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Aleman M. Inflammatory and Immune-Mediated Myopathies, What Do We Know? Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:207-218. [PMID: 38852014 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory myopathies or myositis encompass diseases characterized by the presence of inflammatory cellular infiltrates, mainly polymorphonuclear cells and/or lymphocytes, in muscle. This is in contrast to most forms of muscle disease characterized by myodegeneration that results in macrophage infiltration. Inflammatory myopathies could have infectious or noninfectious causes. Noninfectious causes consist of primary (genetic, autoimmune) or acquired immune-mediated disease. Focal, multifocal or diffuse, acute or recurrent forms of disease can occur. This article will mainly review immune-mediated myopathies in horses. Myositis directly caused by infection such as Clostridium spp and others will not be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Aleman
- SVM: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Tupper Hall 2108, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Barale J, Ovelar F, Lázaro F, Scioli V, Cantón GJ, Garcia JA. Solanum glaucophyllum intoxication in goats: Case study. Toxicon 2024; 244:107774. [PMID: 38797266 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Solanum glaucophyllum is a toxic plant with calcinogenic effect that causes enzootic calcinosis (EC) characterized by soft tissue metastatic mineralization mainly in cattle and rarely sheep, buffaloes, pigs, horses, and goats. We describe an outbreak of EC in a herd of 64 goats due to S. glaucophyllum consumption. Thirty-four goats were affected exhibiting hirsutism, stiffening, kyphosis and emaciation. Twelve goats died. Grossly, tissue mineralization was observed in the aorta and carotid arteries, lungs, and heart. Lesions were characterized by multiple rough white plaques, and hardened tissues with loss of elasticity. Microscopically, multisystemic mineralization was observed in aorta and carotid arteries, heart, lung, abomasum, intestine, spleen, lymph nodes, kidney, spleen, and meninges, characterized by extensive granular basophilic deposits of tunica media and/or intima of blood vessels; confirmed as calcium salt deposits with Von Kossa stain. We conclude that ingestion of S. glaucophyllum can cause EC in goats. Though EC is rare in goats under some conditions such as heavy drought and abundant S. glaucophyllum exposure disease can develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Barale
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS, INTA Balcarce-CONICET), RN 226 Km 73.5, (7620) Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Florencia Ovelar
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS, INTA Balcarce-CONICET), RN 226 Km 73.5, (7620) Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fermin Lázaro
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Valeria Scioli
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS, INTA Balcarce-CONICET), RN 226 Km 73.5, (7620) Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Germán José Cantón
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS, INTA Balcarce-CONICET), RN 226 Km 73.5, (7620) Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Juan Agustín Garcia
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS, INTA Balcarce-CONICET), RN 226 Km 73.5, (7620) Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Bertassoli BM, Melo MM, Ocarino NM, Souza Félix IC, Araújo FR, Sena Reis AM, Leonel Alves EG, Gimeno EJ, Massone AR, Serakides R. Effect of the addition of different concentrations of Solanum glaucophyllum desf. extract on chondrocyte cultures from the growth cartilage of newborn rats. Toxicon 2023; 230:107158. [PMID: 37172829 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Solanum glaucophyllum Desf. Is a calcinogenic plant responsible for enzootic calcinosis that affects ruminants and causes alterations in bone and cartilaginous tissues, among others. It is believed that changes in cartilage tissue, with reduced bone growth, are due to hypercalcitoninism, caused by excess vitamin D. However, we hypothesized that S. glaucophyllum Desf. Can act directly on chondrocytes and therefore, chondrocyte cultures from the epiphysis of the long bones of newborn rats were used as a model to elucidate the direct effects of S. glaucophyllum Desf. On bone growth. Plant samples were collected from Cañuelas, Argentina. An aliquot of the plant extract was used to quantify vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3). The effects of the three concentrations of the plant extract were tested in cultures of chondrocytes extracted from the epiphyses