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Brito B, Hick P. Milk as a diagnostic fluid to monitor viral diseases in dairy cattle. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:11-18. [PMID: 37814548 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious viral diseases in dairy cattle have substantial implications for milk production, quality and overall animal health. Diagnostic tools providing reliable results are crucial for effective disease control at the farm and industry level. Pooled or bulk tank milk (BTM) can be used as a cost-effective aggregate sample to assess herd disease status in dairy farms. FINDINGS Detection of pathogens or specific antibodies in milk can be used for monitoring endemic diseases within-farm, region or country-level disease surveillance and to make informed decisions on farm management. The suitability of assays applied to pooled milk samples relies on validation data of fit-for-purpose tests to design an optimal testing strategy. Diverse approaches and variable scope of studies determining test accuracy need to be critically appraised before sourcing the parameters to design sampling strategies and interpreting surveys. Determining if BTM or pooled milk is the best approach for a disease management programme should carefully consider several aspects that will impact the accuracy and interpretation, for example, the size of the lactating herd, the risk of infection in the lactating and non-lactating groups, the expected within-herd prevalence, the duration of infection, the duration and concentration of antibodies in milk and use of vaccination. CONCLUSIONS There are examples of tests on BTM samples providing efficient assessments of the herd disease status and supporting disease control programmes for viral diseases. However, challenges arise in pooled milk testing due to the need for accurate estimates of the imperfect sensitivity and specificity of the assays. Integration of new biotechnologies could enhance multiplexing and data interpretation for comprehensive surveillance. The development of highly sensitive assays is necessary to meet the demands of larger dairy herds and improve disease detection and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Brito
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
- Dairy UP, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Institute for Microbiology & Infection, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P Hick
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
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Chen Y, Cheng S, Wang Y, Wang G, Wu X, Robertson ID, Guo A. Evaluation and application of a milk antibody ELISA for assessing the prevalence and incidence of bovine tuberculosis in dairy herds in Hubei Province, China. ANIMAL DISEASES 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-023-00069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractBovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic zoonotic disease that is endemic in China. Current in-vitro tests for bTB are mainly based on blood assays. Collection of samples results in some stress to the sampled cattle and associated economic losses for the herd owner. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between milk and serum antibody tests for bTB in dairy cows using 85 cows with milk and corresponding blood samples. Totally 4,395 milk samples were used to assesse the apparent (test) prevalence and incidence of bTB using the milk antibody ELISA. The association between levels of bTB milk antibody and milk quality was also evaluated. Milk and serum antibody tests showed a good correlation with a 87.5% (95% CI: 61.7%, 98.4) positive agreement and 98.7% (95% CI: 95.4, 99.8) negative agreement. The animal level lactoprevalence ranged from 0.3% (95% CI: 0, 1.2) to 33.3% (95% CI: 26.6, 40.6) in different farms and the incidence rate ranged from 0 head/cow-month (95% CI: 0, 0.02) to 0.04 head/cow-month (95% CI: 0.02, 0.07). Twenty percent of sampled farms met the criteria for bTB control in China. The prevalence on large-scale farms was lower (p < 0.001) than on small farms. The bTB milk antibody levels had a negative correlation with milk yield and a positive correlation with somatic cell count (SCC), milk protein percentage (MPP) and percentage of total solids (TS). According to this research, milk ELISA could be used as a supplement of blood samples to assist in the surveillance for bTB and for alerting control and eradication of bTB.
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Nakatsuchi A, Bao A, Watanuki S, Matsuura R, Borjigin L, Bai L, Kuroda M, Matsumoto Y, Kohara J, Aida Y. Anti-BLV antibodies in whey correlate with bovine leukemia virus disease progression and BoLA-DRB3 polymorphism. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1038101. [PMID: 36504869 PMCID: PMC9732667 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1038101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) belongs to the family Retroviridae and is a causative agent for enzootic bovine leucosis, the most common neoplastic disease affecting cattle worldwide. BLV proviral load (PVL) is associated with disease progression and transmission risk but requires blood collection and quantitative PCR testing. Anti-BLV antibodies in whey have been used as a diagnostic tool for BLV infection; however, quantitative utilization has not been fully investigated. Furthermore, bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3 is a polymorphic gene associated with BLV infectivity and PVL, but its effect on anti-BLV antibody levels in whey from BLV infected dams is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether it is possible to correctly predict PVL in the blood and milk based on the amount of anti-BLV antibodies in milk, and whether the BoLA-DRB3 alleles associate with the amount of anti-BLV antibodies in milk. Methods We examined whey from 442 dams from 11 different dairy farms located in 6 prefectures in Japan, including susceptible dams carrying at least one BoLA-DRB3* 012:01 or * 015:01 allele related with high PVL, resistant dams carrying at least one BoLA-DRB3 * 002:01, * 009:02, or * 014:01:01 allele related with low PVL, and neutral dams carrying other alleles. Results First, our results provided compelling evidence that anti-BLV antibody levels in whey were positively correlated with the anti-BLV antibody levels in serum and with BLV PVL in blood and milk, indicating the possibility of estimating BLV PVL in blood and milk by measuring anti-BLV antibody levels in whey. Thus, our results showed that antibody titers in milk might be effective for estimating BLV transmission risk and disease progression in the field. Second, we demonstrated that anti-BLV antibody levels in whey from BLV resistant dams were significantly lower than those from susceptible and neutral dams. Discussion This is the first report suggesting that the BoLA-DRB3 polymorphism affects anti-BLV antibody levels in whey from BLV-infected dams. Taken together, our results suggested that anti-BLV antibody levels in whey, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, may be a useful marker to diagnose the risk of BLV infection and estimate PVL in blood and milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Nakatsuchi
