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Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Vera-Salmoral E, Huerta B, Galán-Relaño Á, Ruedas-Torres I, Larenas-Muñoz F, Luque I, Carrasco L, Gómez-Laguna J. Droplet digital PCR as alternative to microbiological culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex detection in bovine lymph node tissue samples. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1349999. [PMID: 38469351 PMCID: PMC10925636 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1349999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) remains a significant concern for public health. Direct real-time PCR and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) are proposed as alternative tools to enhance diagnostic precision and efficiency. This study aims to assess the diagnostic performance of a ddPCR assay targeting IS6110 for the detection of MTC DNA in both microbiological culture and fresh lymph node (LN) tissue samples obtained from cattle, in comparison with the established reference standard, the microbiological culture followed by real-time PCR. Methods The fresh LNs (N=100) were collected each from a different cattle carcass at the slaughterhouse. The limit of detection of ddPCR-IS6110 was set to 101 copies per 20 μl reaction. Results DdPCR-IS6110 detected 44 out of 49 reference-standard positive samples and yielded negative results in 47 out of 51 reference-standard negative samples, resulting in adjusted sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of 90.76% [95% confidence interval (CI): 82.58 - 98.96%)], and 100% (95% CI: 100%) respectively. The estimated adjusted false negative rate (FNR) was 9.23% (95% CI: 1.04 - 17.42%) and the false positive rate (FPR) was 0% (95% CI: 0%). When directly applied from fresh bovine LN tissues, ddPCR-IS6110 identified 47 out of 49 reference-standard positive samples as ddPCR-IS6110-positive and 42 out of 51 reference-standard negative samples as ddPCR-IS6110-negative, resulting in adjusted Se and Sp values of 94.80% [95% (CI): 88.52 - 100%] and 100% (95% CI: 100%), respectively. The adjusted FNR was 5.20% (95% CI: 0 - 11.50%) and the FPR was 0% (95% CI: 0%). Noteworthy, ddPCR-IS6110 disclosed as positive 9 samples negative to reference-standard. Discussion DdPCR-IS6110 proved to be a rapid, highly sensitive, and specific diagnostic tool as an alternative to reference-standard method.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), Unidad de Investigación Competitiva (UIC) Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Vera-Salmoral
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), Unidad de Investigación Competitiva (UIC) Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Unidad de Investigación Competitiva (UIC) Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), University of Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Belén Huerta
- Department of Animal Health, Unidad de Investigación Competitiva (UIC) Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), University of Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ángela Galán-Relaño
- Department of Animal Health, Unidad de Investigación Competitiva (UIC) Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), University of Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Inés Ruedas-Torres
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), Unidad de Investigación Competitiva (UIC) Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda Larenas-Muñoz
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), Unidad de Investigación Competitiva (UIC) Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Luque
- Department of Animal Health, Unidad de Investigación Competitiva (UIC) Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), University of Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), Unidad de Investigación Competitiva (UIC) Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), Unidad de Investigación Competitiva (UIC) Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Accuracy of Tests for Diagnosis of Animal Tuberculosis: Moving Away from the Golden Calf (and towards Bayesian Models). Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/7615716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The last decades have seen major efforts to develop new and improved tools to maximize our ability to detect tuberculosis-infected animals and advance towards the objective of disease control and ultimately eradication. Nevertheless, there is still uncertainty regarding test performance due to the wide range of specificity and especially sensitivity estimates published in the scientific literature. Here, we performed a systematic review of the literature on studies that evaluated the performance of tuberculosis diagnostic tests used in animals through Bayesian Latent Class Models (BLCMs), which do not require the application of a (fallible) reference procedure to classify animals as infected with tuberculosis or not. BLCM-based sensitivity and specificity estimates deviated from those obtained using a reference procedure for certain antemortem tests: an overall lower sensitivity of skin tests and serology and a higher sensitivity of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) assays was reported. In the case of postmortem diagnostic tests, sensitivity estimates from BLCMs were similar to estimates from studies based on other methodologies. For specificity, the range of BLCM-based estimates was narrower than those based on a reference test, reaching values close to 100% (but lower in the case of IFN-γ assays). In conclusion, Bayesian methods have been increasingly applied for the evaluation of tuberculosis diagnostic tests in animals, yielding results that differ (sometimes substantially) from previously reported test performance in the literature, particularly for in vivo tests and sensitivity estimates. Newly developed models that allow adjustment for relevant factors (e.g., age, breed, region, and herd size) can contribute to the generation of more unbiased estimates of test performance. Nevertheless, although BLCMs for tuberculosis do not require the use of an imperfect reference procedure and are therefore not influenced by its limited performance, they require careful implementation, and transparent systematic reporting should be the norm.
