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Van Saun RJ. Trace Mineral Metabolism: The Maternal-Fetal Bond. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2023; 39:399-412. [PMID: 37442677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace minerals are essential nutrients that have many biologic functions, many of which are related to metabolic activities, immune function, and antioxidant capacity. The pregnant dam provides essential nutrients to support fetal development, including trace minerals. Milk is known to be an insufficient source of many trace minerals during the early nursing neonatal period. The fetal liver is capable of concentrating minerals to generate a reserve for use during postnatal life; however, the sufficiency of this reserve is dependent upon maternal mineral status. Appropriate mineral supplementation in the gestational diet is critical to supporting fetal development, maintaining adequate antioxidant capacity to survive the birthing process, and sustain immune function and growth of the newborn animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Van Saun
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 108C Animal, Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802-3500, USA.
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Counotte G, Holzhauer M, Carp-van Dijken S, Muskens J, Van der Merwe D. Levels of trace elements and potential toxic elements in bovine livers: A trend analysis from 2007 to 2018. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214584. [PMID: 30964882 PMCID: PMC6456170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace elements and potential toxic elements were analyzed in bovine livers submitted for autopsy in the Netherlands during the years 2007 to 2018. The age of each animal was recorded. In total, 1544 livers were analyzed for cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, molybdenum, nickel, lead, selenium and zinc. Less than 2% of the liver samples were from veal calves. Young animals had significantly higher concentrations of iron and zinc in their livers compared to animals older than one year, while older animals had significantly higher levels of cadmium and molybdenum in their livers. Animals aged 1 to 2 years had the lowest copper and selenium levels. There was a tendency for lower chromium and nickel levels during the last years of the testing period, while copper showed an increase. Lead intoxication was only seen in the youngest group of cattle, while copper intoxication, defined as a liver copper of more than 1000 mg/kg dry matter, occurred in older animals, mainly in animals of 3 to 4 years old. This trend analysis of trace elements in bovine livers of cattle over time in recent years, and the relation of liver element concentrations with age of the animal, provides insight in the uptake and storage of these elements by cattle in The Netherlands. Possible reasons for observed trends and age-related patterns are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jan Muskens
- Animal Health Services, AA Deventer, The Netherlands
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Palomares RA, Hurley DJ, Bittar JHJ, Saliki JT, Woolums AR, Moliere F, Havenga LJ, Norton NA, Clifton SJ, Sigmund AB, Barber CE, Berger ML, Clark MJ, Fratto MA. Effects of injectable trace minerals on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to Bovine viral diarrhea virus, Bovine herpes virus 1 and Bovine respiratory syncytial virus following administration of a modified-live virus vaccine in dairy calves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 178:88-98. [PMID: 27496747 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effect of an injectable trace mineral (ITM) supplement containing zinc, manganese, selenium, and copper on the humoral and cell mediated immune (CMI) responses to vaccine antigens in dairy calves receiving a modified-live viral (MLV) vaccine containing BVDV, BHV1, PI3V and BRSV. A total of 30 dairy calves (3.5 months of age) were administered a priming dose of the MLV vaccine containing BHV1, BVDV1 & 2, BRSV, PI3V, and an attenuated-live Mannheimia-Pasteurella bacterin subcutaneously (SQ). Calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: (1) administration of ITM SQ (ITM, n=15) or (2) injection of sterile saline SQ (Control; n=15). Three weeks later, calves received a booster of the same vaccine combination SQ, and a second administration of ITM, or sterile saline, according to the treatment group. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, and 90 post-vaccination for determination of antibody titer, viral recall antigen-induced IFN-γ production, and viral antigen-induced proliferation by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Administration of ITM concurrently with MLV vaccination resulted in higher antibody titers to BVDV1 on day 28 after priming vaccination compared to the control group (P=0.03). Calves treated with ITM showed an earlier enhancement in PBMC proliferation to BVDV1 following vaccination compared to the control group. Proliferation of PBMC after BVDV stimulation tended to be higher on day 14 after priming vaccination in calves treated with ITM than in the control group (P=0.08). Calves that received ITM showed higher PBMC proliferation to BRSV stimulation on day 7 after priming vaccination compared to the control group (P=0.01). Moreover, calves in the ITM group also had an enhanced production IFN-γ by PBMC after stimulation with BRSV on day 21 after priming vaccination compared to day 0 (P<0.01). In conclusion, administration of ITM concurrently with MLV vaccination in dairy calves resulted in increased antibody titer to BVDV1, and greater PBMC proliferation to BVDV1 and BRSV recall stimulation compared to the control group, suggesting that ITM might represent a promising tool to enhance the humoral and CMI responses to MLV vaccines in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Palomares
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States; Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602 United States.
