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Gelendi S, Taylor S, D'Aout C, Pitchford C, Coldrick O, Sanchez-Jimenez C, O'Halloran C. Mycobacterium avium infection associated with sterile polyarthritis in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 63:154-158. [PMID: 34468983 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A 1-year-old male neutered Portuguese Podengo dog was presented for lameness, inappetence, pyrexia, diarrhoea and abdominal moderate to severe lymphadenomegaly. Cytology of synovial fluid revealed neutrophilic inflammation in multiple joints suggestive of immune-mediated polyarthritis. Cytology of fine-needle-aspiration material obtained from lymph nodes revealed macrophages with intracytoplasmic, rod-like Ziehl-Neelsen positive staining structures, indicative of mycobacteria. Four-month treatment with enrofloxacin, rifampicin and clarithromycin resulted in clinical improvement and resolution of polyarthritis as evidenced on repeat synoviocentesis, but diarrhoea recurred, Ziehl-Neelsen positive organisms were again found on lymph node cytology and analysis of the 16S rRNA-gene using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool facility resulted in a match to Mycobacterium avium with 100% sequence identity. Treatment was adjusted to include pradofloxacin, doxycycline, rifampicin and ethambutol and 3 months later the dog is clinically normal. Based on the literature search, this is the first time canine Mycobacterium avium infection associated with immune-mediated polyarthritis is reported. Based on scoping searches, this is the first report of canine Mycobacterium avium infection associated with immune-mediated polyarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gelendi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists, Alton, Hampshire, GU34 3HL, UK
| | - S Taylor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists, Alton, Hampshire, GU34 3HL, UK
| | - C D'Aout
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists, Alton, Hampshire, GU34 3HL, UK
| | - C Pitchford
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Synlab VPG, Exeter, Devon, EX5 2FN, UK
| | - O Coldrick
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Synlab VPG, Exeter, Devon, EX5 2FN, UK
| | - C Sanchez-Jimenez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists, Alton, Hampshire, GU34 3HL, UK
| | - C O'Halloran
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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2
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Ghielmetti G, Giger U. Mycobacterium avium: an Emerging Pathogen for Dog Breeds with Hereditary Immunodeficiencies. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 7:67-80. [PMID: 33842195 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-020-00145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Among the nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the leading cause of pulmonary disease in humans. Innate and acquired immunodeficiencies have been associated with an increased host susceptibility to NTM infections. The underlying mechanisms predisposing humans and dogs to MAC infections is being elucidated. Recent Findings Although MAC infection is infrequently diagnosed in dogs, a strong breed predisposition particularly for Miniature Schnauzer and Basset Hound dogs is evident. A recessively inherited defect of the adaptor protein CARD9 has recently been documented to be responsible for the increased susceptibility to MAC in the Miniature Schnauzer breed. Summary Given the zoonotic potential of a MAC infected dog particularly to immunocompromised human patients, diseased dogs pose a public health risk. While not a reportable disease, treatment of systemic mycobacteriosis is generally not effective and discouraged in dogs. The collaborative efforts by microbiologists, veterinary clinicians, dog breeders, primary care physicians, and infectious disease specialists applying the One Health approach is therefore crucial for the best management and prevention of MAC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ghielmetti
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Giger
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Sharp E, Taylor S, O'Halloran C. Unusual presentation of canine Mycobacterium avium infection. Vet Rec 2019; 184:800. [PMID: 31164481 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This short communication describes the clinical and morphological findings, diagnosis and treatment of a case of Mycobacterium avium infection in a golden retriever that presented with a progressive nasal swelling and lymphadenopathy. Although well documented in cats, where cutaneous lesions are frequently recognised, canine M avium infection is less commonly reported, and cutaneous lesions are rare. To the authors' knowledge this is the first documented case of canine M avium infection that presented with a cutaneous lesion but no systemic clinical signs. It occurred in a dog with no previously reported breed predisposition and highlights that in cases of cutaneous histiocytic infiltrate in dogs mycobacterial infection should remain a differential diagnosis, even in the absence of suggestive organisms on histopathological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sharp
- Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists, Alton, UK
| | | | - Conor O'Halloran
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, UK.,Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
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Ferri F, Zini E, Auriemma E, Castagnaro M, Coppola LM, Peano A, Martella V, Decaro N, Kuhnert P, Ferro S. Splenitis in 33 Dogs. Vet Pathol 2016; 54:147-154. