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Marin RE, Uzal FA. Lisosomal storage disease caused by ingestion of Astragalus spp in llamas: an emergent concern. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1999-2005. [PMID: 38758424 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases are inherited or acquired disorders characterized by dysfunctional lysosomes that lead to intracytoplasmic accumulation of undegraded substrates, causing impaired cellular function and death. Many acquired lysosomal storage diseases are produced by toxic plants, which have indolizidine alkaloids, including swainsonine, that inhibits lysosomal α-mannosidase and Golgi α-mannosidase II. Swainsonine-induced nervous disease associated with various plants has been reported, including species of the genus Astragalus, Sida, Oxitropis, Swainsona, and Ipomoea. Two species of Astragalus (i.e. Astragalus garbancillo and Astragalus punae) have been found to cause neurologic disease in llamas. In addition, A. garbancillo was also associated with malformations in the offspring, and possibly abortions and neonatal mortality in llamas. The diagnosis of Astragalus spp. intoxication is established based on clinical signs, microscopic and ultrastructural findings, lectin histochemistry, abundance of these plants in the grazing area and determination of swainsonine in plant specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl E Marin
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino Branch, University of CA-Davis, 105 W Central Ave, San Bernardino, CA, 92408, USA.
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2
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Islam AKMS, Bhuiyan R, Nihad SAI, Akter R, Khan MAI, Akter S, Islam MR, Khokon MAR, Latif MA. Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles and its efficacy against Rhizoctonia solani, a fungus causing sheath blight disease in rice. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304817. [PMID: 38889131 PMCID: PMC11185457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) stands as a crucial staple food worldwide, especially in Bangladesh, where it ranks as the third-largest producer. However, intensified cultivation has made high-yielding rice varieties susceptible to various biotic stresses, notably sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani, which inflicts significant yield losses annually. Traditional fungicides, though effective, pose environmental and health risks. To address this, nanotechnology emerges as a promising avenue, leveraging the antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles like silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This study explored the green synthesis of AgNPs using Ipomoea carnea leaf extract and silver nitrate (AgNO3), and also examined their efficacy against sheath blight disease in rice. The biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized through various analytical techniques such as UV-vis spectrophotometer, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Particle size analyzer, Zeta potential, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) for confirming their successful production and crystalline nature of nanoparticles. The results of UV-visible spectrophotometers revealed an absorption peak ranging from 421 to 434 nm, validated the synthesis of AgNPs in the solution. XRD, DLS, and TEM estimated AgNPs sizes were ~45 nm, 66.2nm, and 46.38 to 73.81 nm, respectively. SEM and FESEM demonstrated that the synthesized AgNPs were spherical in shape. In vitro assays demonstrated the significant inhibitory effects of AgNPs on mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani, particularly at higher concentrations and pH levels. Further greenhouse and field experiments validated the antifungal efficacy of AgNPs against sheath blight disease in rice, exhibiting comparable effectiveness to commercial fungicides. The findings highlight the potential of AgNPs as a sustainable and effective alternative for managing rice sheath blight disease, offering a safer solution amidst environmental concerns associated with conventional fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rejwan Bhuiyan
- Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | | | - Rumana Akter
- Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | | | - Shamima Akter
- Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rashidul Islam
- Department of Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammad Abdul Latif
- Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur, Bangladesh
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3
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Pistán ME, Cook D, Gutiérrez SA, Schnittger L, Gardner DR, Cholich LA, Gonzalez AM. Identification and distribution of a fungal endosymbiotic Alternaria species ( Alternaria section Undifilum sp.) in Astragalus garbancillo tissues. Mycologia 2024; 116:291-298. [PMID: 38294503 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2299191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Plants belonging to the genera Astragalus, Oxytropis, Ipomoea, Sida, and Swainsona often contain the toxin swainsonine (SW) produced by an associated fungal symbiont. Consumption of SW-containing plants causes a serious neurological disorder in livestock, which can be fatal. In this study, a fungal endophyte, Alternaria section Undifilum, was identified in Astragalus garbancillo seeds, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by direct sequencing. In seeds, the SW concentrations were about 4 times higher than in other parts of the plant. Furthermore, microscopic examination demonstrated that the fungus mycelium grows inside the petioles and stems, on the outer surface and inside the mesocarp of the fruit, in the mesotesta and endotesta layers of the seed coat, and inside the endosperm of the seeds. Our results support the notion that the SW-producing fungus is vertically transmitted in the host plant A. garbancillo.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Pistán
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes 3400, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, Utah 84341
| | - Susana A Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - Leonhard Schnittger
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Corrientes 3400, Argentina
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
| | - Dale R Gardner
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, Utah 84341
| | - Luciana A Cholich
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Corrientes 3400, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - Ana M Gonzalez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Corrientes 3400, Argentina
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBONE-CONICET-UNNE), Corrientes 3400, Argentina
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4
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Cholich L, Pistán M, Torres A, Hernández D, Moro R, Gómez T, Gardner D, Bustillo S. Ipomoea carnea alkaloid extract vs swainsonine: A comparative study on cytotoxic activity against glial cells. Toxicon 2023; 235:107325. [PMID: 37838004 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of Ipomoea carnea produces a neurological syndrome in animals. The toxic principles of I. carnea are the alkaloids swainsonine (SW) and calystegines B1, B2, B3 and C1. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of an alkaloid extract of Ipomoea carnea (AEE) and natural swainsonine (SW) isolated from Astragalus lentiginosus (25-1000 μM of SW) for 48 h in a glioma cell line. Although the natural SW did not induce any changes in cell viability, the AEE exhibited a dose dependent cytotoxic effect and release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) indicative of cytolysis. In order to evaluate the morphological changes involved, cells were examined using phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy with acridine orange-ethidium bromide staining. The AEE caused a cell death compatible with necrosis, whereas exposure to 1000 μM of SW resulted in cytoplasmic vacuolation. Immunocytochemical studies revealed that astrocytes treated with 150 μM of AEE from I. carnea or 1000 μM of SW exhibited morphological characteristics of cell activation. These findings suggest that swainsonine would not be the only component present in the AEE of I. carnea responsible for in vitro cytotoxicity. Calystegines might also play a role in acting synergistically and triggering cell death through necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Cholich
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina; The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina.