| | - D J Hurley
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States; Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602 United States
| | - J H J Bittar
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States
| | - J T Saliki
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2771, United States
| | - A R Woolums
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - F Moliere
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States
| | - L J Havenga
- Multimin USA, Inc. Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - N A Norton
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602 United States
| | - S J Clifton
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States
| | - A B Sigmund
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States
| | - C E Barber
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States
| | - M L Berger
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States
| | - M J Clark
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States
| | - M A Fratto
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States
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Dias RS, Montanholi YR, Lopez S, Smith B, Miller SP, France J. Utilization of macrominerals and trace elements in pregnant heifers with distinct feed efficiencies. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5413-5421. [PMID: 27108170 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate utilization of dietary minerals and trace elements in pregnant heifers with distinct residual feed intakes (RFI). Feed intake, body weight (BW), and body composition traits were recorded in 36 crossbred heifers over a period of 37 wk, starting shortly after weaning at 8.3 (0.10; standard deviation) mo of age with an average BW of 276 (7.8) kg. Both BW and body composition were monitored regularly throughout the study, whereas individual feed intake was assessed during the last 84 d of the trial. Data recorded were used to calculate RFI for each heifer. Heifers were ranked based on RFI and assigned to high (n=14) or low (n=10) RFI groups. After the RFI study, 24 selected heifers [age 18.2 (0.14) mo; 87.5 (4.74) d in gestation; 497 (8.5) kg of BW] were used in an indirect digestibility trial (lignin as internal marker). Heifers were fed a ration containing corn silage, haylage, and a mineral premix in which Ca, P, K, Na, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn, and Co were provided in the diet according to National Research Council requirements of pregnant replacement heifers. The digestibility trial lasted 1 wk, during which samples of feces were gathered twice daily, and blood and liver biopsy samples were collected on the last day. We noted no significant differences between low- and high-RFI heifers in dry matter digestibility. Apparent absorption of Cu, Zn, and Mn was increased in heifers with low RFI, and apparent absorption of Co tended to be greater for these animals. Concentrations of macrominerals and trace elements in serum of pregnant heifers were similar for both groups except for Se, which was increased in the serum of low-RFI heifers. Liver concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, and Zn did not differ between low- and high-RFI heifers. In conclusion, whereas improved absorption of some trace elements (Cu, Zn, Mn, and Co) and increased Se serum concentration appear to be associated with superior feed efficiency in pregnant heifers, further studies are needed to investigate the causality of such relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Dias
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Y R Montanholi
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, ON, Canada; Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Dalhousie University, Truro B2N 5E3, NS, Canada
| | - S Lopez
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (IGM) CSIC-Universidad de León, Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, E-24071 León, Spain.
| | - B Smith
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, ON, Canada; Monsanto, Headingley, R3T 6E3, MB, Canada
| | - S P Miller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, ON, Canada; Invermay Agricultural Centre, AgResearch Limited, Mosgiel, 9053 New Zealand
| | - J France
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
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Dittmer KE, Thompson KG, Hassell C. Chondrodysplasia associated with summer drought in calves. N Z Vet J 2014; 63:174-6. [PMID: 25322677 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2014.976852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K E Dittmer
- a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University , Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442 , New Zealand
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Waldner CL, Blakley B. Evaluating micronutrient concentrations in liver samples from abortions, stillbirths, and neonatal and postnatal losses in beef calves. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:376-389. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638714526597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of the current study was to describe micronutrient concentrations in livers collected during postmortem examination from 501 beef calves and fetuses in western Canada. The most frequently identified deficiencies based on reported ranges for aborted fetuses were magnesium, copper, and vitamin E. For stillborn, neonatal, and postnatal calves, the most common deficiencies were magnesium, vitamin A, and vitamin E. However, for calves that died after 3 days of age, selenium deficiency was also very likely. Concentrations of all micronutrients examined in the study except zinc ( P = 0.85) were different among fetuses, stillbirths, and neonatal and postnatal losses. This included liver selenium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, iron, magnesium, vitamin A, and vitamin E ( P < 0.01). The percentiles of micronutrient