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Elfeky M, Matsuoka S, Yamamoto I, Elewa YHA, Nakamura K, Suzuki H, Kamikawa A, Okamatu-Ogura Y, Kimura K. Expression Patterns of Grainyhead-Like 2 and Ovo-Like 2 in Mouse Mammary Gland Development During Pregnancy, Lactation, and Weaning. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2024; 30:552-563. [PMID: 38833344 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Grainyhead-like 2 (Grhl2) is a transcription factor that regulates cell adhesion genes in mammary ductal development and serves as a repressor of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Conversely, Ovo-like2 (Ovol2) is a target gene of Grhl2 but functions as a substitute in Grhl2-deficient mice, facilitating successful epithelial barrier formation and lumen expansion in kidney-collecting ductal epithelial cells. Our objective was to examine the expression patterns of Grhl2, Ovol2, and their associated genes during the intricate phases of mouse mammary gland development. The mRNA expression of Grhl2 and Ovol2 increased after pregnancy. We observed Grhl2 protein presence in the epithelial cell's region, coinciding with acini formation, and its signal significantly correlated with E-cadherin (Cdh1) expression. However, Ovol2 was present in the epithelial region without a correlation with Cdh1. Similarly, Zeb1, a mesenchymal transcription factor, showed Cdh1-independent expression. Subsequently, we explored the interaction between Rab25, a small G protein, and Grhl2/Ovol2. The expressions of Grhl2 and Ovol2 exhibited a strong correlation with Rab25 and claudin-4, a tight junction protein. These findings suggest that Grhl2 and Ovol2 may collaborate to regulate genes associated with cell adhesion and are crucial for maintaining epithelial integrity during the different phases of mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elfeky
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Al Azaritah, Alexandria 22758, Egypt
| | - Shinya Matsuoka
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Izumi Yamamoto
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, El Tagneed St, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakamura
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kamikawa
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yuko Okamatu-Ogura
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Guneri-Sozeri PY, Özden-Yılmaz G, Kisim A, Cakiroglu E, Eray A, Uzuner H, Karakülah G, Pesen-Okvur D, Senturk S, Erkek-Ozhan S. FLI1 and FRA1 transcription factors drive the transcriptional regulatory networks characterizing muscle invasive bladder cancer. Commun Biol 2023; 6:199. [PMID: 36805539 PMCID: PMC9941102 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is mostly present in the form of urothelium carcinoma, causing over 150,000 deaths each year. Its histopathological classification as muscle invasive (MIBC) and non-muscle invasive (NMIBC) is the most prominent aspect, affecting the prognosis and progression of this disease. In this study, we defined the active regulatory landscape of MIBC and NMIBC cell lines using H3K27ac ChIP-seq and used an integrative approach to combine our findings with existing data. Our analysis revealed FRA1 and FLI1 as two critical transcription factors differentially regulating MIBC regulatory landscape. We show that FRA1 and FLI1 regulate the genes involved in epithelial cell migration and cell junction organization. Knock-down of FRA1 and FLI1 in MIBC revealed the downregulation of several EMT-related genes such as MAP4K4 and FLOT1. Further, ChIP-SICAP performed for FRA1 and FLI1 enabled us to infer chromatin binding partners of these transcription factors and link this information with their target genes. Finally, we show that knock-down of FRA1 and FLI1 result in significant reduction of invasion capacity of MIBC cells towards muscle microenvironment using IC-CHIP assays. Our results collectively highlight the role of these transcription factors in selection and design of targeted options for treatment of MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perihan Yagmur Guneri-Sozeri
- grid.21200.310000 0001 2183 9022Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Inciralti, 35340 Izmir, Turkey ,grid.21200.310000 0001 2183 9022Dokuz Eylül University Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Inciralti, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gülden Özden-Yılmaz
- grid.21200.310000 0001 2183 9022Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Inciralti, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Asli Kisim
- grid.419609.30000 0000 9261 240XIzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, 35430 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ece Cakiroglu
- grid.21200.310000 0001 2183 9022Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Inciralti, 35340 Izmir, Turkey ,grid.21200.310000 0001 2183 9022Dokuz Eylül University Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Inciralti, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aleyna Eray
- grid.21200.310000 0001 2183 9022Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Inciralti, 35340 Izmir, Turkey ,grid.21200.310000 0001 2183 9022Dokuz Eylül University Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Inciralti, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hamdiye Uzuner
- grid.21200.310000 0001 2183 9022Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Inciralti, 35340 Izmir, Turkey ,grid.21200.310000 0001 2183 9022Dokuz Eylül University Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Inciralti, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Karakülah