| | - María Pistán
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina; The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Ana Torres
- Natural Products Laboratory, IQUIBA-NEA CONICET, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - David Hernández
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Moro
- Biological and Molecular Investigations Group (GIBYM), IQUIBA-NEA CONICET, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Tamara Gómez
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Dale Gardner
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Soledad Bustillo
- Biological and Molecular Investigations Group (GIBYM), IQUIBA-NEA CONICET, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
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Quach QN, Clay K, Lee ST, Gardner DR, Cook D. Phylogenetic patterns of bioactive secondary metabolites produced by fungal endosymbionts in morning glories (Ipomoeeae, Convolvulaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1351-1361. [PMID: 36727281 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Heritable fungal endosymbiosis is underinvestigated in plant biology and documented in only three plant families (Convolvulaceae, Fabaceae, and Poaceae). An estimated 40% of morning glory species in the tribe Ipomoeeae (Convolvulaceae) have associations with one of two distinct heritable, endosymbiotic fungi (Periglandula and Chaetothyriales) that produce the bioactive metabolites ergot alkaloids, indole diterpene alkaloids, and swainsonine, which have been of interest for their toxic effects on animals and potential medical applications. Here, we report the occurrence of ergot alkaloids, indole diterpene alkaloids, and swainsonine in the Convolvulaceae; and the fungi that produce them based on synthesis of previous studies and new indole diterpene alkaloid data from 27 additional species in a phylogenetic, geographic, and life-history context. We find that individual morning glory species host no more than one metabolite-producing fungal endosymbiont (with one possible exception), possibly due to costs to the host and overlapping functions of the alkaloids. The symbiotic morning glory lineages occur in distinct phylogenetic clades, and host species have significantly larger seed size than nonsymbiotic species. The distinct and widely distributed endosymbiotic relationships in the morning glory family and their alkaloids provide an accessible study system for understanding heritable plant-fungal symbiosis evolution and their potential functions for host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh N Quach
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Keith Clay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Stephen T Lee
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Dale R Gardner
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Daniel Cook
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
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Quach QN, Gardner DR, Clay K, Cook D. Phylogenetic Patterns of Swainsonine Presence in Morning Glories. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:871148. [PMID: 35591984 PMCID: PMC9111539 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.871148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosymbionts play important roles in the life cycles of many macro-organisms. The indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine is produced by heritable fungi that occurs in diverse plant families, such as locoweeds (Fabaceae) and morning glories (Convolvulaceae) plus two species of Malvaceae. Swainsonine is known for its toxic effects on livestock following the ingestion of locoweeds and the potential for pharmaceutical applications. We sampled and tested herbarium seed samples (n = 983) from 244 morning glory species for the presence of swainsonine and built a phylogeny based on available internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of the sampled species. We show that swainsonine occurs only in a single morning glory clade and host species are established on multiple continents. Our results further indicate that this symbiosis developed ∼5 mya and that swainsonine-positive species have larger seeds than their uninfected conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh N Quach
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Dale R Gardner
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Keith Clay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Daniel Cook
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT, United States
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Neyaz M, Gardner DR, Creamer R, Cook D. Localization of the Swainsonine-Producing Chaetothyriales Symbiont in the Seed and Shoot Apical Meristem in Its Host Ipomoea carnea. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030545. [PMID: 35336121 PMCID: PMC8951018 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Several species of fungi from the orders Chaetothyriales and Pleosporales have been reported to produce swainsonine and be associated as symbionts with plants of the Convolvulaceae and Fabaceae, respectively. An endosymbiont belonging to the Chaetothyriales produces swainsonine and grows as an epibiont on the adaxial leaf surfaces of Ipomoea carnea, but how the symbiont passes through plant growth and development is unknown. Herein, different types of microscopy were used to localize the symbiont in seeds and in cross sections of plant parts. The symbiont was found in several tissues including the hilum, the sclereids, and the hypocotyl of seeds. In five-day old seedlings and mature plants, the symbiont was found in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and the adaxial surface of immature folded leaves. The mycelia generally formed a close association with peltate glandular trichomes. This report provides further data explaining the relationship between the seed transmitted Chaetothyriales symbiont and Ipomoea carnea. These results provide a possible explanation for how this symbiont, and others like Periglandula may persist and are transmitted over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Neyaz
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA;
| | - Dale R. Gardner
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT 84321, USA;
| | - Rebecca Creamer
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA;
| | - Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT 84321, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Kumar P, Nachiar.G S, Prabhu TP. A Review on Pharmacological and Phytochemical studies towards convolvulaceae species Rivea and Ipomea. CURRENT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083808666211221121301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
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The plants of Rivea and Ipomea are Convolvulaceae species which were identified by their funnel like flowers and radial shaped corolla.The stems of these plants are slender and creeper type.The plant of ipomea contain simple leaves.Whereas the leaves of Rivea are velvety in texture and have a shiny appearance.The fruits are like capsule, berry or nut containing only two seeds per one locule.Mostly Convolvulaceae species are eaten as a fresh leafy vegetable,which has been used traditionally for curing many ailments such as purgative,skin disease and as a blood purifier for arthritis, piles and urinary disorder.Both these plants explain the therapeutic benefits such as curing diabetes, skininfections ,snakebite, ulcer and also posses antimutagenic activities and act as a immune booster and help in the relief of respiratory congestion.On highlighting their phytochemical aspects both the plants shows the presence of flavanoids, terpenoids, poly phenols, carbohydrates, alkaloids, sterols and glycosides.As these plants is creepers,tribal people use their leafy part for their neutraceutical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.R. Kumar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, SRM College of Pharmacy, Chennai, India
| | - Shanthini Nachiar.G
- Department of Pharmacognosy, C.L.Baid Metha College of Pharmacy, Chennai, India
| | - T. Purushoth Prabhu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai, India
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Cholich LA, Martinez A, Micheloud JF, Pistán ME, García EN, Robles CA, Ortega HH, Gimeno EJ. Alpha-mannosidosis caused by toxic plants in ruminants of Argentina. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20191496. [PMID: 34787167 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120191496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that several of the swainsonine-containing plant species found widespread around the world have a negative economic impact in each country. In Argentina, most of the information on the poisonous plant species that produce α-mannosidosis is published in Spanish and thus not available to most English-speaking researchers interested in toxic plants. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the information about swainsonine-containing plants in Argentina, which are extensively distributed throughout different ecoregions of the country. To date, five species from three genera have been shown to induce α-mannosidosis in livestock in Argentina: Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa, Ipomoea hieronymi subsp. calchaquina (Convolvulaceae), Astragalus garbancillo, Astragalus pehuenches (Fabaceae), and Sida rodrigoi (Malvaceae). These species contain the indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine, which inhibits the lysosomal enzyme α-mannosidase and consequently affects glycoprotein metabolism, resulting in partially metabolized sugars. The prolonged consumption of these poisonous plants produces progressive weight loss and clinical signs related to a nervous disorder, characterized by tremors of head and neck, abnormalities of gait, difficulty in standing, ataxia and wide-based stance. Histological lesions are mainly characterized by vacuolation of different cells, especially neurons of the central nervous system. The main animal model used to study α-mannosidosis is the guinea pig because, when experimentally poisoned, it exhibits many of the characteristics of naturally intoxicated livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana A Cholich
- Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Sargento Cabral 2139, 3400 Corrientes, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Piso 9, C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Martinez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Grupo Salud Animal, Modesta Victoria 4450, 8400 Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Juan F Micheloud
- Universidad Católica de Salta, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronomía, Campus Castañares, A4400 Salta, Argentina.,Grupo de Trabajo de Patología, Epidemiología e Investigación Diagnostica, Área de Sanidad Animal-IIACS/INTA, Salta, Argentina
| | - María E Pistán
- Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Sargento Cabral 2139, 3400 Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Enrique N García
- Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Sargento Cabral 2139, 3400 Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Robles
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Grupo Salud Animal, Modesta Victoria 4450, 8400 Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Hugo H Ortega
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET Litoral), Bv. Pellegrini 2750, S3000 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Piso 9, C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo J Gimeno
- Universidad Nacional de la Plata (UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, 60 y 118, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Piso 9, C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Oliveira CA, Riet-Correa G, Lima E, Medeiros RMT, Miraballes C, Pfister JA, Gardner D, Cook D, Riet-Correa F. Toxicity of the swainsonine-containing plant Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa for goats and sheep. Toxicon 2021; 197:40-47. [PMID: 33887299 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the toxicity of swainsonine present in Ipomoea carnea for goats and sheep, 12 goats and 12 sheep were divided into 3 groups of 4 goats (G1, G2 and G3) and 3 groups of 4 sheep (S4, S5 and S6) each. Groups G1 and S4 were used as controls; G2 and S5 received 1 mg/kg body weight of swainsonine from plant material and G3 and S6 received 3 mg/kg. Groups G2 and G3 presented the first clinical signs, on average, after the 54th and 39th days of ingestion of the plant, respectively. Groups S5 and S6 presented the first clinical signs, on average, on the 64th and 42nd days of the experiment, respectively. In sheep, in addition to having a longer period of ingestion until the onset of clinical signs, these signs were less severe, being evident only after the animals were forced to move. These results demonstrated that goats are more susceptible to swainsonine poisoning than sheep. Complete regression of clinical signs was observed in 5 goats and 6 sheep. However, three goats and one sheep remained with clinical signs until 120 days of the experiment, suggesting that to control the poisoning the animals should be removed from the pastures immediately after the first clinical signs. There were no significant differences in weight between the different groups, suggesting that for goats ingesting the plant, toxic Ipomoea species can be used as forage for intermittent periods of 15-30 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Oliveira
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Pará (IFPA), Campus de Castanhal, BR-316 Km 61, Castanhal, PA, 68743-080, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Riet-Correa
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Health in the Amazon (PPGSAAM), Federal University of Pará (UFPA), BR 316, Sn, Castanhal, PA, 68740-000, Brazil.
| | - Everton Lima
- Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos, Paraíba, 58700-000, Brazil
| | - Rosane M T Medeiros
- Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos, Paraíba, 58700-000, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Miraballes
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Ciência Animal Nos Trópicos, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - James A Pfister
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Dale Gardner
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos, Paraíba, 58700-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Ciência Animal Nos Trópicos, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
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The effect of Ipomoea carnea on maternal reproductive outcomes and fetal and postnatal development in rats. Toxicon 2020; 190:3-10. [PMID: 33253700 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ipomoea carnea is a toxic plant found in Brazil and other tropical countries. The plant contains the alkaloids calystegines and swainsonine, which inhibit key cellular enzymes and cause systematic cell death. It is known that swainsonine is excreted in the amniotic fluid of dams exposed to the plant. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify whether the toxic effect of I. carnea on fetuses is due to exclusively the passage of the active principle of the plant through the placenta, or if the placentotoxic effect of swainsonine could collaborate in the adverse effects observed in the fetus. The teratogenic effects of exposure to the toxic principles of I. carnea were evaluated not only using the conventional protocol but also at later stages in the postnatal developmental period. Females were treated, from gestation day (GD) 6 until GD19, with 0.0, 1.0, 3.0 or 7.0 g/kg body weight of I. carnea dry leaves. The plant did not induce changes in reproductive performance or biochemical profile of the dams. Dams that received the highest dose of I. carnea showed cytoplasmic vacuolization in the liver, kidney and placental tissue. I. carnea promoted different lectin binding patterns in different areas of placental tissue. No fetal skeletal or visceral malformations was observed. The postnatal evaluation revealed a lower litter weight and a lower pup body weight one day after birth in the group that received the highest dose of I. carnea. Physical milestones were unaffected by the treatments. Female pups from all experimental groups exhibited a delay in achieving a negative geotaxis response. The results show that the toxic principle of I. carnea produces injury in utero in mothers and fetuses, but these deleterious effects were better demonstrated using postnatal evaluation.