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985816653989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Splenitis is uncommonly reported in dogs. Herein, the authors describe its prevalence, clinical findings and outcomes, histologic patterns, and causes. Splenic samples of dogs diagnosed with splenitis between 2005 and 2013 were collected and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Gram, green-Gram, Giemsa, periodic acid–Schiff, and Ziehl-Neelsen. Samples were processed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect bacteria, fungi, and protozoa ( Leishmania infantum, Hepatozoon canis). Thirty-three of 660 splenic samples (5%) had splenitis. Clinical findings and outcomes were available in 19 dogs (58%); 49% had weakness, 33% had fever, and 84% survived. The most frequent inflammatory patterns included purulent splenitis (27%), pyogranulomatous splenitis (24%), and neutrophilic perisplenitis (15%). One dog had a putative diagnosis of primary splenitis; in 8 dogs, microorganisms were identified histologically or by PCR in the spleen without obvious comorbidities. Twenty-four dogs (73%) had concurrent diseases; a permissive role in the development of splenitis was suspected in 21 of these cases. Histologic examination identified the cause of splenitis in 10 dogs. Bacteria were identified by PCR in 23 cases, but the bacteria were confirmed histologically in only 6 of these. Leishmania was detected with PCR in 6 dogs. Leishmania was identified in 1 dog and H. canis in another histologically, but both were PCR negative. Fungi were identified in 8 spleens by PCR and in 1 by histology. This study suggests that splenitis is uncommon in dogs and is frequently associated with systemic diseases. Prognosis is favorable in most cases. Identification of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa in the spleens of affected dogs with PCR should be interpreted cautiously, because the findings are not confirmed histologically in many cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Ferri
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Italy
| | - E. Zini
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Italy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E. Auriemma
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Italy
| | - M. Castagnaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Sciences, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - L. M. Coppola
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - A. Peano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - V. Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - N. Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - P. Kuhnert
- Institute Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S. Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Sciences, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
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Armas F, Furlanello T, Camperio C, Trotta M, Novari G, Marianelli C. Molecular characterization and drug susceptibility profile of a Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium isolate from a dog with disseminated infection. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:278-285. [PMID: 26758809 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) infections have been described in many mammalian species, including humans and pets. We isolated and molecularly typed the causative agent of a rare case of disseminated mycobacteriosis in a dog. We identified the pathogen as M. avium subspecies avium by sequencing the partial genes gyrB and rpsA. Considering the zoonotic potential of this infection, and in an attempt to ensure the most effective treatment for the animal, we also determined the drug susceptibility profile of the isolate to the most common drugs used to treat MAC disease in humans. The pathogen was tested in vitro against the macrolide clarithromycin, as well as against amikacin, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, ethambutol and linezolid, by the resazurin microdilution assay. It was found to be sensitive to all tested drugs apart from ethambutol. Despite the fact that the pathogen was sensitive to the therapies administered, the dog's overall clinical status worsened and the animal died shortly after antimicrobial susceptibility results became available. Nucleotide sequencing of the embB gene, the target gene most commonly associated with ethambutol resistance, showed new missense mutations when compared to sequences available in public databases. In conclusion, we molecularly identified the MAC pathogen and determined its drug susceptibility profile in a relatively short period of time (7 days). We also characterized new genetic mutations likely to have been involved in the observed ethambutol resistance. Our results confirmed the usefulness of both the gyrB and the rpsA genes as biomarkers for an accurate identification and differentiation of MAC pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Armas
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Camperio
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Cinzia Marianelli
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Hobi S, Bettenay S, Majzoub M, Mueller R, Moser I. Mycobacterium avium
subspecies
hominissuis
infection in a dog from Germany with multifocal alopecia, exfoliative dermatitis, hypercalcaemia and subsequent sebaceous atrophy. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2014-000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hobi
- Small Animal Medicine ClinicCentre for Clinical Veterinary MedicineLudwig Maximilian UniversityMunichGermany
| | | | - Monir Majzoub
- Institute for Veterinary PathologyLudwig Maximilian UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Ralf Mueller
- Small Animal Medicine ClinicCentre for Clinical Veterinary MedicineLudwig Maximilian UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Irmgard Moser
- Friedrich‐Loeffler InstituteFederal Research Institute for Animal HealthInstitute of Molecular PathogenesisJenaGermany
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Engelmann N, Ondreka N, Michalik J, Neiger R. Intra-abdominal Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a dog. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:934-8. [PMID: 24689658 PMCID: PMC4895463 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N Engelmann
- Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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8
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Gonçalves S, Garcia K, Amaral PS, D'Elia K, Magalhães A, Rocha V. Infecção sistêmica por Mycobacterium avium em cão: relato de caso. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352013000400025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infecções sistêmicas causadas pelo complexo Mycobacterium avium em cães são consideradas raras. Em cães e gatos, a infecção resulta da ingestão de carne ou do contato com solo ou fômites contaminados. As manifestações clínicas de cães infectados por M. avium tendem a ser vagas ou ausentes, logo o diagnóstico in vivo torna-se difícil. A suspeita de infecção sistêmica por micobacteriose ocorreu, neste relato, após a identificação de bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes na amostra de medula óssea, os quais foram identificados como Mycobacterium avium pelo método molecular de reação em cadeia da polimerase com análise de restrição (PCR-PRA). Este animal apresentava uma aplasia de medula óssea em decorrência de Erhlichia canis, corroborando a maioria dos relatos na literatura em que se associa essa infecção a pacientes imunossuprimidos.
