1
|
Li Y, Fang Y, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Liu K, Jiang L, Yang B, Yang Y, Song Y, Liu C. Trace Metal Lead Exposure in Typical Lip Cosmetics From Electronic Commercial Platform: Investigation, Health Risk Assessment and Blood Lead Level Analysis. Front Public Health 2021; 9:766984. [PMID: 34869181 PMCID: PMC8637816 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.766984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) in lipstick products has become an increasing concern, which can cause safety problems to human body directly with diet. To investigate the Pb exposure and potential health risk level of typical popular lip cosmetics in Chinese e-commerce market, Python crawler was introduced to identify and select 34 typical popular lip cosmetics, including 12 lipsticks, 13 lip glosses, and 9 lip balms. And then this study used ICP-MS to determine the content of Pb. Furthermore, the ingestion health risk assessment method issued by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and Monte Carlo simulation algorithm were applied to assess the probabilistic health risks of adults exposure. Finally, taking the possible exposure of children contacting with lip products, the health risk assessment of children blood Pb was carried out. The results showed that the concentration of Pb in lip products ranged from 0 to 0.5237 mg/kg, which was far lower than the limit set by various countries. The probabilistic non-carcinogenic risks and carcinogenic risks were 4.93 ×10-7~2.82 ×10-3 and 1.68 ×10-12~9.59 ×10-9, respectively, which were in an acceptable level. The results of blood Pb assessment suggested that the Pb content of lip cosmetics had no obvious influence on blood Pb concentration of children, and background Pb exposure is the main factor affecting children's blood Pb level (BLL). Overall, the samples of lip products are selected by Python crawler in this study, which are more objective and representative. This study focuses on deeper study of Pb, especially for the health risk assessment of blood Pb in children exposed to lip products. These results perhaps could provide useful information for the safety cosmetics usage for people in China and even the global world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,School of Business Administration, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyan Fang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Zehua Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Yahan Zhang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Kangli Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Luping Jiang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,School of Business Administration, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Boyuan Yang
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongdie Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongwei Song
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China.,Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Lead is a health hazard for all humans. Especially children under the age of six are most at risk for lead poisoning. Lead toxicity causes hematological, gastrointestinal, and neurological dysfunction. Symptoms are usually noted with blood lead greater than 2 micromoles/L. Severe or prolonged exposure may also cause chronic nephropathy, hypertension, and reproductive impairment. Lead inhibits some enzymes, alters cellular calcium metabolism, stimulates synthesis of binding proteins in kidney, brain, and bone, and slows down nerve conduction. Acute lead poisoning is relatively infrequent and results from ingestion of acid soluble lead compounds or inhalation of lead vapors but chronic exposure to low levels of the metal is still a public health issue, especially among some minorities and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. Lead has been used since prehistoric times, and has become widely distributed and mobilized in the environment. Exposure to and uptake of this non-essential element have consequently increased. Both occupational and environmental exposures to lead remain a serious problem in many developing and industrializing countries and a public health problem of global dimensions.