concentrations for each age group, empirical prediction intervals for individual calves, and model predicted confidence intervals to compare with average concentrations from groups of calves were summarized for each age group. Information on cow, calf, and herd management attributes were available for 221 samples from 106 herds collected as part of study 1. Cow age, supplementation history, water quality, and herd location were associated with the concentration of iron, zinc, and molybdenum. The current study is unique in the number of samples included from young calves that were submitted as part of routine surveillance and not based on suspicion of either deficiency or toxicity. Most previous studies have been focused on older animals or fetuses and have contained a mix of beef and dairy animals with little or no information on their supplementation history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L. Waldner
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Waldner), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (Blakley), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Barry Blakley
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Waldner), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (Blakley), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Glover AD, Puschner B, Rossow HA, Lehenbauer TW, Champagne JD, Blanchard PC, Aly SS. A double-blind block randomized clinical trial on the effect of zinc as a treatment for diarrhea in neonatal Holstein calves under natural challenge conditions. Prev Vet Med 2013; 112:338-47. [PMID: 24074841 PMCID: PMC7114245 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhea is the leading cause of death in neonatal calves and contributes to major economic losses. The objective of this double-blind randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of oral inorganic or organic zinc supplementation as a treatment for neonatal diarrhea in calves. Seventy nine 1 to 8 day old male Holstein calves on a California calf ranch were block randomized to one of 3 treatments within 24h from their first onset of diarrhea. Calves received a daily dose of either a placebo composed of 80 mg of zinc-free powder, 381.54 mg of zinc methionine (Met) (equivalent to 80 mg of zinc), or 99.69 mg of zinc oxide (ZO) (equivalent to 80 mg of zinc) in 2L of a zinc-free oral rehydration solution (ORS). Calves were treated once daily until normal fecal consistency or for a maximum of 14 days. Upon enrollment and exit, calves were weighed, and blood, feces, and liver biopsies were collected for trace mineral analysis. Fecal samples at enrollment and exit were tested for E. coli K99, Cryptosporidium spp., rotavirus and coronavirus. Pre-treatment liver zinc concentrations for the 71 calves in the placebo, zinc Met, and ZO treatment groups were 710.6 (SEM=147.7), 852.3 (SEM=129.6), and 750.7 (SEM=202.9)mg/kg dry weight (DW), respectively. Exit liver zinc concentrations for the calves in the placebo, zinc Met, and ZO treatment groups were 728.9 (SEM=182.9), 1141.0 (SEM=423.8), and 636.8 (SEM=81.5)mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Although statistically non-significant, there were clinically important findings identified for each of zinc Met and ZO treatments. Calves treated with zinc Met gained on average 40 g/day during a diarrhea episode compared to a weight loss of 67 g/day on average in the placebo-treated calves (Power 19.9%). Calves treated with ZO had 1.4 times higher hazard of clinical cure compared to calves in the placebo group (Power 5.3%). Calves that were fecal positive to cryptosporidium spp. at enrollment and treated with zinc Met had higher odds of testing negative at exit compared to placebo calves (Odds Ratio (OR)=16.0). In contrast, calves treated with ZO tended to recover (fecal score=1) one day earlier compared to calves treated with a placebo (8.5 d vs. 9.7 d). The current trial identified clinically important findings that warrant further research to investigate zinc's therapeutic effect for calf diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Glover
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274, United States
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Florek M, Litwińczuk Z, Skałecki P, Kędzierska-Matysek M, Grodzicki T. Chemical composition and inherent properties of offal from calves maintained under two production systems. Meat Sci 2011; 90:402-9. [PMID: 21906888 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the influence of organ and calf type on the chemical composition, mineral concentration, fatty acid profile and inherent properties in offal. Organ type influenced (p<0.01) all evaluated characteristics, whereas calf type to a lesser extent affected mineral content. The highest contents of K, Zn and Fe were found in liver. The heart of veal calves contained the highest contents of Mg and Mn. In addition, the most favorable fatty acid profile was also found in hearts, by reason of the lowest SFA and highest PUFA percentage and h/H ratio. Significantly higher values of PUFA percentage, PUFA/SFA ratio, and content of CLA were found in organs of suckler beef, which is associated with the beneficial effects of grazing on the fatty acid profile. Results could help to increase the consumption of calves' offal and its utilization in meat processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Florek
- Department of Commodity Science and Animal Raw Materials Processing, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
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Blanco-Penedo I, López-Alonso M, Miranda M, Hernández J, Prieto F, Shore R. Non-essential and essential trace element concentrations in meat from cattle reared under organic, intensive or conventional production systems. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:36-42. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030903161598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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