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Sousa TM, Toma HS, de Pádua Lima A, Lacreta Junior ACC, Nunes MM, da Silva APC, Wouters D, Albuquerque AS, Varaschin MS, Raymundo DL, Monteiro Toma CD, Batista FA. Pathological fracture induced by Halicephalobus gingivalis (Nematoda: Rhabditida) in a horse limb. PARASITES, HOSTS AND DISEASES 2024; 62:131-138. [PMID: 38443776 PMCID: PMC10915270 DOI: 10.3347/phd.23066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Halicephalobus gingivalis is a free-living nematode that occasionally causes infections in horses. We report a rare case of limb fracture of horse caused by infection with H. gingivalis. An 8-year-old mare was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Lavras with claudication grade 5 of the right hind limb, that had been started 3 months ago. The patient had aseptic arthritis in the tarsal joint and edema that extended to the quartile. The radiographic examination showed punctate osteolysis with exacerbation of bone trabeculation along the calcaneus, talus, proximal epiphysis of the third metatarsal and distal epiphysis of the tibia. Treatment for arthritis was initiated, and the animal showed a slight improvement in limb function. However, 21 days after hospitalization, due to a comminuted fracture of the tibia, it was euthanized. At necropsy, yellowish masses were found from the metatarsal to the tibia, and around the tarsal bones and joint. Similar masses were also found in the left kidney. Numerous nematodes compatible with H. gingivalis were identified. This is the first description of a pathological fracture caused by H. gingivalis infection in an equine limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ticiana Meireles Sousa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais State 37203-202,
Brazil
| | - Hugo Shisei Toma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais State 37203-202,
Brazil
| | - Antonio de Pádua Lima
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais State 37203-202,
Brazil
| | | | - Maira Meira Nunes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais State 37203-202,
Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Cassiano da Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais State 37203-202,
Brazil
| | - Daniel Wouters
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais State 37203-202,
Brazil
| | - Adriana Silva Albuquerque
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais State 37203-202,
Brazil
| | - Mary Suzan Varaschin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais State 37203-202,
Brazil
| | - Djeison Lutier Raymundo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais State 37203-202,
Brazil
| | - Claudia Dias Monteiro Toma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais State 37203-593,
Brazil
| | - Fernando Arévalo Batista
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul State 79070-900,
Brazil
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Olofsson KM, van de Velde N, Peletto S, Iulini B, Pratley L, Modabberzadeh B, Małek E, Grandi G. First Swedish case of fatal equine parasitic encephalitis by Halicephalobus gingivalis. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:56. [PMID: 38102633 PMCID: PMC10722705 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Halicephalobus gingivalis is a nematode with zoonotic potential which can cause fatal opportunistic infections in various mammals. The parasite has never been diagnosed in Sweden, in any species, prior to the presented case. CASE PRESENTATION An imported 21-year-old Icelandic mare developed severe neurological signs. The horse was eventually euthanized and submitted for post-mortem examination where severe lesions in the kidneys were noted. Histopathology revealed the presence of H. gingivalis in both kidneys and the brain. Phylogenetic analysis of the parasite determined it to belong to Lineage 1. CONCLUSIONS With the occurrence of H. gingivalis in Sweden, the disease should be added to the list of differential diagnoses in cases with acute onset of neurological disease in both horses and other mammals including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Maria Olofsson
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Norbert van de Velde
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Simone Peletto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Iulini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Pratley
- Evidensia Specialisthästsjukhuset Helsingborg, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | | | - Emilian Małek
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giulio Grandi
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
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3
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Madrigal RG, Friedemann MC, Vallone JM, Ruoff CM, Vallone LV, Laughrey T, Rech RR, Coleman MC. Ossifying fibroma as a cause of blindness in a 5‐year‐old Quarter Horse gelding. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. G. Madrigal
- Department of Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station Texas USA
| | - M. C. Friedemann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station TexasUSA
| | - J. M. Vallone
- Department of Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station Texas USA
| | - C. M. Ruoff
- Department of Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station Texas USA
| | - L. V. Vallone
- Department of Veterinary Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College StationTexas USA
| | | | - R. R. Rech