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Amorim J, Santos B, Fehlberg H, Silva A, Ferreira F, Costa J, Alzamora Filho F. Isolation and molecular identification of Mycobacterium bovis in tissue lesions of cattle slaughtered in slaughterhouses located in the State of Ceará. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to identify Mycobacterium bovis in lesions suggestive of tuberculosis in bovine carcasses in the State of Ceará, by means of bacteriological and molecular diagnostic tests. Between August 2017 and January 2019, the State inspection service (SIE) inspected 59,512 cattle, of which 7.4% (44 / 59,512) presented suggestive lesions. Of these animals, 68 samples were sent, of which 4.5% (31/68) located in the lung, 2.9% (20/68) in lymph nodes, 2.0% (14/68) in the liver, and 0.4% in the carcass (3/68). When performing bacteriological isolation, 15.9% (7/44) of bovines showed colony growth in the samples. The smears of the isolates were submitted to Zielh-Neelsen staining and all confirmed acid-fast bacilli. The polymerase chain reaction identified all isolates 100% (7/7) as M. bovis. The association of diagnostic techniques allowed to identify the presence of the agent in the State and the molecular analysis proved to be a beneficial technique in the monitoring of bovine tuberculosis and can be used as an auxiliary method in the bovine tuberculosis control and eradication program in the State of Ceará.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A.V. Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Brazil
| | - F.F. Ferreira
- Agência de Defesa Agropecuária do Estado do Ceará, Brazil
| | - J.N. Costa
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo Baiano, Brazil
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Performances of single tube nested polymerase chain reaction and GeneXpert ultra on Formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues in the diagnosis of tuberculous spondylodiscitis. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 40:4317-4323. [PMID: 34097177 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-021-05782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculous Spondylodiscitis is the most common form of musculoskeletal tuberculosis. Molecular techniques on fresh tissues are proved to improve the diagnosis of tuberculous spondylodiscitis and to allow a rapid diagnosis to initiate the treatment and prevent neurological complications. OBJECTIVES The objective of the present study was to assess the diagnostic performances of single tube nested PCR and GeneXpert ultra in the diagnosis of tuberculous spondylodiscitis on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues. METHODS This study included 63 tuberculous spondylodiscitis cases collected from June 2014 to January 2020 and corresponding to 27 definite tuberculous spondylodiscitis with positive microbiology, and 36 probable tuberculous spondylodiscitis, with histopathological, clinical and radiological findings consistent with tuberculous spondylodiscitis but with negative microbiology. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of nested PCR and GeneXpert ultra were determined with reference to microbiology. RESULTS Nested PCR was positive in 47 (75%) cases: 26/27 definite tuberculous spondylodiscitis and 21/36 probable tuberculous spondylodiscitis. GeneXpert ultra was positive in only 6 (10%) cases corresponding to definite tuberculous spondylodiscitis. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of nested PCR on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues were 96%, 100%, 100%, 83% respectively. For GeneXpert ultra, these rates were 22%, 100%, 100% and 25% respectively. CONCLUSION Nested PCR and GeneXpert ultra on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues are useful tools for the diagnosis of tuberculous spondylodiscitis, especially for cases where microbiological investigations were not carried out. Both techniques have excellent specificity but single tube nested PCR is more sensitive. Key Points • Molecular techniques are routinely performed on fresh tissues • GeneXpert and nested PCR on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues are reliable for the diagnosis of tuberculous spondylodiscitis • Nested PCR is more sensitive than Genexpert for diagnosing tuberculous spondylodiscitis.
