf A, Khawaja A, Nawaz M, Mehmood A, Khan MJ, Hussain A. Caveolin-1 and dynamin-2 overexpression is associated with the progression of bladder cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:219-226. [PMID: 31289491 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Caveolae-mediated endocytosis regulates cell adhesion and growth in an anchorage-dependent manner. Studies of the endocytic function of caveolae have suggested a wide-ranging list of cargoes, including a number of receptors and extracellular proteins, ligands and nutrients from the extracellular matrix. Disruption of the processes of caveolae-mediated endocytosis mediated by signaling proteins is critical to cellular integrity. Caveolin-1 and dynamin-2 are the 2 major proteins associated with endocytotic function. Mechanistically, dynamin-2 has a co-equal role with caveolin-1 in terms of caveolae-derived endosome formation. Recent studies have revealed the pathological outcomes associated with the dysregulation of caveolin-1 and dynamin-2 expression. Increased expression levels of the gene for caveolin, Cav-1, resulting in augmented cellular metastasis and invasion, have been demonstrated in various types of cancer, and overexpression of the gene for dynamin-2, DNM2, has been associated with tumorigenesis in cervical, pancreatic and lung cancer. An increased expression of Cav-1 and DNM2 is known to be associated with the invasive behavior of cancer cells, and with cancer progression. Furthermore, it has been previously demonstrated that, in caveolar assembly and caveolae mediated endocytosis, Cav-1 interacts directly with DNM2 during the processes. Altered expression of the 2 genes is critical for the normal function of the cell. The expression patterns of Cav-1 and DNM2 have been previously examined in bladder cancer cell lines, and were each demonstrated to be overexpressed. In the present study, the expression levels of these 2 genes in bladder cancer samples were quantified. The gene expression levels of Cav-1 and DNM2 were identified to be increased 8.88- and 8.62-fold, respectively, in tumors compared with the normal controls. Furthermore, high-grade tumors exhibited significantly increased expression levels of Cav-1 and DNM2 (both P<0.0001) compared with the low-grade tumors. In addition, compared with normal control samples, the expression of the 2 genes in tumor samples was observed to be highly significant (P<0.0001), with a marked positive correlation identified for the tumors (Pearson's correlation coefficient, r=0.80 for the tumor samples vs. r=0.32 in the normal control samples). Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrated that the overexpression of Cav-1 and DNM2 genes, and a determination of their correlation coefficients, may be a potential risk factor for bladder cancer, in addition to other clinical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Azad Raja
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | | | - Aamira Tariq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Bibi
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Kalsoom Sughra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | - Arzu Yousuf
- Department of Urology and Kidney Transplant, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad 44790, Pakistan
| | - Athar Khawaja
- Department of Urology and Kidney Transplant, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad 44790, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Armed Forces Institute of Urology, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Mehmood
- Armed Forces Institute of Urology, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jadoon Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Alamdar Hussain
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
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Stromal Caveolin-1 and Caveolin-2 Expression in Primary Tumors and Lymph Node Metastases. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2018; 2018:8651790. [PMID: 29850392 PMCID: PMC5914130 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8651790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of caveolin-1 (CAV1) in both tumor cell and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) has been found to correlate with tumor aggressiveness in different epithelial tumor entities, whereas less is known for caveolin-2 (CAV2). The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological significance and prognostic value of stromal CAV1 and CAV2 expression in lung cancer. The expression of these two genes was investigated at protein level on a tissue microarray (TMA) consisting of 161 primary tumor samples. 50.7% of squamous cell lung cancer (SCC) tumors showed strong expression of CAV1 in the tumor-associated stromal cells, whereas only 15.1% of adenocarcinomas (AC) showed a strong CAV1 expression (p < 0.01). A strong CAV2 stromal expression was found in 46.0% of the lung tumor specimens, with no significant difference between the subtypes. Neither CAV1 nor CAV2 stromal expression was associated with any other clinicopathological factor including survival. When the stromal expression in matched primary tumors and lymph node metastases was compared, both CAV1 and CAV2 expressions were frequently found lost in the corresponding stroma of the lymph node metastasis (40.6%, p = 0.003 and 38.4%, p = 0.001, resp.). Loss of stromal CAV2 in the lymph node metastases was also significantly associated with earlier death (p = 0.011). In conclusion, in contrast to the expression patterns in the tumor tissue of lung cancer, stromal expression of CAV1 in primary tumors was not associated with clinical outcome whereas the stromal expression of especially CAV2 in the metastatic lymph nodes could be associated with lung cancer pathogenesis.
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Abstract
Resistance of solid tumors to chemo- and radiotherapy remains a major obstacle in anti-cancer treatment. Herein, the membrane protein caveolin-1 (CAV1) came into focus as it is highly expressed in many tumors and high CAV1 levels were correlated with tumor progression, invasion and metastasis, and thus a worse clinical outcome. Increasing evidence further indicates that the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment, also known as the tumor stroma, contributes to therapy resistance resulting in poor clinical outcome. Again, CAV1 seems to play an important role in modulating tumor host interactions by promoting tumor growth, metastasis, therapy resistance and cell survival. However, the mechanisms driving stroma-mediated tumor growth and radiation resistance remain to be clarified. Understanding these interactions and thus, targeting CAV1 may offer a novel strategy for preventing cancer therapy resistance and improving clinical outcomes. In this review, we will summarize the resistance-promoting effects of CAV1 in tumors, and emphasize its role in the tumor-stroma communication as well as the resulting malignant phenotype of epithelial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ketteler
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Diana Klein
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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