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Cholich LA, Pistán ME, Torres AM, Ortega HH, Gardner DR, Bustillo S. Cytotoxic activity induced by the alkaloid extract from Ipomoea carnea on primary murine mixed glial cultures. Toxicon 2020; 188:134-141. [PMID: 33091389 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The prolonged consumption of Ipomoea carnea produces neurologic symptoms in animals and a typical histological lesion, cytoplasmic vacuolization, especially in neurons. The toxic principles of I. carnea are the alkaloids swainsonine and calystegines B1, B2, B3 and C1. In this study, primary brain cultures from newborn mouse containing mixed glial cells were utilized. These cells were exposed to Ipomoea extracts containing between 0 and 250 μM swainsonine for 48 h. Morphological changes were investigated through Phase Contrast microscopy and Rosenfeld's staining. The extract induced cytoplasmic vacuolization in astrocytes and microglia in a dose dependent manner, being more evident when cultures were exposed to 250 μM of swainsonine. In addition, acridine orange staining evidenced an increase in the number of lysosomes in both microglia and astrocytes cells. Consistent with this, scanning electron microscopy also showed that both types of cells presented morphological characteristics of cell activation. Ultrastructurally, cells showed vacuoles filled with amorphous material and surrounded by a single membrane and also multilayer membranes. Taken together, these findings suggest that swainsonine along with calystegines, are probably responsible for the activation of glial cells due to a possible lysosomal dysfunction and therefore intracellular storage. Our results demonstrate that this in vitro glial cell model is a very good alternative to in vivo studies that require several weeks of animal intoxication to observe similar neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Andrea Cholich
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina; The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - María Elena Pistán
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina; The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Ana María Torres
- Natural Products Laboratory, IQUIBA-NEA CONICET, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Hugo Héctor Ortega
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences of Litoral (ICIVET), National University of Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Dale R Gardner
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Soledad Bustillo
- Biological and Molecular Investigations Group (GIBYM), IQUIBA-NEA CONICET, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina
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Marin RE, Micheloud JF, Vignale ND, Gimeno EJ, O'Toole D, Gardner DR, Woods L, Uzal FA. Intoxication by Astragalus garbancillo var. garbancillo in llamas. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:467-470. [PMID: 32233843 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720914338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases are inherited and acquired disorders characterized by dysfunctional lysosomes. Intracytoplasmic accumulation of undegraded substrates leads to impaired cellular function and death. Several plant species are toxic to livestock because of the presence of indolizidine alkaloids, including swainsonine, which cause a storage disease. Swainsonine-induced nervous disease (i.e., locoism) of sheep and cattle is well recognized in several parts of the world, particularly in the western United States and in parts of Australia. Spontaneous intoxication by Astragalus garbancillo var. garbancillo was suspected in a group of 70 llamas (Lama glama) in Jujuy Province, northwestern Argentina. The animals grazed an area dominated by stands of A. garbancillo var. garbancillo. Clinical signs were staggering, ataxia, hypermetria, and progressive weight loss. The clinical course in individual animals was ~50 d. The main microscopic changes were Purkinje cell degeneration, necrosis, and loss, associated with intracytoplasmic vacuolation, meganeurite formation, and Wallerian degeneration. Specific positive labeling for ubiquitin was observed in axonal spheroids. Composite leaf and stem samples of A. garbancillo var. garbancillo analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography contained 0.03% swainsonine. Based on the microscopic lesions, clinical history, and plant analysis, a diagnosis was made of storage disease caused by consumption of swainsonine-containing A. garbancillo var. garbancillo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul E Marin
- Facultad Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina (Marin, Vignale).,Área de Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Salta, Argentina (Micheloud).,Cátedra de Patología General, Facultad Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina (Gimeno).,Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Laramie, WY (O'Toole).,USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT (Gardner).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino (Uzal) and Davis (Woods) branches, CA
| | - Juan F Micheloud
- Facultad Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina (Marin, Vignale).,Área de Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Salta, Argentina (Micheloud).,Cátedra de Patología General, Facultad Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina (Gimeno).,Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Laramie, WY (O'Toole).,USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT (Gardner).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino (Uzal) and Davis (Woods) branches, CA
| | - Nilda D Vignale
- Facultad Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina (Marin, Vignale).,Área de Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Salta, Argentina (Micheloud).,Cátedra de Patología General, Facultad Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina (Gimeno).,Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Laramie, WY (O'Toole).,USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT (Gardner).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino (Uzal) and Davis (Woods) branches, CA
| | - Eduardo J Gimeno
- Facultad Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina (Marin, Vignale).,Área de Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Salta, Argentina (Micheloud).,Cátedra de Patología General, Facultad Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina (Gimeno).,Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Laramie, WY (O'Toole).,USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT (Gardner).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino (Uzal) and Davis (Woods) branches, CA
| | - Donal O'Toole
- Facultad Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina (Marin, Vignale).,Área de Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Salta, Argentina (Micheloud).,Cátedra de Patología General, Facultad Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina (Gimeno).,Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Laramie, WY (O'Toole).,USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT (Gardner).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino (Uzal) and Davis (Woods) branches, CA
| | - Dale R Gardner
- Facultad Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina (Marin, Vignale).,Área de Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Salta, Argentina (Micheloud).,Cátedra de Patología General, Facultad Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina (Gimeno).,Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Laramie, WY (O'Toole).,USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT (Gardner).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino (Uzal) and Davis (Woods) branches, CA
| | - Leslie Woods
- Facultad Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina (Marin, Vignale).,Área de Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Salta, Argentina (Micheloud).,Cátedra de Patología General, Facultad Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina (Gimeno).,Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Laramie, WY (O'Toole).,USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT (Gardner).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino (Uzal) and Davis (Woods) branches, CA
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- Facultad Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina (Marin, Vignale).,Área de Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Salta, Argentina (Micheloud).,Cátedra de Patología General, Facultad Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina (Gimeno).,Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, Laramie, WY (O'Toole).,USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT (Gardner).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino (Uzal) and Davis (Woods) branches, CA
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de Carvalho Nunes L, Stegelmeier BL, Cook D, Pfister JA, Gardner DR, Riet-Correa F, Welch KD. Clinical and pathological comparison of Astragalus lentiginosus and Ipomoea carnea poisoning in goats. Toxicon 2019; 171:20-28. [PMID: 31542469 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine, found in some Astragalus and Oxytropis (i.e., locoweed) species, is a potent cellular glycosidase inhibitor that often poisons livestock. Other toxic genera such as some Ipomoea species also contain swainsonine as well as calystegines which are similar polyhydroxy alkaloids. The toxicity of calystegines is poorly characterized; however, they are also potent glycoside inhibitors capable of intestinal and cellular glycoside dysfunction. The objective of this study was to directly compare A. lentiginosus and I. carnea poisoning in goats to better characterize the role of the calystegines. Three groups of four goats each were treated with ground alfalfa (control), I. carnea or A. lentiginosus to obtain daily doses of 0.0, 1.5, and 1.5 mg swainsonine/kg bw per day, respectively, for 45 days. Animals were observed daily and weekly body weights, serum enzyme activities, and serum swainsonine concentrations were determined. At day 45 all animals were euthanized and necropsied. Goats treated with A. lentiginosus and I. carnea developed clinical disease characterized by mild intention tremors and proprioceptive deficits. Goats treated with A. lentiginosus developed clinical disease sooner and with greater consistency. No differences in body weight, serum swainsonine concentrations and serum enzyme activity were observed between goats treated with A. lentiginosus and I. carnea. Additionally, there were no differences in the microscopic and histochemical studies of the visceral and neurologic lesions observed between goats treated with A. lentiginosus and I. carnea. These findings suggest that I. carnea-induced clinical signs and lesions are due to swainsonine and that calystegines contribute little or nothing to toxicity in goats in the presence of swainsonine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan L Stegelmeier
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 E. 1400 N, Logan, UT, USA, 84341
| | - Daniel Cook
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 E. 1400 N, Logan, UT, USA, 84341.