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station TexasUSA
| | - M. C. Coleman
- Department of Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station Texas USA
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4
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Noiva R, Ruivo P, de Carvalho LM, Fonseca C, Fevereiro M, Carvalho P, Orge L, Monteiro M, Peleteiro MC. First description of a fatal equine infection with Halicephalobus gingivalis in Portugal. Relevance for public health. Vet Med Sci 2019; 5:222-229. [PMID: 30672155 PMCID: PMC6498521 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Halicephalobus gingivalis is a small saprophytic rhabditid nematode, represented only by females with a typical rhabditoid oesophagus and one egg in the uterus, capable of infecting vertebrates. This opportunistic parasite present in the soil, manure and decaying humus, is thought to penetrate through previous injuries to the mouth, eyes and skin of horses and migrate to various organs. The brain is one such organ, where the females lay their eggs, leading to malacia and causing a sudden onset of neurological signs, such as anorexia, ataxia, urinary incontinence, blindness, decreased menace and tonal reflexes, tremors and aggressiveness. The disease is invariably fatal whenever brain lesions are present, and the diagnosis usually achieved only post‐mortem. The present work aims to describe the first case of infection by H. gingivalis ever reported in Portugal. An 8‐year old warmblood horse presented with an 8‐day history of progressive blindness involving the left eye, initially with normal pupillary reflexes, advancing to bilateral blindness and increasing deterioration in clinical condition. After euthanasia, the animal was submitted for necropsy. Organ samples were collected and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for routine histopathology. A large mass was found in the left kidney corresponding to fibrous tissue heavily infiltrated with inflammatory cells and numerous nematodes. In the brain, multiple, bilateral and asymmetrical foci of malacia containing several rhabditoid nematodes, larvae and zygotes, and high numbers of inflammatory cells were found. The nematodes were identified as H. gingivalis. The clinical history, necropsy and histological findings presented constitute a typical case of H. gingivalis infection in a horse, never previously described in Portugal to the authors’ best knowledge. Humans can be infected by contact with contaminated manure, which makes this nematode a public health concern, especially for people living and/or working in close proximity to horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Noiva
- CIISA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Ruivo
- Integrated Masters Course of Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Madeira de Carvalho
- CIISA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Miguel Fevereiro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Unidade Estratégica de Investigação e Serviços de Produção e Saúde Animal, Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paulo Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Unidade Estratégica de Investigação e Serviços de Produção e Saúde Animal, Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Leonor Orge
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Unidade Estratégica de Investigação e Serviços de Produção e Saúde Animal, Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Madalena Monteiro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Unidade Estratégica de Investigação e Serviços de Produção e Saúde Animal, Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria Conceição Peleteiro
- CIISA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, Lisbon, Portugal
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5
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Hines MT. Clinical Approach to Commonly Encountered Problems. EQUINE INTERNAL MEDICINE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7158300 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-44329-6.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Onyiche TE, Okute TO, Oseni OS, Okoro DO, Biu AA, Mbaya AW. Parasitic and zoonotic meningoencephalitis in humans and equids: Current knowledge and the role of Halicephalobus gingivalis. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2017; 3:36-42. [PMID: 29774297 PMCID: PMC5952678 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Halicephalobus gingivalis is a saprophytic nematode parasite that causes a rare form of fatal meningoencephalomyelitis in equids, humans, and ruminants. This nematode has neurotropic activity, but has also been found in the kidney, liver, lungs, optic nerves and even heart of its host. Despite the zoonotic potential and severity of the disease, the epidemiology, pathogenesis, life cycle, and risk factors are poorly understood. Cases have been reported from several countries in Europe countries and North America but none is recorded in Africa except Egypt. This review looks at the historical overview, morphology, diagnosis, treatment and summary of reported cases in humans and equids. We recommend the parasitic helminthic infection in the differential list of meningoencephalitis involving humans and animals worldwide despite its rareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- ThankGod E. Onyiche
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Nigeria
- Corresponding author at: Dept. of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria.