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Campora L, Corazza M, Zullino C, Ebani VV, Abramo F. Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis disseminated infection in a Basset Hound dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 23:1083-7. [PMID: 21908381 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711418616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current report, a case in Italy of disseminated Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis infection in a dog from an American lineage of Basset Hounds is described. A 2-year-old intact female Basset Hound presented with persistent lymphadenopathy, lameness, and a history characterized by coccidiosis, bacterial gastroenteritis, and alopecia. Lymphadenitis, with macrophages containing a few intracytoplasmic, negative staining, Ziehl-Neelsen-positive bacilli, was detected by a popliteal fine-needle aspirate leading to the diagnosis of mycobacteriosis. Ultrasound and X-ray examinations revealed visceral and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Because of the extent of the disease, the dog was humanely euthanized. Significant gross abnormalities, such as enlargement of the cranial mediastinal lymph nodes with encapsulated areas of caseous necrosis and generalized lymphadenopathy, were observed at necropsy. Granulomatous lesions were histopathologically detected in the liver and spleen. Ziehl-Neelsen-positive bacilli were observed in all examined lymph node, liver, spleen, lung, and bone marrow smears. Lymph nodes and liver were collected in order to pursue speciation by bacterial culture and molecular biology; multiplex polymerase chain reaction results classified the pathogen as M. avium subsp. hominissuis. Although an immune system deficiency was not investigated, anamnesis suggests that the dog was immunocompromised. Furthermore, the dog came from an American stock of Basset Hound, and for some of this breed, a predisposition to this infection has been hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Campora
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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10
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Efficient differentiation of Mycobacterium avium complex species and subspecies by use of five-target multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:4057-62. [PMID: 20810779 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00904-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) are on the rise in both human and veterinary medicine. A means of effectively discriminating among closely related yet pathogenetically diverse members of the MAC would enable better diagnosis and treatment as well as further our understanding of the epidemiology of these pathogens. In this study, a five-target multiplex PCR designed to discriminate MAC organisms isolated from liquid culture media was developed. This MAC multiplex was designed to amplify a 16S rRNA gene target common to all Mycobacterium species, a chromosomal target called DT1 that is unique to M. avium subsp. avium serotypes 2 and 3, to M. avium subsp. silvaticum, and to M. intracellulare, and three insertion sequences, IS900, IS901, and IS1311. The pattern of amplification results allowed determination of whether isolates were mycobacteria, whether they were members of the MAC, and whether they belonged to one of three major MAC subspecies, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, M. avium subsp. avium, and M. avium subsp. hominissuis. Analytical sensitivity was 10 fg of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis genomic DNA, 5 to 10 fg of M. avium subsp. avium genomic DNA, and 2 to 5 fg of DNA from other mycobacterial species. Identification accuracy of the MAC multiplex was evaluated by testing 53 bacterial reference strains consisting of 28 different mycobacterial species and 12 nonmycobacterial species. Identification accuracy in a clinical setting was evaluated for 223 clinical MAC isolates independently identified by other methods. Isolate identification agreement between the MAC multiplex and these comparison assays was 100%. The novel MAC multiplex is a rapid, reliable, and simple assay for discrimination of MAC species and subspecies in liquid culture media.
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Abstract
This article serves to review the various infectious diseases that affect the liver primarily or as a part of systemic infection. Although bacterial infections are probably the most common cause of infectious hepatitis, the clinician should be aware of other potential organisms and other commonly involved systems. Therefore, this article includes a description of common bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal, parasitic, and rickettsial diseases in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Kearns
- Angell Animal Medical Center-Boston, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Lelong-Rebel IH, Piemont Y, Fabre M, Rebel G. Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare contamination of mammalian cell cultures. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2008; 45:75-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-008-9143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Haist V, Seehusen F, Moser I, Hotzel H, Deschl U, Baumgärtner W, Wohlsein P. Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis infection in 2 pet dogs, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:988-90. [PMID: 18507926 PMCID: PMC2600286 DOI: 10.3201/eid1406.071463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Haist
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Irmgard Moser
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Helmut Hotzel
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | | | - Peter Wohlsein
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
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