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Daodu OB, Shaibu JO, Aderounmu EA, Jolaoso TO, Oluwayelu DO, Akanbi OB, Olorunshola ID, Aiyedun JO, Oludairo OO, Audu RA, Daodu OC. Seromolecular surveillance of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:327. [PMID: 37749427 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Following the first 2020 rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) outbreak in Nigeria which caused massive mortalities in several rabbitries, there was a need to know the spread and strains circulating in the affected states. Over 100 rabbitries still existing post-RHDV outbreak in Ogun and Kwara States were investigated. A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used to screen for RHDV immunoglobulin G in 192 rabbit sera, while RHDV VP60 gene was amplified in RNA extracted from these sera and tissues (liver and/or spleen harvested from 37 carcasses necrotized) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Sequences obtained from the amplicons were subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The results revealed a seroprevalence of 82.3% (158/192). RHDV VP60 gene was detected in 15/17 (88.2%) and 2/20 (10.0%) carcasses from Ogun and Kwara States, respectively, while none of the sera was positive. Sequences of the two positive amplicons selected (one from each states) shared 98.95% nucleotide identity and belonged to RHDV 2/GI.2 strain. Also, nBLAST of these sequences revealed 98.43-99.55% homology with the prototype Nigerian RHDV strain RHDV/NGR/ILN/001 (MT996357.1). Furthermore, these strains clustered with this prototype and a German RHDV strain (LR899166.1). Pathologic lesions affecting the respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, lymphatic, and digestive systems were observed in necropsied carcasses. This study indicated that RHDV 2/GI.2 strain was the cause of 2020 RHD outbreak in Nigeria. Thus, while continuous public sensitization about RHD especially among rabbit farmers in Nigeria is important, efforts aimed at design and implementation of RHD vaccination policy, preferably using indigenous seed, should be expedited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi Babatunde Daodu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
| | - Joseph Ojonugwa Shaibu
- Center for Human Virology and Genomics, Nigerian Institute for Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | | | - Taiwo Oluwole Jolaoso
- Ogun State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ogun State, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Oladimeji Oluwayelu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olatunde Babatunde Akanbi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Isaac Dayo Olorunshola
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Julius Olaniyi Aiyedun
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Oladapo Oyedeji Oludairo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Rosemary Ajuma Audu
- Center for Human Virology and Genomics, Nigerian Institute for Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwakemi Christiana Daodu
- Department of Wildlife and Ecotourism, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Abrantes J, Lopes AM. A Review on the Methods Used for the Detection and Diagnosis of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV). Microorganisms 2021; 9:972. [PMID: 33946292 PMCID: PMC8146303 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the early 1980s, the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has been threatened by the rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD). The disease is caused by a lagovirus of the family Caliciviridae, the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). The need for detection, identification and further characterization of RHDV led to the development of several diagnostic tests. Owing to the lack of an appropriate cell culture system for in vitro propagation of the virus, much of the methods involved in these tests contributed to our current knowledge on RHD and RHDV and to the development of vaccines to contain the disease. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the RHDV diagnostic tests used since the first RHD outbreak and that include molecular, histological and serological techniques, ranging from simpler tests initially used, such as the hemagglutination test, to the more recent and sophisticated high-throughput sequencing, along with an overview of their potential and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO/InBio-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal;
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Lopes
- CIBIO/InBio-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal;
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS)/Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica (UMIB), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Erfan AM, Shalaby AG. Genotyping of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus detected in diseased rabbits in Egyptian Provinces by VP60 sequencing. Vet World 2020; 13:1098-1107. [PMID: 32801560 PMCID: PMC7396351 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1098-1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) is an economically important disorder of rabbits, where infection results in severe losses to the meat and fur industries. Our goal was to characterize the RHD virus (RHDV) strains currently circulating in different regions of Egypt. Materials and Methods Fifty rabbits suspected of harboring RHDV from 15 Egyptian governorates were evaluated. Diseased rabbits were identified by clinical signs and postmortem lesions. RHDV was confirmed through hemagglutination assay (HA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Partial sequencing of the VP60 gene was performed for genotyping. Results From 50 rabbits, we identified 16 cases of RHDV (32%) by HA and PCR, including seven males and nine females. We identified two distinct genotypes through sequencing of an amplified fragment of the virus VP60 gene. One group is composed of those circulating primarily in upper Egypt, which is closely related to the classical G3-G5 virus strains, and the second group, circulating predominantly in lower Egypt, was more closely related to the RHDV2 variant. The overall nucleotide sequence identity ranged from 78.4% to 100%, and identity with the vaccine strains ranged from 78.8% to 91.1%. Conclusion Our results constitute important documentation of RHDV strains currently circulating in Egypt. The findings suggest that there may be a limit to the effectiveness of currently applied vaccine strains as this formulation may not cover all circulating strains. A wider investigation that includes both domestic and wild rabbits will be needed to identify appropriate control measures for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Erfan
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki. Agricultural Research Centre, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Azhar G Shalaby
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki. Agricultural Research Centre, Giza, 12618, Egypt
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