| | - Theresa O. Okute
- Department of Anatomy, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B 3010, Nigeria
| | - Oluwasina S. Oseni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Dennis O. Okoro
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Nigeria
| | - Abdullahi A. Biu
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Nigeria
| | - Albert W. Mbaya
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Nigeria
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7
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Lepri E, Beccati F, Miglio A, Passamonti F, Veronesi F, Mandara MT. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 251:1153-1156. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.251.10.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Fatal Halicephalobus gingivalis infection in horses from Central America. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 8:51-53. [PMID: 31014637 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Halicephalobus gingivalis is a free-living nematode that causes an opportunistic infection in animals and humans. Two fatal cases of encephalitis and nephritis caused by H. gingivalis in equines from Costa Rica and Honduras are reported. Case 1: a 6-year-old Arabian stallion, from Costa Rica, presented severe neurological signs and was treated with systemic anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics. Because there was no improvement, it was euthanatized. Grossly, both kidneys showed large white nodules, ranging from 0.10 to 2.50cm. Histopathologically, both kidneys showed similar changes consisting of multiple necrotic foci with longitudinal and transversal sections of nematode larvae. In the brain, there were several foci with similar parasites, surrounded by lymphocytes and gitter cells. Case 2: an 8-year-old Spanish stallion from Honduras it was reported as depressed and would not eat or drink water. The animal was treated with antibiotics and analgesics, without response and died spontaneously three days after the onset of clinical signs. Only pieces of kidney were sent for histopathological examination and showed findings similar to those described in case 1. These findings are similar with cases already reported expanding the knowledge about the geographical distribution of H. gingivalis in horses.
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9
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Taulescu MA, Ionicã AM, Diugan E, Pavaloiu A, Cora R, Amorim I, Catoi C, Roccabianca P. First report of fatal systemic Halicephalobus gingivalis infection in two Lipizzaner horses from Romania: clinical, pathological, and molecular characterization. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:1097-103. [PMID: 26631187 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Halicephalobus gingivalis (H. gingivalis) causes a rare and fatal infection in horses and humans. Despite the zoonotic potential and severity of the disease, the epidemiology and pathogenesis of halicephalobiasis are still poorly understood. Several European cases of equine halicephalobiasis have been documented; however, in South-Eastern European countries, including Romania, equine neurohelminthiasis caused by H. gingivalis has not been previously described. Two Lipizzaner horses with a clinical history of progressive neurological signs were referred to the Pathology Department of the Cluj-Napoca (Romania) for necropsy. Both horses died with severe neurological signs. Gross examination and cytological, histological, and molecular analyses were performed. The stallions came from two different breeding farms. No history of traveling outside Romania was recorded. At necropsy, granulomatous and necrotizing lesions were observed in the kidneys, lymph nodes, brain, retroperitoneal adipose tissue, and lungs, indicating a systemic infection. Parasitological and histopathological analyses evidenced larval and adult forms of rhabditiform nematodes consistent with Halicephalobus species. Parasites were observed in both lymph and blood vessels of different organs and were also identified in urine samples. A subunit of the large-subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rDNA) of H. gingivalis (673 bp) was amplified from lesions in both horses.To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of equine systemic H. gingivalis infection in Romania and in South-Eastern Europe. Our findings provide new insights into the geographic distribution of specific genetic lineages of H. gingivalis, while also raising public health awareness, as the parasite is zoonotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian A Taulescu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Angela M Ionicã
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Eva Diugan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Pavaloiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Roxana Cora
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Irina Amorim
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho nr. 45, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Escola Superior Agrária do Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4990-706, Ponte de Lima, Portugal
| | - Cornel Catoi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paola Roccabianca
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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10
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First human case of fatal Halicephalobus gingivalis meningoencephalitis in Australia. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:1768-74. [PMID: 25694532 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00032-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Halicephalobus gingivalis (previously Micronema deletrix) is a free-living nematode known to cause opportunistic infections, mainly in horses. Human infections are very rare, but all cases described to date involved fatal meningoencephalitis. Here we report the first case of H. gingivalis infection in an Australian human patient, confirmed by nematode morphology and sequencing of ribosomal DNA. The implications of this case are discussed, particularly, the need to evaluate real-time PCR as a diagnostic tool.