| | - James A Pfister
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 E. 1400 N, Logan, UT, USA, 84341
| | - Dale R Gardner
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 E. 1400 N, Logan, UT, USA, 84341
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay; Veterinary Hospital, Center for Health and Rural Technology, Patos Campus, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, Brazil
| | - Kevin D Welch
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 E. 1400 N, Logan, UT, USA, 84341
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Cook D, Lee ST, Panaccione DG, Leadmon CE, Clay K, Gardner DR. Biodiversity of Convolvulaceous species that contain Ergot Alkaloids, Indole Diterpene Alkaloids, and Swainsonine. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2019; 86. [PMID: 31496550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2019.103921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Convolvulaceous species have been reported to contain several bioactive principles thought to be toxic to livestock including the calystegines, swainsonine, ergot alkaloids, and indole diterpene alkaloids. Swainsonine, ergot alkaloids, and indole diterpene alkaloids are produced by seed transmitted fungal symbionts associated with their respective plant host, while the calystegines are produced by the plant. To date, Ipomoea asarifolia and Ipomoea muelleri represent the only Ipomoea species and members of the Convolvulaceae known to contain indole diterpene alkaloids, however several other Convolvulaceous species are reported to contain ergot alkaloids. To further explore the biodiversity of species that may contain indole diterpenes, we analyzed several Convolvulaceous species (n=30) for indole diterpene alkaloids, representing four genera, Argyreia, Ipomoea, Stictocardia, and Turbina, that had been previously reported to contain ergot alkaloids. These species were also verified to contain ergot alkaloids and subsequently analyzed for swainsonine. Ergot alkaloids were detected in 18 species representing all four genera screened, indole diterpenes were detected in two Argyreia species and eight Ipomoea species of the 18 that contained ergot alkaloids, and swainsonine was detected in two Ipomoea species. The data suggest a strong association exists between the relationship of the Periglandula species associated with each host and the occurrence of the ergot alkaloids and/or the indole diterpenes reported here. Likewise there appears to be an association between the occurrence of the respective bioactive principle and the genetic relatedness of the respective host plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT 84341, USA
| | - Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT 84341, USA
| | - Daniel G Panaccione
- West Virginia University, Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Caroline E Leadmon
- West Virginia University, Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Keith Clay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Dale R Gardner
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT 84341, USA
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Binaglia M, Baert K, Schutte M, Serafimova R. Overview of available toxicity data for calystegines. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05574. [PMID: 32626111 PMCID: PMC7009039 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calystegines are polyhydroxylated nortropane alkaloids that have been found in various solanaceous foods, in particular in potatoes and aubergines. The biological activity and potential toxicity of calystegines are associated with their capacity to inhibit glycosidases and block carbohydrate metabolism inducing lysosomal storage toxicity. The present report summarises the retrieved information on the possible toxicity of calystegines. Only few in vivo short‐term toxicological studies in rodents on individual calystegines or mixtures of calystegines were retrieved. Overall, these studies are insufficient to conclude on the possible chronic toxicity effects of calystegines in humans, in particular considering the short duration of the studies and potential lower sensitivity of rats and mice to glycosidase inhibitors, compared to other species such as goats and guinea pigs. Several studies and case reports were retrieved on the toxic effects induced in livestock or experimental animals following consumption or administration of plants containing calystegines. However, the concurrent presence of other alkaloids, in particular swainsonine, did not allow using these studies to draw conclusions on the toxicity of calystegines. Since no experimental data on genotoxicity of calystegines were retrieved, in silico predicting models were applied to identify possible alert for genotoxicity of five calystegines recently detected in food. In most of the cases, the outcome of the computational predictions indicated no alerts for genotoxicity; however, the low reliability of the results prevents a firm conclusion on the genotoxic potential of the substances. Overall, the available data do not allow drawing conclusions on the possible toxic effects of calystegines in humans or in livestock, and more data in relevant experimental models would be necessary to characterise the toxic profile of this group of substances.
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Salinas LM, Balseiro A, Jirón W, Peralta A, Muñoz D, Fajardo J, Gayo E, Martínez IZ, Riet-Correa F, Gardner DR, García Marín JF. Neurological syndrome in goats associated with Ipomoea trifida and Ipomoea carnea containing calystegines. Toxicon 2019; 157:8-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Cerebellar disease can be congenital or acquired. Clinical signs of cerebellar disease include hypermetric gait in all limbs, normal to increased muscle tone, wide-based stance, swaying, intention tremor, and convulsions. Vestibular signs may be observed. Differential diagnoses for etiology include congenital (hypoplasia, abiotrophy, and lysosomal storage diseases), viral, bacterial, and toxic plants. Animals may present aborted as fetuses or stillborn, be affected at birth, develop disease at a few months old, or acquire the disease later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Gibbons
- Food Animal Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TAMU 4475, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
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Küster N, Rosahl S, Dräger B. Potato plants with genetically engineered tropane alkaloid precursors. PLANTA 2017; 245:355-365. [PMID: 27783159 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Solanum tuberosum tropinone reductase I reduced tropinone in vivo. Suppression of tropinone reductase II strongly reduced calystegines in sprouts. Overexpression of putrescine N -methyltransferase did not alter calystegine accumulation. Calystegines are hydroxylated alkaloids formed by the tropane alkaloid pathway. They accumulate in potato (Solanum tuberosum L., Solanaceae) roots and sprouting tubers. Calystegines inhibit various glycosidases in vitro due to their sugar-mimic structure, but functions of calystegines in plants are not understood. Enzymes participating in or competing with calystegine biosynthesis, including putrescine N-methyltransferase (PMT) and tropinone reductases (TRI and TRII), were altered in their activity in potato plants by RNA interference (RNAi) and by overexpression. The genetically altered potato plants were investigated for the accumulation of calystegines and for intermediates of their biosynthesis. An increase in N-methylputrescine provided by DsPMT expression was not sufficient to increase calystegine accumulation. Overexpression and gene knockdown of StTRI proved that S. tuberosum TRI is a functional tropinone reductase in vivo, but no influence on calystegine accumulation was observed. When StTRII expression was suppressed by RNAi, calystegine formation was severely compromised in the transformed plants. Under phytochamber and green house conditions, the StTRII RNAi plants did not show phenotypic alterations. Further investigation of calystegines function in potato plants under natural conditions is enabled by the calystegine deprived StTRII RNAi plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Küster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sabine Rosahl
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Birgit Dräger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
- University Leipzig, Ritterstraße 26, 04109, Leipzig, Germany.