Collapse
|
3
|
Parnia A, Chakravartty D, Wiseman CLS, Archbold J, Copes R, Zawar N, Chen SX, Cole DC. Environmental factors associated with blood lead among newcomer women from South and East Asia in the Greater Toronto Area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:558-566. [PMID: 29268227 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newcomers bring with them histories of environmental exposure in their home countries and may have different sources of lead (Pb) exposure compared to other residents of their adopted country. AIMS To describe past and current factors associated with Pb exposure and blood Pb among South and East Asian newcomer women of reproductive age in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), Ontario, Canada. METHODS In collaboration with public health units and community organizations a community-based research model was utilized by recruiting peer researchers to assist in all aspects of the study. Blood samples were taken and phone interviews were conducted. Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) cycles 1, 2, and 3 data was used to contextualize the distribution blood Pb levels. Multiple regression was applied to log-transformed blood lead measurements, using a hierarchical model building process. RESULTS In total, 211 participants were recruited from Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The distribution of the blood Pb varied by country of origin, and higher blood Pb values were found above 75th percentile compared to the CHMS. Distal factors significantly influencing blood Pb concentrations related to life history, such as duration of stay in Canada (RR=0.91; 95% CI 0.86-0.97), living near agricultural fields (RR=0.78; 95% CI 0.62-0.93), and country of origin. Proximal factors with significant contribution were use of cosmetics, traditional remedies, and smoking cigarettes. RECOMMENDATIONS Different past and current exposures may be important in various newcomer populations, informing international stakeholders, public health agencies, and primary care practitioners to adapt health education and exposure reduction programs to consider pre- and post-migration factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abtin Parnia
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Dolon Chakravartty
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Clare L S Wiseman
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Ray Copes
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - Noureen Zawar
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shirley X Chen
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Donald C Cole
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Veras MM, Caldini EG, Dolhnikoff M, Saldiva PHN. Air pollution and effects on reproductive-system functions globally with particular emphasis on the Brazilian population. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2010; 13:1-15. [PMID: 20336577 DOI: 10.1080/10937401003673800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous studies showed that exposure to environmental air pollutants affected reproductive functions and, in particular, produced adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes, fertility, and fetal health. Epidemiological studies demonstrated that exposure to ambient levels of air pollutants are associated with low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, prematurity, neonatal death, and decreased fertility in males. Experimental animal data supported these findings and indicated that female fertility was also disturbed. Although there are various mechanisms of action suggested to show the manner in which air pollutants alter pregnancy and the reproductive systems in both genders, further studies are needed to correlate causal relationships. This information would serve to better understand the underlying physiologic changes in the reproductive system induced by exposure to air pollutants and possibly establish a link between the dose and response of individual or mixture of air pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Matera Veras
- Laboratório de Poluição Atmosférica Experimental (LIM05), Departamento de Patologia Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Veras MM, Damaceno-Rodrigues NR, Guimarães Silva RM, Scoriza JN, Saldiva PHN, Caldini EG, Dolhnikoff M. Chronic exposure to fine particulate matter emitted by traffic affects reproductive and fetal outcomes in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 109:536-43. [PMID: 19394924 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is an important environmental health risk factor that can result in many different gestational and reproductive negative outcomes. In this study, we have investigated the effects of two different times of exposure (before conception and during pregnancy) to urban ambient particulate matter on reproductive and pregnancy outcomes in mice. Using exposure chambers receiving filtered (F) and non-filtered (NF) air, we observed that exposed females exhibited changes in the length of estrus cycle and extended estrus and, therefore, a reduction in the number of cycles during the studied period (F 2.6 +/- 0.22 and NF 1.2 +/- 0.29, p = 0.03). The mean number of antral follicles declined by 36% (p = 0.04) in NF mice (75 +/- 35.2) compared to F mice (118.6 +/- 18.4). Our results further indicate a significant increase in time necessary for mating and decreased fertility and pregnancy indices (p = 0.003) in NF couples. Mean post-implantation loss rates were increased by 70% (p < or = 0.005) in the NF2 group (exposed before and during pregnancy to NF air) compared to the F1 group (exposed before and during pregnancy to F air) and were influenced by both pre-gestational (p < 0.004) and gestational (p < 0.01) period exposure. Fetal weight was significantly higher in the F1 group when compared with the other groups (p < 0.001), at a 20% higher weight in the F1 group (0.86 +/- 0.18 g) than in the NF2 group (0.68 +/- 0.10 g). Furthermore, fetal weight was influenced by both pre-gestational and gestational period exposure, and a significant interaction between these two factors was found (p < 0.001). This study demonstrated that exposure to ambient levels of urban traffic-generated particulate matter negatively affects different functions and stages of the reproductive process. Our results also reinforce the idea that maternal exposure to air pollution is linked to negative pregnancy outcomes, even if the exposure occurs only before conception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Matera Veras