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11
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Henneke C, Jespersen A, Jacobsen S, Nielsen MK, McEvoy F, Jensen HE. The distribution pattern of Halicephalobus gingivalis in a horse is suggestive of a haematogenous spread of the nematode. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:56. [PMID: 25233889 PMCID: PMC4182768 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-014-0056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of Halicephalobus gingivalis-infections in horses have been fatal and are usually not diagnosed before necropsy. Therefore, knowledge about the nematode and the pathogenesis of infection in horses is limited. This has resulted in an on-going discussion about the port of entry and subsequent dissemination of H. gingivalis within the host. The present case of H. gingivalis-infection in a horse was diagnosed ante mortem. Post mortem findings, the distribution pattern of H. gingivalis nematodes in the brain, a high prevalence of inflammation in close relation to blood vessels, and the presence of the nematode in multiple organs with a disseminated pattern of distribution strongly suggested a haematogenous spread of the nematode in the horse.
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12
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Jung JY, Lee KH, Rhyoo MY, Byun JW, Bae YC, Choi E, Kim C, Jean YH, Lee MH, Yoon SS. Meningoencephalitis caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis in a thoroughbred gelding. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:281-4. [PMID: 24107465 PMCID: PMC3982813 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 6-year-old Thoroughbred gelding was euthanized after a 2-month period of abnormal neurological signs, such as circling left in his pen and hitting his head and body against the wall. After the horse was euthanized on the farm, a half of the brain and whole blood were submitted for diagnostic tests. Histopathological examination of the brain revealed granulomatous and eosinophilic meningoencephalitis with numerous intralesional nematodes, predominantly affecting the cerebrum. Multifocal malacic foci were scattered in the brain parenchyma. The intralesional parasites were identified as Halicephalobus gingivalis by morphological features and PCR testing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of meningoencephalitis caused by H. gingivalis in the horse in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Youl Jung
- Animal Disease Diagnosis Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 430-757, Republic of Korea
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13
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House AM, MacKay RJ. Halicephalobus gingivalisin and around equine vasculature. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. House
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine; Gainesville; Florida; USA
| | - R. J. MacKay
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine; Gainesville; Florida; USA
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14
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Papadi B, Boudreaux C, Tucker JA, Mathison B, Bishop H, Eberhard ME. Halicephalobus gingivalis: a rare cause of fatal meningoencephalomyelitis in humans. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 88:1062-4. [PMID: 23509120 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Halicephalobus consists of eight species of free-living nematodes. Only one species (H. gingivalis) has been reported to infect vertebrates. Human infection is extremely rare, and only four cases have been reported in the literature. These nematodes seem to exhibit neurotropism, but their life cycle, mode of infection, and risk factors are poorly understood. Neurohelminthiases are not commonly recognized in the United States and when they do occur, pose great diagnostic challenges because of lack of appropriate non-invasive screening and/or confirmatory tests. We report a challenging case of meningoencephalomyelitis caused by a Halicephalobus sp., in which the patient had a rapidly deteriorating clinical course. The case did not raise any clinical suspicion of neurohelminthiases, although increased eosinophils were present in the cerebrospinal fluid. This case presents an opportunity to highlight the importance of considering parasitic infection in meningoencephalitis or meningoencephalomyelitis presenting atypically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh Papadi
- University of South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, AL, USA.