- grid.21200.310000 0001 2183 9022Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Inciralti, 35340 Izmir, Turkey ,grid.21200.310000 0001 2183 9022Dokuz Eylül University Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Inciralti, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Devrim Pesen-Okvur
- grid.419609.30000 0000 9261 240XIzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, 35430 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serif Senturk
- grid.21200.310000 0001 2183 9022Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Inciralti, 35340 Izmir, Turkey ,grid.21200.310000 0001 2183 9022Dokuz Eylül University Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Inciralti, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serap Erkek-Ozhan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Inciralti, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
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GRHL2 Regulation of Growth/Motility Balance in Luminal versus Basal Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032512. [PMID: 36768838 PMCID: PMC9916895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) is a critical transcription factor for epithelial tissues that has been reported to promote cancer growth in some and suppress aspects of cancer progression in other studies. We investigated its role in different breast cancer subtypes. In breast cancer patients, GRHL2 expression was increased in all subtypes and inversely correlated with overall survival in basal-like breast cancer patients. In a large cell line panel, GRHL2 was expressed in luminal and basal A cells, but low or absent in basal B cells. The intersection of ChIP-Seq analysis in 3 luminal and 3 basal A cell lines identified conserved GRHL2 binding sites for both subtypes. A pathway analysis of ChIP-seq data revealed cell-cell junction regulation and epithelial migration as well as epithelial proliferation, as candidate GRHL2-regulated processes and further analysis of hub genes in these pathways showed similar regulatory networks in both subtypes. However, GRHL2 deletion in a luminal cell line caused cell cycle arrest while this was less prominent in a basal A cell line. Conversely, GRHL2 loss triggered enhanced migration in the basal A cells but failed to do so in the luminal cell line. ChIP-Seq and ChIP-qPCR demonstrated GRHL2 binding to CLDN4 and OVOL2 in both subtypes but not to other GRHL2 targets controlling cell-cell adhesion that were previously identified in other cell types, including CDH1 and ZEB1. Nevertheless, E-cadherin protein expression was decreased upon GRHL2 deletion especially in the luminal line and, in agreement with its selectively enhanced migration, only the basal A cell line showed concomitant induction of vimentin and N-cadherin. To address how the balance between growth reduction and aspects of EMT upon loss of GRHL2 affected in vivo behavior, we used a mouse basal A orthotopic transplantation model in which the GRHL2 gene was silenced. This resulted in reduced primary tumor growth and a reduction in number and size of lung colonies, indicating that growth suppression was the predominant consequence of GRHL2 loss. Altogether, these findings point to largely common but also distinct roles for GRHL2 in luminal and basal breast cancers with respect to growth and motility and indicate that, in agreement with its negative association with patient survival, growth suppression is the dominant response to GRHL2 loss.
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Tang F, Li Z, Lai Y, Lu Z, Lei H, He C, He Z. A 7-gene signature predicts the prognosis of patients with bladder cancer. BMC Urol 2022; 22:8. [PMID: 35090432 PMCID: PMC8796539 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-022-00955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomarkers have an important guiding role in prognosis and treatment of patients with bladder cancer (BC). The aim of the present study was to identify and evaluate a prognostic gene signature in BC patients. The gene expression profiles of BC samples and the corresponding clinicopathological data were downloaded from GEO and TCGA. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by R software. Univariate Cox regression and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression were applied to construct the prognostic score model. A nomogram was established with the identified prognostic factors to predict the overall survival rates of BC patients. The discriminatory and predictive capacity of the nomogram was evaluated based on the concordance index (C‐index), calibration curves and decision curve analysis (DCA). A 7-gene signature (KLRB1, PLAC9, SETBP1, NR2F1, GRHL2, ANXA1 and APOL1) was identified from 285 DEGs by univariate and LASSO Cox regression analyses. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that age, lymphovascular invasion, lymphatic metastasis, metastasis and the 7-gene signature risk score was an independent predictor of BC patient prognosis. A nomogram that integrated these independent prognostic factors was constructed. The C-index (0.73, CI 95%, 0.693–0.767) and calibration curve demonstrated the good performance of the nomogram. DCA of the nomogram further showed that this model exhibited good net benefit. The combined 7-gene signature could serve as a biomarker for predicting BC prognosis. The nomogram built by risk score and other clinical factors could be an effective tool for predicting the prognosis of patients with BC.