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Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Galán-Relaño Á, Ruedas-Torres I, Jurado-Martos F, Larenas-Muñoz F, Vera E, Gómez-Gascón L, Cardoso-Toset F, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Maldonado A, Carrasco L, Tarradas C, Gómez-Laguna J, Luque I. Real-Time PCR Validation for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Detection Targeting IS 6110 Directly From Bovine Lymph Nodes. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:643111. [PMID: 33981742 PMCID: PMC8109245 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.643111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and accurate diagnostic tools, such as Real-Time PCR (qPCR), need to be implemented as a confirmatory test in the framework of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) surveillance and control programs, shortening the turnaround time to confirm bTB infection. The present study aimed to evaluate a direct qPCR from fresh tissue samples targeting the insertion sequence IS6110 using individually homogenized bovine lymph nodes compared with microbiological culture. Retropharyngeal, tracheobronchial, and mesenteric lymph nodes fresh tissue samples (n = 687) were collected from 230 different cattle carcasses at the slaughterhouse. Only 23 of the 230 examined animals showed tuberculosis-like lesions, with 62 of 230 considered as positive. Among these 62 animals, 61 resulted as culture-positive, whereas 48 were qPCR-positive. Thus, this qPCR targeting IS6110 showed an apparent diagnostic sensitivity and specificity values of 77.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 66.5–87.6%] and 99.4% (95% CI: 98.3–100.6%), respectively, and a positive predictive value of 97.9% (95% CI: 93.9–102.0%) and negative predictive value of 92.3% (95% CI: 88.4–96.2%). Positive and negative likelihood ratios were 130.2 and 0.2, respectively, and the agreement between microbiological culture and this qPCR was almost perfect (κ = 0.82). These results highlight this qPCR targeting IS6110 as a suitable complementary method to confirm bTB in animals with either tuberculosis-like lesions or non-tuberculosis-like lesions, decreasing the number of samples subjected to microbiological culture and, hence, its overall associated costs and the turnaround time (under 48 h) to confirm bTB infection. Besides, sampling mesenteric lymph node, which is uncommonly sampled, together with tracheobronchial and retropharyngeal ones, is advisable during postmortem inspection in bTB surveillance programs at the slaughterhouse, especially in areas with a low bTB prevalence scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Inés Ruedas-Torres
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Fernanda Larenas-Muñoz
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Vera
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Animal Health, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Tarradas
- Department of Animal Health, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Lorente-Leal V, Liandris E, Castellanos E, Bezos J, Domínguez L, de Juan L, Romero B. Validation of a Real-Time PCR for the Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Members in Bovine Tissue Samples. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:61. [PMID: 30886855 PMCID: PMC6409304 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the post-mortem diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis is mainly achieved through microbiological culture, the development of other techniques to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members directly from tissue samples has been pursued. The present study describes the development, optimization and validation of a Real-Time PCR based on the mpb70 gene to detect MTBC members in clinical tissue samples from cattle. Specific primers and a hybridization probe were used to amplify MTBC-specific sequences in order to avoid cross-reaction with non-MTBC species. An Internal Amplification Control (IAC) was included in order to assess the presence of PCR inhibitors in the samples. The PCR was optimized to achieve maximum efficiency, and the limit of detection, limit of quantification and dynamic range of the reaction were determined. The specificity of the reaction was tested against 34 mycobacterial and non-mycobacterial species. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of the method were assessed on 200 bovine tissue samples in relation to bacteriological culture. The dynamic range of the reaction spanned from 5 ng/reaction (106 genome equivalents) to 50 fg/reaction (10 genome equivalents). The efficiency of the reaction was 102.6% and the achieved R2 was 0.999. The limit of detection with 95% confidence was 10 genome equivalents/reaction. No cross-reactions with non-MTBC species were observed. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity values of the mpb70 specific Real-Time PCR respect to culture were 94.59% (95% CI: 86.73–98.51%) and 96.03% (95% CI: 90.98–98.70%), respectively, with a PPV of 93.33% (95% CI: 85.55–97.07%) and a NPV of 96.80% (95% CI: 92.10–98.74%). The concordance of the Real-Time PCR based on mpb70 is comparable to that of culture (K = 0.904) showing a great potential for the detection of members of the MTBC in animal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Lorente-Leal
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emmanouil Liandris
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Javier Bezos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía de Juan
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Romero
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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