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15
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Rodriguez JY, Snowden KF, Oliveira FN. Haemoabdomen secondary to granulomatous periarteritis due to parasitism withHalicephalobus gingivalisin a mare. EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Y. Rodriguez
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station; Texas; USA
| | - K. F. Snowden
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station; Texas; USA
| | - F. N. Oliveira
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory; College Station; Texas; USA
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16
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Clark AC, López FR, Levine JM, Cooper JJ, Craig TM, Voges AK, Johnson MC, Porter BF. Intracranial migration ofEucoleus(Capillaria)boehmiin a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2012; 54:99-103. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2012.01303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Clark
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station; TX; 77843; USA
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17
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Oliveira-Filho JP, Monteiro LN, Delfiol DJZ, Sequeira JL, Amorim RM, Fabris VE, Del Piero F, Borges AS. Mycobacterium DNA detection in liver and skin of a horse with generalized sarcoidosis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:596-600. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638712440996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a rare equine skin disease characterized primarily by an exfoliative and granulomatous dermatitis but also presenting granulomatous inflammation of multiple systems. The current report presents the clinical and histopathological findings of sarcoidosis in a 16-year-old American Quarter Horse gelding with nested polymerase chain reaction Mycobacterium spp. DNA detection within hepatic and skin samples. Mycobacterium spp. may play a role in the pathogenesis of equine sarcoidosis as has been proposed for human sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José P. Oliveira-Filho
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Oliveira-Filho, Monteiro, Delfiol, Sequeira, Amorim, Borges)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Fabris)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA (Del Piero)
| | - Lidianne N. Monteiro
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Oliveira-Filho, Monteiro, Delfiol, Sequeira, Amorim, Borges)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Fabris)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA (Del Piero)
| | - Diego José Z. Delfiol
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Oliveira-Filho, Monteiro, Delfiol, Sequeira, Amorim, Borges)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Fabris)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA (Del Piero)
| | - Julio L. Sequeira
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Oliveira-Filho, Monteiro, Delfiol, Sequeira, Amorim, Borges)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Fabris)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA (Del Piero)
| | - Rogério M. Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Oliveira-Filho, Monteiro, Delfiol, Sequeira, Amorim, Borges)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Fabris)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA (Del Piero)
| | - Viciany E. Fabris
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Oliveira-Filho, Monteiro, Delfiol, Sequeira, Amorim, Borges)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Fabris)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA (Del Piero)
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Oliveira-Filho, Monteiro, Delfiol, Sequeira, Amorim, Borges)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Fabris)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA (Del Piero)
| | - Alexandre S. Borges
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Oliveira-Filho, Monteiro, Delfiol, Sequeira, Amorim, Borges)
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil (Fabris)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA (Del Piero)
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Loibl J, Thaller D, van den Hoven R, Schwarz B. Idiopathic eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in a Dutch Warmblood gelding. EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Eydal M, Bambir SH, Sigurdarson S, Gunnarsson E, Svansson V, Fridriksson S, Benediktsson ET, Sigurdardóttir ÓG. Fatal infection in two Icelandic stallions caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis (Nematoda: Rhabditida). Vet Parasitol 2011; 186:523-7. [PMID: 22305655 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Opportunistic infections with the free living nematode Halicephalobus gingivalis are infrequently reported in horses but the cases are widespread geographically. The nematodes are believed to penetrate wounds and subsequently reproduce within the host tissues. This paper reports two cases of a fatal disease in stallions of the Icelandic breed in Iceland. Case 1: a stallion, which sustained injuries to the mouth after an accident, developed severe neurological signs and had to be euthanatized. Histological examination revealed mild inflammation and malacia in the cerebellum associated with the presence of numerous H. gingivalis nematodes. Case 2: a stallion that started swerving to one side and lost balance was euthanatized due to lack of response to therapy and rapid deterioration. Histological examination revealed numerous H. gingivalis nematodes in the cerebellum, brain stem, cervical spinal cord and in the meninges, with minimal reactive changes. In case 1 the infection presumably was acquired by nematodes from soil penetrating through wounds in the mouth. The mode of the H. gingivalis infection in case 2 is uncertain. These are the first cases of H. gingivalis infection reported from Iceland and the second report from the Nordic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthías Eydal
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur, Vesturlandsvegur, 112 Reykjavík, Iceland.
