Chronic bladder catheterization for precise urine collection in awake mice

Metabolic chambers are routinely used for urine collection in rodents. In mice, due to small urination volume, evaporation in the metabolic chambers (≈50%) distorts diuresis and urinalysis parameters. We have developed a new technique of bladder catheterization enabling long-term accurate and contamination-free urine collection in awake male and female mice for 30 days or longer. Daily diuresis in catheterized mice was twice higher as compared to metabolic cages. The twofold difference in urine recovery was preserved when the circadian variation of diuresis, the effects of furosemide, desmopressin and water load were estimated using the two techniques. Urine osmolarity, urinalysis, and microbiological parameters evidence higher quality of the catheter-collected urine. Using phenol red, we demonstrate utility of our technique for pharmacokinetic studies. 30 days after the surgery the catheters were patent and had minimal impact on the animals' heath. Bladder catheterization is a useful tool for physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological studies.

Risk factors for, frequency, and type of complications after temporary tube cystostomy in goats, sheep, and pigs

OBJECTIVE

To describe risk factors for as well as type and frequency of complications, time to occurrence of complications, and mortality after temporary tube cystostomy alone or in combination with other surgical procedures, in goats, sheep, and pigs.

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective case series.

ANIMALS

One hundred thirteen goats, eight sheep, and six pigs.

METHODS

Medical records of goats, sheep, and pigs that underwent temporary tube cystostomy alone or in combination with urethrotomy at the Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2018 were reviewed. Signalment, presurgical and surgical procedures, urolith type and location, and postoperative complications and mortality were analyzed. In goats, logistic regression analysis was performed to determine association between the presence of complications or mortality as well as candidate predictor variables.

RESULTS

Postoperative complications were reported in 54.9% (62/113) of goats, 37.5% (3/8) of sheep, and 50% (3/6) of pigs. The most frequent type of complication was reobstruction. Median (range) time to first complication was 171 days (1-2247) for goats. In sheep and pigs, the range for time to re-presentation for complications was 11 to 37 and 17 to 1182 days, respectively. Proportions of nonsurvivors after tube cystostomy were 48.4% (30/62) goats, 1/8 sheep and 2/6 pigs. No association between examined predictor variables and the occurrence of complications or mortality was detected.

CONCLUSION

The risk of complications and mortality after temporary tube cystostomy was high, especially in goats.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Owners should be made aware of the high complication rate after temporary tube cystostomy alone or in combination with other procedures. Investigation of alternative approaches to manage obstructive urolithiasis in goats, sheep, and pigs should be considered.

Detection of virulence and multidrug resistance operons in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Egyptian Baladi sheep and goat

Background:

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pit of an enormous group of free-living bacteria that are able to live everywhere and suggested to be the causative agent of great scope of acute and chronic animal infections.

Aim:

The current study was carried out to illustrate the prevalence of P. aeruginosa in small ruminants and existence of some virulence operons as well as its antimicrobial resistance.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 155 samples from sheep and 105 samples from goats (mouth abscesses, fecal swabs, nasal, tracheal swabs, and lung tissue) were collected for bacteriological study, existence of some virulence expression operons with the study of their sensitivity to the antimicrobials using disc diffusion and presence of mexR operon which is responsible for multidrug resistance (MDR).

Results:

The bacteriological examination revealed that P. aeruginosa was isolated from nine out of 155 samples from sheep (5.8%) and four isolates out of 105 samples from goat (3.8%). It is found that 12 (92.3%), 10 (76.9 %), and 8 (61.5%) of P. aeruginosa isolates harbored hemolysin phospholipase gene (pcl H), gene (exo S), and enterotoxin gene (tox A), respectively. The results of antibiotic sensitivity test showed that all tested isolates were resistant to ampicillin, bacitracin, erythromycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tobramycin but sensitive to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. The MDR (mex R) operon was existed in all isolates.

Conclusion:

There is a growing risk for isolation of virulent MDR P. aeruginosa from sheep and goat illness cases, and this should be regarded in the efficient control programs.