of the long bones of 32 three-day-old Wistar rats. A control group (without extract treatment), and three groups treated with different concentrations of plant extract were formed: group 1 (100 μL/L); group 2 (1 mL/L), and group 3 (5 mL/L), containing respectively 1 × 10-9 M, 1 × 10-8 M, and 5 × 10-8 M of 1,25(OH)2D3. After 7, 14, and 21 days of culture, MTT assay for cell viability, alkaline phosphatase activity, and quantification of the percentage of areas with glycosaminoglycans (GAG) stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) were performed. On day 7, all chondrocytes in group 3, that is, those with the highest concentration of plant extract, died. On days 14 and 21, groups 1 and 2 showed a significant reduction in chondrocyte viability compared to the control. At 7, 14, and 21 days, groups 1 and 2 showed significantly lower alkaline phosphatase activity than the control. On day 21, group 2 showed a significant reduction in areas with PAS + GAGs. There were no significant differences between the groups in the expression of gene transcripts for Sox9, Col2, ColX, and aggrecan. The S. glaucophyllum Desf. Extract directly affected growing rat chondrocytes by reducing viability, alkaline phosphatase activity, and GAG synthesis without altering the expression of gene transcripts for Sox9, Col2, ColX, and aggrecan, which may be one of the mechanisms by which there is a reduction in bone growth in animals intoxicated by the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Machado Bertassoli
- Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marília Martins Melo
- Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Natália Melo Ocarino
- Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiana Rocha Araújo
- Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda Maria Sena Reis
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rogéria Serakides
- Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Nierembergia rivularis poisoning in cattle. Toxicon 2021; 204:21-30. [PMID: 34715240 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nierembergia rivularis causes enzootic calcinosis (EC) in sheep. In this work, we describe EC caused by N. rivularis in cattle. For 3 years cattle grazing in 7 paddocks were evaluated. Cows with clinical signs compatible with EC were detected in only one paddock with a morbidity of 9.4%, 24.5%, and 34.5% during the summer of 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. Affected cows weighed 55 kg less (p < 0.01) than cows without signs of the same paddock, and 19.6% of these cows had hypercalcemia and/or hyperphosphatemia. Typical soft tissue calcification was observed in 3 autopsied cows. Additionally to the arterial calcification, 2 cows had multiple mineralized foci in several veins. In the Paddock A where EC occurred, the pasture contained 7-12% N. rivularis. In the other 6 paddocks (Paddocks B-G) where EC had not occurred, the pasture had 0.2-3.5% N. rivularis. Cows grazing in Paddock A had ∼30% lower pregnancy rates than cows from Paddocks B-G. At the slaughterhouse, the carcasses of 45 cows from Paddock A weighed 17.6% (p < 0.01) less than 93 carcasses of cows from Paddocks B-G. Furthermore, the carcasses of cows from Paddock A were classified as low quality. Eight cows with EC signs from Paddock A and 10 cows without EC signs from Paddocks B-G were removed to a Lolium multiflorum pasture. After 120 days of grazing, the cows from Paddock A gained 45.2% less (p < 0.01) live weight than cows from Paddocks B-G. Poisoning with N. rivularis may cause significant economic losses in Uruguay due to low fertility rates and weight gain of affected cattle.
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Richards N, Nielsen BD, Finno CJ. Nutritional and Non-nutritional Aspects of Forage. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:43-61. [PMID: 33820609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many forage types are available, typically divided into cool or warm season grasses and legumes, which can be fed as fresh pasture or after preservation. Testing for nutrient content confirms what should be supplemented to make up shortfalls. Although testing is recommended, it is not always practical. Typical values for the forage type are available; however, they cannot be relied on for actual content. Non-nutritional aspects must also be taken into account. The provision of complementary feeds to ensure adequate vitamin and mineral intake is recommended. Additional supplementary high-quality protein may be required to meet essential amino acid requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerida Richards
- Equilize Horse Nutrition Pty Ltd, PO Box 11034, Tamworth, New South Wales 2340, Australia.