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Micheloud JF, Marin R, Colque-Caro LA, Martínez OG, Gardner D, Gimeno EJ. Swainsonine-induced lysosomal storage disease in goats caused by the ingestion of Sida rodrigoi Monteiro in North-western Argentina. Toxicon 2017; 128:1-4. [PMID: 28093222 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous poisonous plants that can induce intralysosomal accumulation of glycoproteins and neurologic syndromes. Here we describe for the first time, a disease caused by ingesting Sida rodrigoi Monteiro in goats in North-western Argentina. The animals showed weight loss, indifference to the environment, unsteady gait and ataxia. Histopathologic studies showed vacuolization in cells of various organs, mainly in the CNS. The material deposited in the cells was positive for LCA (Lens culinaris agglutinin), WGA (Triticum vulgaris agglutinin), sWGA (succinyl-Triticum vulgaris agglutinin) and Con-A (Concanavalia ensiformis agglutinin) lectins. Finally, toxic levels of swansonine were identified in the plant. The present investigation allowed to recognize S. rodrigoi Monteiro poisoning as a plant induced α-mannosidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Francisco Micheloud
- Grupo de Trabajo de Patología, Epidemiología e Investigación Diagnóstica, Área de Sanidad Animal-IIACS/INTA, Salta, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agrarias-UCASAL, Salta, Argentina.
| | - Raúl Marin
- Cátedra de Producción Bovina, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Luis Adrián Colque-Caro
- Grupo de Trabajo de Patología, Epidemiología e Investigación Diagnóstica, Área de Sanidad Animal-IIACS/INTA, Salta, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agrarias-UCASAL, Salta, Argentina
| | - Olga Gladys Martínez
- Cátedra de Diversidad de las Plantas, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Dale Gardner
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Eduardo Juan Gimeno
- Catedra de Patología General, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bs As, Argentina
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Armién AG, Tokarnia CH, Peixoto PV, Frese K. Spontaneous and Experimental Glycoprotein Storage Disease of Goats Induced by Ipomoea carnea subsp fistulosa (Convolvulaceae). Vet Pathol 2016; 44:170-84. [PMID: 17317794 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-2-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous and experimental poisoning with the swainsonine-containing and calystegine-containing plant Ipomoea carnea subsp fistulosa is described. Three of 8 goats presenting with emaciation, weakness, symmetrical ataxia, posterior paresis, proprioceptive deficits, abnormal posture, abnormal postural reaction, and muscle hypertonia were necropsied. I fistulosa was suspected to be the cause of the neurologic disease in all cases. An experiment was conducted to confirm the diagnosis using 12 goats and diets containing 3 different concentrations of the plant. All goats fed I fistulosa developed neurological signs that were similar to those observed in the spontaneous intoxication. Muscle atrophy and pallor were the only macroscopic changes observed in spontaneous and in experimental intoxication. Histological lesions of spontaneous and experimental animals were similar. The most prominent lesion was cytoplasmic vacuolation in neurons of the central and the autonomous nervous system, pancreatic acinar cells, hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid gland, and macrophages of the lymphatic tissues. Neuronal necrosis, axonal spheroids formation, and astrogliosis were additionally observed in the brain. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasmic vacuoles consisted of distended lysosomes surrounded by a single-layered membrane. Nonreduced end-rests or sequence of α-Man, α-Glc, β(1–4)-GlcNAc, and NeuNAc on lysosomal membrane were revealed by lectin histochemistry. Samples of plants used in the experimental trial contained swainsonine and calystegine and their intermediary derivate. We conclude that I fistulosa induces a glycoprotein storage disease primarily based on the inhibition of the lysosomal α-mannosidase by the alkaloid swainsonine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Armién
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Verdes JM, Moraña A, Gutiérrez F, Battes D, Fidalgo LE, Guerrero F. Cerebellar Degeneration in Cattle Grazing Solanum Bonariense (“Naranjillo”) in Western Uruguay. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 18:299-303. [PMID: 16789723 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle in western Uruguay that were eating Solanum bonariense developed periodic episodes of ataxia, hypermetria, hyperesthesia, head and thoracic limb extension, opisthotonus, nystagmus, and falling to the side or backward. Similar clinical signs were experimentally reproduced in cattle by administration of S. bonariense via rumen cannula at a dose of 1,024 g/kg body mass. No significant gross lesions were observed in field cases or experimentally induced cases. Spontaneous and induced histologic lesions were similar and included vacuolation, degeneration, and loss of Purkinje cells. Axonal spheroids, microcavitations, and other changes of wallerian-type degeneration in cerebellar white matter were also observed. Ultrastructural changes included increased number of electron-dense residual storage bodies in membrane-bound vesicles in affected Purkinje cells, and similar vesicles and mitochondria in axonal spheroids. No histologic lesions were detected in the other examined tissues. The Purkinje-cell swelling and vacuolation with subsequent cerebellar degeneration are suggestive of Purkinje-cell specific toxin that produces abnormal lysosome function and cell specific axonal transport. This is the first report of S. bonariense toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Verdes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de la República Oriental del Uruguay
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Maternal Ingestion of Ipomoea carnea: Effects on Goat-Kid Bonding and Behavior. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8030074. [PMID: 26999204 PMCID: PMC4810219 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ipomoea carnea is a toxic plant found in Brazil and other tropical and subtropical countries and often causes poisoning of livestock. The plant contains the alkaloids swainsonine and calystegines, which inhibit key cellular enzymes and cause systematic cell death. This study evaluated the behavioral effects of prenatal ingestion of this plant on dams and their kids. Twenty-four pregnant goats were randomly allocated into four treatment groups and received the following doses (g/kg BW) of fresh I. carnea: 0 (control group), 1.0 (IC1), 3.0 (IC3), and 5.0 (IC5) from day 27 of gestation until parturition. Dam and kid bonding and behavior were evaluated by several tests, immediately after birth until six weeks of age. Dams from IC3 and IC5 groups spent less time paying attention to the newborn. There was a lack of maternal-infant bonding due to I. carnea intoxication. Kids from treated dams had difficulty in standing, suckling, and in recognizing their mother hours after birth. I. carnea can also compromise the kids’ ability to learn and to retain spatial memory. We suggest that kids from pregnant goats given I. carnea during gestation have significant behavioral alterations and developmental delays that may compromise their survival.
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García EN, Aguirre MV, Gimeno EJ, Rios EE, Acosta OC, Cholich LA. Haematologic alterations caused by Ipomoea carnea in experimental poisoning of guinea pig. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Penrith ML, Botha CJ, Tustin RC. Plant poisonings in livestock in Brazil and South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2015; 86:1200. [PMID: 26016490 PMCID: PMC6138183 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v86i1.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on intoxication of livestock by plants in Brazil, in terms of cause, clinical signs and pathology, is compared with information on livestock poisoning by plants in South Africa. Plant poisoning, including mycotoxicosis, is considered to be one of three major causes of death in livestock in Brazil, which is one of the top beef producing countries in the world, with a cattle population of more than 200 million. Cattle production in South Africa is on a more modest scale, but with some 600 species of plants and fungi known to cause toxicity in livestock, as opposed to some 130 species in Brazil, the risk to livestock in South Africa appears to be much greater. The comparisons discussed in this communication are largely restricted to ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Louise Penrith
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa; TAD Scientific CC, Menlo Park, South Africa.
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Ríos EE, Cholich LA, Chileski G, García EN, Lértora J, Gimeno EJ, Guidi MG, Mussart N, Teibler GP. Suspected natural lysosomal storage disease from ingestion of pink morning glory (Ipomoea carnea) in goats in northern Argentina. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:847-50. [PMID: 25728544 PMCID: PMC4527508 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes an occurrence of pink morning glory (Ipomoea carnea) intoxication in goats in northern Argentina. The clinical signs displayed by the affected animals were ataxia, lethargy, emaciation, hypertonia of the neck muscles, spastic paresis in the hind legs, abnormal postural reactions and death. The clinico-pathologic examination revealed that the affected animals were anemic and their serum level of aspartate aminotransferase was significantly increased. Cytoplasmic vacuolation in the Purkinje cells and pancreatic acinar cells was observed by histological examination. The neuronal lectin binding pattern showed a strong positive reaction to WGA (Triticum vulgaris), sWGA (succinylated T. vulgaris) and LCA (Lens culinaris). Although I. carnea is common in tropical regions, this is the first report of spontaneous poisoning in goats in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvio E Ríos
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of Northeast (UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
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Changes in swainsonine, calystegine, and nitrogen concentrations on an annual basis in Ipomoea carnea. Toxicon 2015; 95:62-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fatima N, Rahman MM, Khan MA, Fu J. A review on Ipomoea carnea: pharmacology, toxicology and phytochemistry. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 11:55-62. [PMID: 24651023 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2013-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Phytomedicines are increasingly being established in modern medical science. The shrub Ipomoea carnea has been used traditionally for thousands of years. However, there are few scientific studies on this medicinal plant, and most of the information are scattered. In this review, we have summarized the existing knowledge and recent progress on the medicinal importance of I. carnea. Different extracts of I. carnea plant possess anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-convulsant, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, sedative and wound healing activities. However, some toxicological effects have been also reported. Some of the major phytochemicals associated with the bioactivity of I. carnea have been characterized, which have been discussed in this study too. This review article might be beneficial for phytotherapy research, as I. carnea can be a good source for drug development.