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Hermosilla C, Coumbe KM, Habershon-Butcher J, Schöniger S. Fatal equine meningoencephalitis in the United Kingdom caused by the panagrolaimid nematode Halicephalobus gingivalis: case report and review of the literature. Equine Vet J 2011; 43:759-63. [PMID: 21496093 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A fatal case of eosinophilic and granulomatous meningoencephalitis caused by the free-living panagrolaimid nematode Halicephalobus gingivalis is reported in a 10-year-old Welsh gelding in the United Kingdom. Clinical examination first revealed behavioural abnormalities which rapidly progressed to severe ataxia, reduced mentation status and cranial nerve signs. Despite symptomatic treatment no amelioration of neurological signs was achieved and the horse was subjected to euthanasia. A complete post mortem examination revealed eosinophilic and granulomatous meningoencephalitis mainly affecting the cerebellum and brain stem with intralesional adult nematodes, larvae and eggs. There was also eosinophilic meningitis of the cervical spinal cord. The intralesional nematodes were morphologically consistent with the panagrolaimid nematode H. gingivalis. Although infection by this facultative neurotropic parasite is extremely rare, it needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of central nervous signs in horses and, in particular, other equine helminthic infection of the central nervous system. This fatal case is unusual since lesions were locally very extensive and the nematodes did not colonise haematogenously to other organs as seen often in equine halicephalobosis. As the taxonomy of H. gingivalis has changed and some recent reports in the literature still refer to this species as Micronema deletrix or Halicephalobus deletrix, we here provide a short update of the species and some insights on the order Tylenchida, which contains free-living nematodes with parasitic tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hermosilla
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.
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21
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Ondrejka SL, Procop GW, Lai KK, Prayson RA. Fatal parasitic meningoencephalomyelitis caused by Halicephalobus deletrix : a case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010; 134:625-9. [PMID: 20367314 DOI: 10.5858/134.4.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the saprophagous nematode Halicephalobus species is uncommon but has been reported in horses worldwide. Only 3 human cases have been previously described, all of which have been fatal. We report a fourth fatal case, which occurred in a 39-year-old woman who presented with meningeal signs, altered mental status, and a prodromal pruritic rash. Diagnostic evaluation included an open brain biopsy, which was diagnosed as granulomatous vasculitis. The patient subsequently died after a course of steroids and cyclophosphamide. At autopsy, a robust perivascular mixed inflammatory infiltration of the brain parenchyma, meninges, and ventricular system was present with larval forms and mature nematodes morphologically consistent with Halicephalobus deletrix . Although extremely rare, this organism needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of human helminthic infection of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Ondrejka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio 44195, USA.
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23
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Windsor R, Sturges B, Vernau K, Vernau W. Cerebrospinal Fluid Eosinophilia in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:275-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Henke D, Vandevelde M, Gorgas D, Lang J, Oevermann A. Eosinophilic Granulomatous Meningoencephalitis in 2 Young Belgian Tervueren Shepherd Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:206-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Akagami M, Shibahara T, Yoshiga T, Tanaka N, Yaguchi Y, Onuki T, Kondo T, Yamanaka T, Kubo M. Granulomatous nephritis and meningoencephalomyelitis caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis in a pony gelding. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 69:1187-90. [PMID: 18057837 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A ten-year-old Shetland pony gelding showed low appetite, ataxia, peculiar swaying, clouding of consciousness, and ultimately died. At necropsy, multiple coalescing granulomatous foci were detected in the kidneys, and small necrotic lesions were found in the cerebellum. Histologic examination of the renal tissue sections revealed extensive granuloma, and Halicephalobus gingivalis-like nematodes were seen. Similar nematodes were found in the granulomatous or necrotic lesions of the renal lymph nodes and cerebellum, and were also frequently detected in cerebrospinal meningovascular lesions. Morphologic features together with partial ribosomal RNA gene sequences of the nematodes in the lesions revealed that they were H. gingivalis. The present results indicated that H. gingivalis caused granulomatous nephritis and meningoencephalomyelitis in this pony gelding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Akagami
- Kenhoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki Prefecture, 966-1 Nakagachi, Mito, Ibaraki 310-0002, Japan
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