| | - Brian D Nielsen
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 1287D Anthony Hall, 474 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824-1225, USA
| | - Carrie J Finno
- Population Health and Reproduction, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Kimura T, Inaka K. Arterial medial calcification (Mönckeberg's sclerosis) with chronic renal disease in a zoo-kept Southern tamandua ( Tamandua tetradactyla). Int J Vet Sci Med 2021; 9:1-6. [PMID: 33869623 PMCID: PMC8008936 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2021.1899408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial medial calcification observed in animals is equivalent to Mönckeberg’s sclerosis in human beings. This lesion is rarely reported in domestic animals. In addition, little information is available concerning the occurrence of arterial medial calcification in zoo animals. The aim of the current work was to report arterial medial calcification incidentally encountered in a Southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla). This paper described the clinical findings, haematological and serum biochemical profiles, and histopathological results. Haematological examinations showed decreases in white blood cell counts, erythrocytic parameters and platelets. In serum biochemical examinations, both of the creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels markedly increased in this study. Glucose concentrations dramatically declined from the normal levels to the critical conditions. There was electrolytic imbalance which was not accompanied by increases in calcium and inorganic phosphorus concentrations. Enzyme activities (ALP, AST, ALP, γ-GT, LDH and CK) remarkably increased just before the animal died. Histopathological examinations revealed that this marked and thickened calcification extended linearly around the circumference of the vessels. The calcified deposits were located entirely within the medial layer of the arterial wall. The lesions showed involvement of the internal elastic lamina with calcification. Severe calcification was observed in the glomerular capsules, indicating serious chronic kidney disease. We concluded that arterial medial calcification in the Southern tamandua arose with progressing chronic kidney failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Kimura
- Laboratory Animal Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kengo Inaka
- Laboratory Animal Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Machado M, Schild CO, Preliasco M, Balserini A, Medeiros RM, Barros SS, Riet-Correa F. Enzootic calcinosis in sheep in Uruguay: a brief review and report of two outbreaks. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to do a brief review of enzootic calcinosis in sheep and to report two outbreaks of Nierembergia rivularis poisoning in sheep in Uruguay. The outbreaks occurred in farms located on an island (Outbreak A) and on the border (Outbreak B) of the Rincón del Bonete lake. Sheep of all ages were affected, with the exception of suckling lambs. The first clinical signs occurred in early October, and deaths occurred from December to February. Outbreaks A and B had morbidity of 10%, and the mortality was 7.2% and 2.8% in Outbreaks A and B, respectively. The clinical signs included weight loss, retracted abdomen, stiff gait, and kyphosis. An autopsy was performed on one sheep from each outbreak. Pulmonary and arterial calcification, nephrocalcinosis, and osteopetrosis were observed in gross and microscopic examination in both sheep. Thyroid C-cell hyperplasia and carcinoma was observed in sheep A. Sheep B showed thyroid C-cell hyperplasia and parathyroid chief cell atrophy. The parathyroid was not examined in the sheep from Outbreak A. The differential diagnosis of enzootic calcinosis in southern South America should consider four toxic plants in the Solanaceae family: Solanum glaucophyllum, Solanum stuckertii, Nierembergia veitchii, and Nierembergia rivularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizael Machado
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Uruguay; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
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Machado M, Castro MB, Gimeno EJ, Barros SS, Riet-Correa F. Enzootic calcinosis in ruminants: A review. Toxicon 2020; 187:1-9. [PMID: 32798504 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Enzootic calcinosis (EC), is a chronic disease, caused by toxic plants, which has mainly affected ruminants for more than 100 years. It is characterized by a soft tissue calcification, hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypoparathiroidism, hypercalcitoninism, osteonecrosis, and osteopetrosis. The toxic compound reported in some of these plants are 1,25(OH)2D3 glycosides. Characterization of calcinogenic principles were performed with Solanum glaucophyllum, Trisetum flavescens, Cestrum diurnum, and Stenotaphrum secundatum. Other plant species involved in EC are: Nierembergia rivularis, Nierembergia veitchii, Solanum torvum, and Solanum stuckertii. Clinical and pathological findings are well characterized. We present different aspects of the pathogenic mechanism of EC, including genetic modulation, expression of bone proteins, cellular de-differentiation of arterial smooth muscle cells, phenotypic changes, production of a calcifiable matrix, and modulation of the calcium and phosphorus balance. The use of comparative pathology can bring significant advances in the understanding of the pathogenic mechanism. In this review we present a broad approach to the different aspects of intoxication: history of EC on different continents; plant species, distribution and morphology; toxic principle; pathogenesis; epidemiology; clinical signs; diagnosis; and control and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizael Machado
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA Tacuarembó, Plataforma de Salud Animal, Ruta 5 Km 386, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Márcio B Castro
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Av. L4 Norte, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Eduardo J Gimeno
- Faculdad de Ciencias Veterinárias, National University of La Plata, Calle 60 y 118, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Severo S Barros
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA Tacuarembó, Plataforma de Salud Animal, Ruta 5 Km 386, Tacuarembó, Uruguay.