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution (LIM05), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455, sala 1155, Cerqueira Cesar, Zip Code 01246-903, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Makri A, Goveia M, Balbus J, Parkin R. Children's susceptibility to chemicals: a review by developmental stage. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2004; 7:417-35. [PMID: 15586877 DOI: 10.1080/10937400490512465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about adequate protection of children's health from chemicals in the environment have created a need for research to identify how children's risks differ from adults'. A systematic review of factors that affect child sensitivity throughout development may be useful for research and practice in this area. We summarized available literature and other peer-reviewed information on factors that affect pharmacokinetics and exposure in an age-based developmental framework. Biological processes related to chemical absorption (gastrointestinal, dermal, and pulmonary), distribution, metabolism, and excretion were considered, along with reference to behaviors and other factors associated with child-specific exposures. The available information was summarized in a timeline of maturation for biological processes. It indicates variability in the duration and timing of maturation for each biological function. Possible implications for understanding pediatric sensitivity to environmental chemicals are discussed in light of factors affecting exposure through development. Themes that emerge from the evidence are presented as hypothesis-generating conclusions. This approach may be useful for evaluating developmental trends of susceptibility, and for identifying time periods and/or chemical classes of particular concern and thus important to consider in risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Makri
- George Washington University, Center for Risk Science and Public Health, 2100 M Street, NW, Suite 203, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Horowitz BZ, Mirkin DB. Lead poisoning and chelation in a mother-neonate pair. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 2002; 39:727-31. [PMID: 11778671 DOI: 10.1081/clt-100108514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a pregnant woman with chronic lead toxicity and a blood lead of 57 microg/dL (2.7 micromol/L) who gave birth to a healthy-appearing neonate with a cord blood lead of 126 microg/dL (6.08 micromol/L). The mother was prescribed a single course of oral succimer late in the third trimester of pregnancy, without any appreciable change in her blood lead. The neonate was initially treated with intramuscular dimercaprol and intravenous edetate calcium disodium. After 3 days, the neonate was then switched to oral 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid because the blood lead had declined. The child received two 19-day courses of 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and had a blood lead level of 21.5 microg/dL (1.04 micromol/L) at 5 months of age. Despite extensive investigation, the precise source of the mother's lead toxicity remained undetermined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Z Horowitz
- Oregon Poison Center, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fletcher AM, Gelberg KH, Marshall EG. Reasons for testing and exposure sources among women of childbearing age with moderate blood lead levels. J Community Health 1999; 24:215-27. [PMID: 10399653 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018713515412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the circumstances under which women receive blood lead tests in New York State and to characterize the sources of lead exposure among women of childbearing age with moderate blood lead levels. Telephone interviews were conducted with 135 women between the ages of 18 and 45, with blood lead levels from 10 through 25 micrograms/dl, were used to collect information on the reason for their blood lead test and possible sources of lead exposure. It was found that the two most common reasons to be tested for blood lead were workplace screening (47%) and pregnancy (27%). Occupational exposure was the primary source of lead exposure in this population (46%). Another common source of lead exposure was home renovation (24%). A significant proportion (31%) of women with blood lead levels from 10 through 25 micrograms/dl had no known current source of lead exposure. Based on New York's sample, there are a significant number of women of reproductive age with potentially fetotoxic blood lead levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Fletcher
- New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Occupational Health, Albany 12203, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
McGowan JA. Bone: Target and Source of Environmental Pollutant Exposure. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996; 114:220-3. [PMID: 8637737 DOI: 10.1016/s0194-59989670170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The skeleton can play a unique role in modulating and responding to environmental air pollutants. Bone and its metabolic activities may be immediate targets for particular agents, leading to skeletal disease. However, bone is also an important storage site in the body. Chemical pollutants may be actively absorbed into bone mineral and released later during the normal process of bone remodeling. Critical periods when bone remodeling is enhanced, such as pregnancy, lactation, menopause, immobilization, and exposure to microgravity, may be important to recognize because of the potential for enhanced release of previously stored chemical agents. Lead has been identified as a “criteria air pollutant” by the 1970 Clean Air Act because of its ubiquity in the environment and its effect on a multiplicity of health outcomes. It is used in this article as an example of a substance that can have both a direct effect on bone and a latent effect on other organ systems through release from bone long after the initial exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A McGowan
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-6500, USA
| |
Collapse
|