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Rodríguez-Sánchez S, Ruiz-Matute A, Sanz M, Soria A. Characterization of trimethylsilyl ethers of iminosugars by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1372C:221-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Cook D, Gardner DR, Pfister JA. Swainsonine-containing plants and their relationship to endophytic fungi. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7326-34. [PMID: 24758700 DOI: 10.1021/jf501674r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Swainsonine, an indolizidine alkaloid with significant physiological activity, is an α-mannosidase and mannosidase II inhibitor that alters glycoprotein processing and causes lysosomal storage disease. Swainsonine is present in a number of plant species worldwide and causes severe toxicosis in livestock grazing these plants. Consumption of these plants by grazing animals leads to a chronic wasting disease characterized by weight loss, depression, altered behavior, decreased libido, infertility, and death. This review focuses on the three plant families and the associated taxa that contain swainsonine; the fungi that produce swainsonine, specifically the fungal endophytes associated with swainsonine-containing taxa; studies investigating the plant, endophyte, and swainsonine relationship; the influence of environmental factors on swainsonine concentrations in planta; and areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
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Gotardo A, Pavanelli E, Carvalho H, Lemes K, Arruda R, Kempinas W, Górniak S. Endocrine disrupter action in ruminants: A study of the effects of Ipomoea carnea in adult male goats. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Takeda S, Tanaka H, Shimada A, Morita T, Ishihara A, Adilbish A, Delgermaa B, Gungaa O. Cerebellar ataxia suspected to be caused by Oxytropis glabra poisoning in western Mongolian goats. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:839-46. [PMID: 24572629 PMCID: PMC4108767 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last five years in western Mongolia, a neurological disorder and
resultant economic loss have developed in goats, sheep, cattle and horses: association of
the disease with ingestion of Oxytropis glabra, a toxic plant, was
suggested. Affected goats showed neurological signs, including ataxia, incoordination,
hind limb paresis, fine head tremor and nystagmus. Three goats, one with moderate clinical
signs and the other two with severe clinical signs, were necropsied and examined to
describe and characterize the histologic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural lesions.
Although no gross pathological changes were observed in a variety of organs including the
central nervous system of these goats, microscopic examination of the cerebellum
demonstrated degenerative changes in all these goats, such as vacuolar changes and loss of
Purkinje cells, torpedo formation in the granular layer, increased number of spheroids in
the cerebellar medulla, and loss of axons and myelin sheaths of Purkinje cells. The
chemical analysis of the dried plant detected 0.02–0.05% (dry weight basis) of
swainsonine. This is the first report describing the clinical and pathological findings in
Mongolian goats suspected to be affected by O. glabra poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Takeda
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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Experimental intoxication of guinea pigs with Ipomoea carnea: Behavioural and neuropathological alterations. Toxicon 2013; 76:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Potential degradation of swainsonine by intracellular enzymes of Arthrobacter sp. HW08. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:2161-71. [PMID: 24240642 PMCID: PMC3847719 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5112161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Swainsonine (SW) is a toxin produced by locoweeds and harmful to the livestock industry. Degrading SW by Arthrobacter sp. HW08 was demonstrated as a promising way to deal with SW poisoning. However, it is unknown which part of the subcellular enzymes in Arthrobacter sp. HW08 is responsible for biodegrading SW and whether the metabolites are atoxic. In this study, intracellular and extracellular enzymes of Arthrobacter sp. HW08 were isolated and their enzyme activity was evaluated. The metabolites were fed to mice, and physiological and histological properties of the treated mice were investigated. The results showed that only intracellular enzyme of Arthrobacter sp. HW08 (IEHW08) could degrade SW efficiently. Compared with mice in SW treatment group, mice in SW + IEHW08 treatment group (1) increased their body weights; (2) showed higher number of platelets and lower number of white blood cells; (3) decreased the levels of creatinine, urea nitrogen, alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum; (4) reduced the number of vacuolated cells in cerebellum, liver and kidney. All these data demonstrate that IEHW08 was potentially safe for mice, while keeping the capacity of degrading SW. This study indicates a possible application of IEHW08 as an additive in the livestock industry to protect animals from SW poisoning.
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Grum DS, Cook D, Baucom D, Mott IW, Gardner DR, Creamer R, Allen JG. Production of the alkaloid swainsonine by a fungal endophyte in the host Swainsona canescens. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1984-1988. [PMID: 24053110 DOI: 10.1021/np400274n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Legumes belonging to the Astragalus, Oxytropis, and Swainsona genera have been noted by ranchers in the Americas, Asia, and Australia to cause a neurologic disease often referred to as locoism or peastruck. The toxin in these legumes is swainsonine, an α-mannosidase and mannosidase II inhibitor. Recent research has shown that in Astragalus and Oxytropis species swainsonine is produced by a fungal endophyte belonging to the Undifilum genus. Here Swainsona canescens is shown to harbor an endophyte that is closely related to Undifilum species previously cultured from locoweeds of North America and Asia. The endophyte produces swainsonine in vitro and was detected by PCR and culturing in S. canescens. The endophyte isolated from S. canescens was characterized as an Undifilum species using morphological and phylogenetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Grum
- USDA /ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
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Adrien MDL, Riet-Correa G, Oliveira CAD, Pfister JA, Cook D, Souza EG, Riet-Correa F, Schild AL. Conditioned food aversion to Ipomoea carnea var. fistulosa induced by Baccharis coridifolia in goats. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000800009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Baccharis coridifolia is a plant that induces strong conditioned food aversion in ruminants. This research aimed to induce a conditioned food aversion to Ipomoea carnea var. fistulosa in goats, using B. coridifolia as an aversive agent, and to compare the aversion induced by this plant with the aversion induced by lithium chloride (LiCl). Thirteen goats were allotted into two groups: Group 1 with six goats was averted with 175mg/kg of body weight of LiCl and Group 2 with seven goats was averted with 0,25g/kg of bw of dried B. coridifolia. All goats were averted on day 1 after the ingestion of I. carnea. The aversion procedure with LiCl or B. coridifolia in goats from Groups 1 and 2, respectively, was repeated in those goats that again consumed the plant during tests on days 2, 3, and 7. The goats of both groups were challenged in pens on 23 and 38 days after the last day of aversion and challenged in the pasture on days 11, 15, 18, 20, 22, 25, 27 and 29 after the last day of aversion. After this period goats were challenged every 15 days on pasture until the 330º day after the last day of aversion (7th day). Two goats from Group 1 ingested I. carnea on the first day of the pasture challenge, 4 days after the last day of aversive conditioning in the pen. In addition, another goat in Group 1 started to consume the plant on day 18, and other two goats ate it on day 20. One goat in Group 1 that had never eaten I. carnea died on day 155. One goat from Group 2 started to ingest I. carnea on the first day of the pasture challenge, and a second goat started to consume this plant on day 182. At the end of the experiment, on day 330, the other five goats averted with B. coridifolia remained averted. These results suggest that B. coridifolia or an active compound from the plant could be used to induce aversion to toxic plants. Using B. coridifolia would be cheaper and, particularly in flocks with large number of animals, possibly easier than using LiCl, which requires the use of oral gavage and qualified personnel for its implementation.
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Lima DD, Albuquerque RF, Rocha BP, Barros MEG, Gardner DR, Medeiros RM, Riet-Correa F, Mendonça FS. Doença de depósito lisossomal induzida pelo consumo de Ipomoea verbascoidea (Convolvulaceae) em caprinos no semiárido de Pernambuco. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000700007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O objetivo deste trabalho foi reproduzir a intoxicação por Ipomoea verbascoidea em caprinos e descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e histopatológicos da intoxicação espontânea por essa planta no Estado de Pernambuco. Para isso, realizou-se o acompanhamento da epidemiologia da doença em sete municípios do semiárido pernambucano. Três caprinos espontaneamente intoxicados foram examinados e, em seguida eutanasiados e necropsiados (Grupo I). Para reproduzir experimentalmente a doença, as folhas secas de I. verbascoidea contendo 0,02% de swainsonina, foram fornecidas na dose de 4g/kg (0,8mg de swainsonina/kg) a dois grupos de três animais. Os caprinos do Grupo II receberam a planta diariamente por 40 dias e foram eutanasiados no 41º dia de experimento. Os caprinos do Grupo III receberam a planta diariamente por 55 dias e foram eutanasiados no 120º dia de experimento. Outros três caprinos constituíram o grupo controle (Grupo IV). Nos grupos experimentais, as lesões encefálicas foram avaliadas por histopatologia e adicionalmente avaliaram-se as lesões cerebelares por morfometria, mediante mensuração da espessura da camada molecular, do número de neurônios de Purkinje e da área dos corpos celulares dessas células. Os principais sinais clínicos e lesões microscópicas foram semelhantes aos previamente reportados em animais intoxicados por plantas que contem swainsonina. Nos caprinos do GII e GIII, os primeiros sinais clínicos foram observados entre o 22º e 29º dia de experimento; clinicamente a doença desenvolvida por esses animais foi semelhante aos casos espontâneos. Nenhum dos caprinos do GIII se recuperou dos sinais neurológicos. Esse resultado evidencia que o consumo da planta por 26-28 dias após a observação dos primeiros sinais clínicos é suficiente para provocar lesões irreversíveis. Pela análise morfométrica, a camada molecular do cerebelo dos caprinos do Grupo I e III eram mais delgadas que às dos caprinos do grupo controle, e os neurônios de Purkinje estavam atróficos. Sugere-se que essas alterações sejam responsáveis pelo quadro clínico neurológico observado nos caprinos que deixam de ingerir a planta e apresentam seqüelas da intoxicação.