- Institute of Animal Health, JA Zen-Noh (National Federation of Agricultural Cooperative Associations), Sakura, Japan,Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aronggaowa Bao
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sonoko Watanuki
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsuura
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Lanlan Bai
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Maho Kuroda
- Institute of Animal Health, JA Zen-Noh (National Federation of Agricultural Cooperative Associations), Sakura, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Kohara
- Agriculture Research Department, Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Japan,Junko Kohara
| | - Yoko Aida
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Japan,*Correspondence: Yoko Aida
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Use of pooled serum samples to assess herd disease status using commercially available ELISAs. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:507. [PMID: 34626237 PMCID: PMC8502132 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02939-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pooled samples are used in veterinary and human medicine as a cost-effective approach to monitor disease prevalence. Nonetheless, there is limited information on the effect of pooling on test performance, and research is required to determine the appropriate number of samples which can be pooled. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the use of pooled serum samples as a herd-level surveillance tool for infectious production-limiting diseases: bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) and Neospora caninum (NC), by investigating the maximum number of samples one can pool to identify one positive animal, using commercial antibody-detection ELISAs. Four positive field standards (PFS), one for each disease, were prepared by pooling highly positive herd-level samples diagnosed using commercially available ELISA tests. These PFS were used to simulate 18 pooled samples ranging from undiluted PFS to a dilution representing 1 positive in 1,000 animals using phosphate-buffered saline as diluent. A 1:10 dilution of the PFS resulted in positive results for IBR, BVD and EBL. Moreover, for IBR and BVD, results were still positive at 1:100 and 1:30 dilutions, respectively. However, for NC, a lower dilution (8:10) was required for a seropositive result. This study indicates that, at herd-level, the use of pooled serum is a useful strategy for monitoring infectious diseases (BVD, IBR and EBL) but not NC, using readily available diagnostic assays.
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Potărniche AV, Czopowicz M, Szaluś-Jordanow O, Moroz A, Mickiewicz M, Witkowski L, Markowska-Daniel I, Bagnicka E, Cerbu C, Olah D, Spinu M, Kaba J. Diagnostic accuracy of three commercial immunoenzymatic assays for small ruminant lentivirus infection in goats performed on individual milk samples. Prev Vet Med 2021; 191:105347. [PMID: 33862543 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) caused by small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection is one of the most widespread and devastating diseases of goats. Serological methods, mainly immunoenzymatic assays (ELISA), are the mainstay of CAE diagnostics. Even though blood is still the most commonly tested material, animal welfare issues and increasing costs of veterinary service prompt the development of serological methods based on milk testing. Several different types of ELISAs for CAE are available on the market. All of them perform well on serum, however their diagnostic accuracy for testing milk has not been so far compared. Therefore, we carried out the study in 5 dairy goat herds in Poland whose previous epidemiological situation regarding CAE was known. Paired serum and milk samples were collected from all adult females (n = 420) and tested with 3 commercial ELISAs - indirect ELISA based on the whole-virus antigen (wELISA), indirect ELISA based on the recombined transmembrane and capsid protein (TM/CA-ELISA), and competitive ELISA based on the surface glycoprotein (SU-ELISA). Milk was tested as lactoserum at dilution of 1/2 in wELISA and TM/CA-ELISA, and undiluted in SU-ELISA. The true status of goats was based on the composite reference standard comprising the results of all three ELISAs done on serum and the true prevalence of SRLV infection in the herd of origin. 243 (57.9 %) goats were classified as truly positive and 177 (42.1 %) goats as truly negative. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated using the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) as well as sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) for a range of cut-off values. AUROC was 98.8 % (CI 95 %: 97.5 %, 100 %) for wELISA, 97.9 % (CI 95 %: 96.5 %, 99.2 %) for TM/CA-ELISA, and 91.7 % (CI 95 %: 88.9 %, 94.5 %) for SU-ELISA. At the cut-off values recommended by the manufacturers both indirect ELISAs were highly sensitive (89.3 % and 91.4 %, respectively) and highly specific (98.3 % and 95.5 %, respectively), whereas SU-ELISA had only moderate Se (71.2 %) at comparably high Sp (96.6 %). Nevertheless, the optimal cut-off values were lower than those recommended by manufacturers for serum - sample-to-positive control serum ratio (S/P%) of 10 % for wELISA, S/P% of 80 % for TM/CA-ELISA, and percentage inhibition of 23 % for SU-ELISA. Concluding, the study shows that wELISA and TM/CA-ELISA may be interchangeably used for testing individual goat milk samples for SRLV infection. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of these ELISAs appear not to be lower on milk than on serum. SU-ELISA is considerably less sensitive on milk samples than indirect ELISAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian-Valentin Potărniche
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Olga Szaluś-Jordanow
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Moroz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Mickiewicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lucjan Witkowski
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Markowska-Daniel
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Bagnicka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Constantin Cerbu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Olah
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marina Spinu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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