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Shen J, Lv X, Zhang L. GRHL2 Acts as an Anti-Oncogene in Bladder Cancer by Regulating ZEB1 in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) Process. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:2511-2522. [PMID: 32280236 PMCID: PMC7127877 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s239120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose GRHL2 played important roles in different cancers. In this study, we aimed to investigate the roles of GRHL2 in bladder cancer. Methods The immunohistochemistry assay was performed to detect the expression of GRHL2 in bladder cancer tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues and the expression levels of GRHL2 and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox (ZEB1) mRNA in tissues were determined by qRT-PCR. In addition, qRT-PCR and Western blotting were applied to detect the expression levels of GRHL2 and ZEB1 in bladder cancer cell lines (RT4, BIU-87, 5637, T24) and immortalized human bladder epithelial cell line (SV-HUC-1). The cell models with up-regulated and down-regulated expression of GRHL2 were constructed using bladder cancer cell lines T24 and 5637 to investigate the underlying roles of GRHL2 on the proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT process of bladder cancer cells. After that, cell proliferation was evaluated by CCK8 assay, cell cycle assay and colony formation assay. Transwell assay and wound healing assay were performed to determine the invasion and migration ability of the bladder cancer cells. The expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related proteins (E-cadherin, Vimentin, Slug and Snail) were assessed by Western blot analysis. Moreover, ZEB1 and GRHL2 were co-transfected into T24 and 5637 cells and their effects on EMT process and invasive capacity of cells were examined. Results The expression of GRHL2 was down-regulated in bladder cancer tissues and human bladder cancer cell lines compared with the normal bladder tissues and immortalized human bladder epithelial cell line. Besides, down-regulation of GRHL2 improved the proliferation ability of bladder cancer cells and promoted the EMT process through up-regulation of ZEB1. The overexpression of ZEB1 partially reversed the inhibitory effect of GRHL2 on EMT. Conclusion GRHL2 acts as an anti-oncogene to regulate bladder cancer cell proliferation and inhibit EMT by targeting ZEB1. This study may provide a theoretical basis for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Shen
- Department of Urology, Chengwu County People's Hospital, Shandong 274200, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianbao Lv
- Department of Urology, Chengwu County People's Hospital, Shandong 274200, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zoucheng People's Hospital, Shandong 273500, People's Republic of China
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Kotarba G, Taracha-Wisniewska A, Wilanowski T. Grainyhead-like transcription factors in cancer - Focus on recent developments. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:402-410. [PMID: 32008358 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220903009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of grainyhead-like transcription factors in cancer has been widely investigated by the scientific community. However, some of its aspects do not seem to be adequately appreciated, and these are the topic of our article. In addition to their well-documented role as tumor suppressors, in many cases the grainyhead-like proteins perform tumor-promoting functions, which make them potential drug targets. However, it is difficult to directly target transcription factors, which is why we recommend an alternative approach. The transcriptional transactivation activity of grainyhead-like transcription factors is regulated by phosphorylation, and protein kinases are much more feasible drug targets. Studying the phosphorylation of grainyhead-like proteins may thus allow to identify protein kinases regulating the activity of these factors, and design inhibitors of these kinases to indirectly regulate the activity of grainyhead-like transcription factors. There are many somatic mutations in the GRHL genes that occur during cancer development. These mutations are widely distributed across the GRHL loci, and these mutations are very rare. For this reason, they are unlikely to become targets of future therapies, nevertheless some of them may be driver mutations and studying them may provide important novel information about the regulation of functioning of the GRHL genes and proteins. Analogous information may be obtained by studying single nucleotide polymorphisms in GRHL genes that are associated with disease risk. Such polymorphisms may also prove useful in identifying individuals with an increased risk of a particular disease. Impact statement In the present article, we focus on relatively little appreciated aspects of involvement of the grainyhead-like (GRHL) transcription factors in cancer. These aspects are nevertheless very important for the functioning of GRHL proteins, as well as for cancer development. Some of the GRHL factors perform tumor-promoting functions in certain types of cancer, which makes them potential drug targets. Much information is available about somatic cancer mutations in the GRHL genes, yet there are very few analyses of these mutations in the scientific literature. The activity of GRHL transcription factors is controlled by phosphorylation, and we suggest that regulating their phosphorylation with specific protein kinases provides an alternative approach to modify the activity of GRHL proteins. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GRHL genes are associated with disease risk. Studying such SNPs may yield new information about the functioning of GRHL genes and proteins, and may also allow to identify people with an increased risk of a particular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kotarba
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-096, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Wilanowski
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-096, Poland
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Hu F, He Z, Sun C, Rong D. Knockdown of GRHL2 inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of colorectal cancer by suppressing the PI3K/Akt pathway. Gene 2019; 700:96-104. [PMID: 30917932 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) transcription factor is implicated in many types of cancers. However, the role of GRHL2 in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been fully understood. The present study aimed to evaluate the expression and functional roles of GRHL2 in CRC. The expression of GRHL2 in normal human intestinal epithelial cells and colorectal cancer cells was measured by qRT-PCR and western blot. For knockdown of GRHL2, two small interfere RNAs (siRNAs) targeting GRHL2 or control siRNA was transfected into CRC cell lines (HCT116 and HT29). For GRHL2 overexpression, the GRHL2-overexpressing vector or empty lentiviral vector was infected into HCT116 and HT29 cells. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis rate was analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Bax, and Bcl-2 was detected by western blot. We found that GRHL2 was upregulated in CRC cells compared to normal human intestinal epithelial cells. Knockdown of GRHL2 inactivated the PI3K/Akt pathway in HCT116 and HT29 cells. Knockdown of GRHL2 inhibited cell viability, elevated the apoptosis rates, suppressed the expression of PCNA and Bcl-2, and induced the expression of Bax in HCT116 and HT29 cells, and these effects were reversed by activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway blocked the effects of GRHL2 overexpression on cell proliferation and apoptosis. In conclusion, GRHL2 acted as an oncoprotein through regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis in CRC cells. The PI3K/Akt pathway was closely involved in the effects of GRHL2. Therefore, GRHL2 might be a therapeutic target for the CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China.
| | - Zhikuan He
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China
| | - Chaonan Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China
| | - Dan Rong
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China
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Kotarba G, Krzywinska E, Grabowska AI, Taracha A, Wilanowski T. TFCP2/TFCP2L1/UBP1 transcription factors in cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 420:72-79. [PMID: 29410248 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The TFCP2/Grainyhead family of transcription factors is divided into two distinct subfamilies, one of which includes the Grainyhead-like 1-3 (GRHL1-3) proteins and the other consists of TFCP2 (synonyms: CP2, LSF, LBP-1c), TFCP2L1 (synonyms: CRTR-1, LBP-9) and UBP1 (synonyms: LBP-1a, NF2d9). Transcription factors from the TFCP2/TFCP2L1/UBP1 subfamily are involved in various aspects of cancer development. TFCP2 is a pro-oncogenic factor in hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer and breast cancer, may be important in cervical carcinogenesis and in colorectal cancer. TFCP2 can also act as a tumor suppressor, for example, it inhibits melanoma growth. Furthermore, TFCP2 is involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and enhances angiogenesis. TFCP2L1 maintains pluripotency and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells and was implicated in a wide variety of cancers, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer and thyroid cancer. Here we present a systematic review of current knowledge of this protein subfamily in the context of cancer. We also discuss potential challenges in investigating this family of transcription factors. These challenges include redundancies between these factors as well as their interactions with each other and their ability to modulate each other's activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kotarba
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Krzywinska
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna I Grabowska
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Taracha
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Wilanowski
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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