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Jocković N, Fischer W, Brandsch M, Brandt W, Dräger B. Inhibition of human intestinal α-glucosidases by calystegines. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5550-5557. [PMID: 23697377 DOI: 10.1021/jf4010737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Calystegines are polyhydroxylated nortropane alkaloids found in Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae, and other plant families. These plants produce common fruits and vegetables. The calystegine structures resemble sugars and suggest interaction with enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. Maltase and sucrase are α-glucosidases contributing to human carbohydrate degradation in the small intestine. Inhibition of these enzymes by orally administered drugs is one option for treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. In this study, inhibition of maltase and sucrase by calystegines A3 and B2 purified from potatoes was investigated. In silico docking studies confirmed binding of both calystegines to the active sites of the enzymes. Calystegine A3 showed low in vitro enzyme inhibition; calystegine B2 inhibited mainly sucrose activity. Both compounds were not transported by Caco-2 cells indicating low systemic availability. Vegetables rich in calystegine B2 should be further investigated as possible components of a diet preventing a steep increase in blood glucose after a carbohydrate-rich meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojša Jocković
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences I, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Huang Y, Li W, Zhao X, Ding L, Yu G, Dong F, Du Q, Xu X, Tong D. Swainsonine differentially affects steroidogenesis and viability in caprine luteal cells in vitro. Theriogenology 2013; 80:41-9. [PMID: 23639373 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants containing swainsonine (SW) have been reported to impair reproductive function and fertility after long-term ingestion by livestock. However, direct effects of SW on luteal cell steroidogenesis remain unclear. In this study, primary and transfected luteal cells were used to investigate the effects of SW on progesterone secretion and cell viability and the mechanisms involved in these processes. After treatment with various concentrations of SW for 24 or 48 hours, progesterone production and the number of living cells were assessed using radioimmunoassay and trypan blue dye exclusion assay, respectively. Lower concentrations of SW enhanced basal, 22R-hydroxycholesterol- or pregnenolone-stimulated progesterone secretion (P < 0.05), whereas higher concentrations of SW inhibited progesterone secretion (P < 0.05). Lower concentrations of SW promoted expression of P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, two key enzymes involved in luteal cell steroidogenesis, at mRNA and protein levels (P < 0.05), but did not affect expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and cell proliferation. In contrast, higher concentrations of SW inhibited luteal cell proliferation by inducing growth phase 1/quiescent state cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (P < 0.05). Taken together, these results demonstrated that lower concentrations of SW induced progesterone production through upregulation of P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase without affecting cell viability, whereas higher concentrations of SW induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and impaired steroidogenesis. These findings provided new insights into understanding the effect of SW on luteal cell steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Cook D, Beaulieu WT, Mott IW, Riet-Correa F, Gardner DR, Grum D, Pfister JA, Clay K, Marcolongo-Pereira C. Production of the alkaloid swainsonine by a fungal endosymbiont of the Ascomycete order Chaetothyriales in the host Ipomoea carnea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:3797-3803. [PMID: 23547913 DOI: 10.1021/jf4008423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Some plant species within the Convolvulaceae (morning glory family) from South America, Africa, and Australia cause a neurologic disease in grazing livestock caused by swainsonine. These convolvulaceous species including Ipomoea carnea contain the indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine, an inhibitor of α-mannosidase and mannosidase II, and polyhydroxy nortropane alkaloids, the calystegines which are glycosidase inhibitors. Swainsonine has been shown to be produced by a fungal endosymbiont in legumes of the Astragalus and Oxytropis genera, where it causes a similar neurologic disease in grazing livestock called locoism. Here we demonstrate that I. carnea plants are infected with a fungal endosymbiont that was cultured from its seeds and which produced swainsonine in pure culture but not the calystegines. The same fungal endosymbiont was detected by PCR and by culturing in I. carnea plants containing swainsonine. The fungal endosymbiont belongs to the Ascomycete order Chaetothyriales. Plants derived from fungicide-treated seeds lacked swainsonine, but calystegine concentrations were unaltered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cook
- USDA/ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory , 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
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Panaccione DG, Beaulieu WT, Cook D. Bioactive alkaloids in vertically transmitted fungal endophytes. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Panaccione
- Division of Plant & Soil Sciences; West Virginia University; 1090 Agricultural Sciences Building Morgantown WV 26506-6108 USA
| | | | - Daniel Cook
- USDA ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory; Logan UT USA
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Cook D, Grum DS, Gardner DR, Welch KD, Pfister JA. Influence of endophyte genotype on swainsonine concentrations in Oxytropis sericea. Toxicon 2012; 61:105-11. [PMID: 23149419 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Locoism is a toxic syndrome of livestock caused by the ingestion of a subset of legumes belonging to the Astragalus and Oxytropis genera known as "locoweeds". Locoweeds contain the toxic indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine, which is produced by the endophytic fungi Undifilum species. Previously we reported that swainsonine concentrations differ between populations of Oxytropis sericea. We hypothesized that the genotype of the plant, endophyte, or an interaction of the two may be responsible for the differences in swainsonine concentration between populations of O. sericea. To test this hypothesis, plants derived from seeds collected at each location were grown in a common garden, Undifilum oxytropis isolates from each location were cultured and grown in a common environment, and a plant genotype by endophyte cross inoculation was performed. Here we show that the genotype of the endophyte is responsible for the differences in swainsonine concentrations observed in the two populations of O. sericea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT 84341, USA.