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Melo FG, Ocarino NM, Reis AMS, Gimeno EJ, Massone AR, Melo MM, Botelho AFM, Stehmann JR, Serakides R. The Solanum glaucophyllum Desf. extract reduces mineralized matrix synthesis in osteogenically differentiated rat mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1256-1266. [PMID: 32281708 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Solanum glaucophyllum Desf. has been used to treat and prevent diseases in human and veterinary medicine. On the other hand, plant poisoning causes several bone diseases, among them osteoporosis, which is characterized by osteoblastic hypoplasia. Because the osteoblast is a cell derived from the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow, the hypothesis is that the plant reduces the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of S. glaucophyllum Desf. extract on MSCs cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium. We determined by liquid chromatography that 1 ml of plant extract contained 3.8 μl of 1,25(OH)2 D3 (calcitriol). Four groups of MSCs cultivated in osteogenic medium were evaluated as follows: (a) treated with 100 μl of extract/L containing 0.4 μg/L of calcitriol; (b) treated with 1 ml of extract/L containing 4 μg/L of calcitriol; (c) treated with 5 ml of extract/L containing 20 μg/L of calcitriol; and (d) a control group without extract. We performed alkaline phosphatase activity assay, analysis of MTT conversion to formazan, and evaluated the percentage of cells, and number and diameter of mineralization nodules. The expression of gene transcripts for osteopontin, bone sialoprotein and BMP-2 was analysed by RT-qPCR. After 21 days, there was a significant reduction in MTT conversion to formazan in treated groups, of the cellularity in the group with 5 ml of extract/L, and in the number and size of mineralization nodules in the groups treated with 1 and 5 ml of extract/L. The 5 ml extract/L concentration also reduced transcript expression of osteopontin. It is concluded that S. glaucophyllum Desf. at concentrations of 1 and 5 ml extract/L reduced mineralized matrix synthesis in MSCs cultivated in osteogenic differentiation medium, which suggests that this is one of the mechanisms by which osteoporosis occurs in intoxicated animals.
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Melo FG, Ocarino NM, Sena Reis AM, Gomes LA, Magalhães Cardoso KM, Gimeno EJ, Massone AR, Melo MM, Machado Botelho AF, Serakides R. Rat mesenchymal stem cell cultures as a model to elucidate the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of bone metaplasia induced by Solanum glaucophyllum intoxication. Toxicon 2019; 169:25-33. [PMID: 31421160 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis of this experiment is that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are involved in the genesis of the bone metaplasia caused by Solanum glaucophyllum intoxication. We determined using liquid chromatography that 1 mL of plant extract contained 3.8 μl of 1,25(OH)2D3. The ability of 100 μL, 1 mL and 5 mL of extract/L, containing 1 nM (0.4 μg/L), 10 nM (4 μg/L) and 50 nM (20 μg/L) of 1,25(OH)2D3, respectively, in inducing the osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow MSCs from rats was tested. At the concentrations of 1 and 5 mL of extract/L of culture medium without osteogenesis-inducing factors, the plant extract induced the osteogenic differentiation of the MSCs, as was evidenced by the greater synthesis of mineralized matrix. At the higher concentration (5 mL of extract/L), an increase in the relative expression of BMP-2 gene was observed. It was concluded that rat bone marrow MSC culture is a good model for studying the effects of the S. glaucophyllum extract on the osteogenic differentiation of undifferentiated cells. Also, S. glaucophyllum extracts containing 10 nM (4 μg/L) and 50 nM (20 μg/L) of 1,25(OH)2D3 induce the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, suggesting that this is one of the mechanisms by which S. glaucophyllum causes bone metaplasia.
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