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Grum DS, Cook D, Gardner DR, Roper JM, Pfister JA, Ralphs MH. Influence of seed endophyte amounts on swainsonine concentrations in Astragalus and Oxytropis locoweeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8083-8089. [PMID: 22844873 DOI: 10.1021/jf3024062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Locoism is a toxic syndrome of livestock caused by the ingestion of a subset of legumes known as locoweeds endemic to arid and semiarid regions of the western United States. Locoweeds contain the toxic alkaloid swainsonine, which is produced by the endophytic fungi Undifilum species. Two chemotypes of plants can coexist within toxic populations of locoweeds: chemotype 1 plants are defined as individuals containing swainsonine concentrations greater than 0.01% and quantitatively greater amounts of Undifilum, while chemotype 2 plants are defined as individuals containing less than 0.01% swainsonine and quantitatively smaller amounts of Undifilum. To elucidate the mechanisms that govern chemotypes, the amount of Undifilum in seeds/embryos was manipulated, thus altering subsequent swainsonine concentrations in three locoweed species: Astragalus mollissimus, Astragalus lentiginosus, and Oxytropis sericea. Chemotype 1 seeds that were fungicide-treated or had the seed coat removed resulted in plants with swainsonine concentrations comparable to those in chemotype 2 plants. Conversely, embryos from seeds of chemotypes 1 and 2 that were inoculated with the endophyte resulted in plants with swainsonine concentrations comparable to those of chemotype 1 plants. This reproducible interconversion between the two swainsonine chemotypes suggests that the quantity of endophyte present in the seed at the time of germination is a key determinant of the eventual chemotype. Additionally, this is the first report of the inoculation of locoweeds with the endophyte Undifilum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Grum
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT 84341, USA
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Gotardo AT, Schumaher BH, Pfister JA, Traldi AS, Maiorka PC, Spinosa HS, Górniak SL. The Use of Ultrasonography to Study Teratogenicity in Ruminants: Evaluation of Ipomoea carnea in Goats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 95:289-95. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André T. Gotardo
- Research Centre for Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), Department of Pathology; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences; University of São Paulo; Pirassununga; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Breno H. Schumaher
- Superior Baptist School of the Amazon (ESBAM); School of Veterinary Medicine; Manaus; Amazonas; Brazil
| | | | - Anneliese S. Traldi
- Department of Animal Reproduction; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences; University of São Paulo; Pirassununga; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Paulo C. Maiorka
- Research Centre for Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), Department of Pathology; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences; University of São Paulo; Pirassununga; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Helenice S. Spinosa
- Research Centre for Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), Department of Pathology; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences; University of São Paulo; Pirassununga; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Silvana L. Górniak
- Research Centre for Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), Department of Pathology; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences; University of São Paulo; Pirassununga; São Paulo; Brazil
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Ríos EE, Cholich LA, Gimeno EJ, Guidi MG, Acosta de Pérez OC. Experimental poisoning of goats by Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa in Argentina: a clinic and pathological correlation with special consideration on the central nervous system. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa, aguapei or mandiyura, is responsible for lysosomal storage in goats. The shrub contains several alkaloids, mainly swansonine which inhibits lysosomal α-mannosidase and Golgi mannosidase II. Poisoning occurs by inhibition of these hydrolases. There is neuronal vacuolation, endocrine dysfunction, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal injury, and immune disorders. Clinical signs and pathology of the experimental poisoning of goats by Ipomoea carnea in Argentina are here described. Five goats received fresh leaves and stems of Ipomoea. At the beginning, the goats did not consume the plant, but later, it was preferred over any other forage. High dose induced rapid intoxication, whereas with low doses, the course of the toxicosis was more protracted. The goats were euthanized when they were recumbent. Cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons and colliculi, were routinely processed for histology. In nine days, the following clinical signs developed: abnormal fascies, dilated nostrils and abnormal postures of the head, cephalic tremors and nystagmus, difficulty in standing. Subsequently, the goats had a tendency to fall, always to the left, with spastic convulsions. There was lack in coordination of voluntary movements due to Purkinje and deep nuclei neurons damage. The cochlear reflex originated hyperreflexia, abnormal posture, head movements and tremors. The withdrawal reflex produced flexor muscles hypersensitivity at the four legs, later depression and stupor. Abnormal responses to sounds were related to collicular lesions. Thalamic damage altered the withdrawal reflex, showing incomplete reaction. The observed cervical hair bristling was attributed to a thalamic regulated nociceptive response. Depression may be associated with agonists of lysergic acid contained in Ipomoea. These clinical signs were correlated with lesions in different parts of the CNS.
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Mendonça FS, Albuquerque RF, Evêncio-Neto J, Freitas SH, Dória RGS, Boabaid FM, Driemeier D, Gardner DR, Riet-Correa F, Colodel EM. Alpha-mannosidosis in goats caused by the swainsonine-containing plant Ipomoea verbascoidea. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 24:90-5. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711425948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A disease of the nervous system is reported in goats in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. Histological examination showed diffuse vacuolation of neurons and epithelial cells of the pancreas, thyroid, renal tubules, and liver. The swainsonine-containing plant Ipomoea verbascoidea was found on both farms where the goats originated. This plant was experimentally administered to 3 goats, inducing clinical signs and histologic lesions similar to those observed in spontaneous cases. On the lectin histochemical analysis, cerebellar cells and pancreatic acinar cells gave positive reactions to Triticum vulgaris agglutinin (WGA), succinylated Triticum vulgaris agglutinin (sWGA), Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA), Canavalia ensiformis agglutinin (ConA), Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA), Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA120), Arachis hypogaea agglutinin (PNA), and Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin (PHA-E) suggesting storage of α-fucose, α-D-mannose, α-D-glucose, β-D-N-acetyl-glucosamine, N-acetyl-galactosamine, and acetyl-neuraminic acid. This pattern of lectin staining partially agrees with results previously reported for poisoning by swainsonine-containing plants. The chemical analysis of dried leaves of I. verbascoidea detected swainsonine (0.017%), calystegine B1 (0.16%), calystegine B2 (0.05%), and calystegine C1 (0.34%). It is concluded that I. verbascoidea causes α-mannosidosis in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio S. Mendonça
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Mendonça, Albuquerque, Evêncio-Neto)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Freitas, Dória)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Boabaid, Driemeier)
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT (Gardner)
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus of Patos, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa)
| | - Raquel F. Albuquerque
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Mendonça, Albuquerque, Evêncio-Neto)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Freitas, Dória)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Boabaid, Driemeier)
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT (Gardner)
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus of Patos, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa)
| | - Joaquim Evêncio-Neto
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Mendonça, Albuquerque, Evêncio-Neto)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Freitas, Dória)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Boabaid, Driemeier)
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT (Gardner)
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus of Patos, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa)
| | - Sílvio H. Freitas
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Mendonça, Albuquerque, Evêncio-Neto)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Freitas, Dória)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Boabaid, Driemeier)
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT (Gardner)
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus of Patos, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa)
| | - Renata G. S. Dória
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Mendonça, Albuquerque, Evêncio-Neto)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Freitas, Dória)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Boabaid, Driemeier)
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT (Gardner)
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus of Patos, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa)
| | - Fabiana M. Boabaid
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Mendonça, Albuquerque, Evêncio-Neto)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Freitas, Dória)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Boabaid, Driemeier)
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT (Gardner)
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus of Patos, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa)
| | - David Driemeier
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Mendonça, Albuquerque, Evêncio-Neto)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Freitas, Dória)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Boabaid, Driemeier)
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT (Gardner)
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus of Patos, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa)
| | - Dale R. Gardner
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Mendonça, Albuquerque, Evêncio-Neto)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Freitas, Dória)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Boabaid, Driemeier)
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT (Gardner)
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus of Patos, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa)
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Mendonça, Albuquerque, Evêncio-Neto)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Freitas, Dória)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Boabaid, Driemeier)
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT (Gardner)
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus of Patos, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa)
| | - Edson M. Colodel
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil (Mendonça, Albuquerque, Evêncio-Neto)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil (Freitas, Dória)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Boabaid, Driemeier)
- Poisonous Plants Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT (Gardner)
- Veterinary Hospital, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus of Patos, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa)
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Oliveira Júnior CAD, Riet-Correa F, Duarte MD, Cerqueira VD, Araújo CV, Riet-Correa G. Sinais clínicos, lesões e alterações produtivas e reprodutivas em caprinos intoxicados por Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (Convolvulaceae) que deixaram de ingerir a planta. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2011001100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar a evolução clínica, o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo e descrever as lesões de caprinos intoxicados por Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa após a retirada dos locais onde ocorre a planta. Para isso foram utilizados 37 caprinos, divididos em 4 grupos. O Grupo 1 era composto por 14 caprinos adquiridos em uma propriedade onde ocorria a planta e que apresentavam condição corporal ruim e sinais clínicos nervosos da intoxicação, que variavam de discretos a acentuados. O Grupo 2 era composto por 10 cabras adquiridas em uma propriedade onde não ocorria a planta e também apresentavam condição corporal ruim. O Grupo 3 era composto por dois caprinos com sinais clínicos da intoxicação, que foram abatidos na fazendo onde tinham se intoxicado. O Grupo 4 era composto por 11 caprinos que serviram como controle para o estudo das lesões macroscópicas e histológicas. Os animais dos Grupos 1 e 2 foram avaliados por um período de 12 meses em uma propriedade localizada no município de Castanhal, onde não ocorre a planta. Durante esse período os animais recebiam o mesmo manejo. Seis meses após, os animais do Grupo 1 continuavam com condição corporal ruim, pelo áspero, maior susceptibilidade à infestações por parasitas gastrintestinais e permaneciam com sinais nervosos. Nos animais que apresentavam sinais nervosos discretos houve diminuição desses sinais, principalmente do tremor de intenção, que passou a ser menos perceptível. Nesse mesmo período os caprinos do Grupo 2 ganharam, em média, 13 kg. Das 8 cabras do Grupo 1 que permaneceram na propriedade experimental somente 4 emprenharam e pariram, sendo que 3 cabritos morreram logo após o nascimento, enquanto que todas as cabras do Grupo 2 emprenharam e pariram cabritos sadios. Nos encéfalos dos caprinos do Grupo 1, 3 e 4 foram realizados estudos histológico, morfológico e morfométrico. Macroscopicamente dois animais apresentaram atrofia cerebelar. No estudo morfométrico, as principais alterações histológicas observadas nos animais dos Grupos 1 e 3 foram diminuição dos neurônios de Purkinje do cerebelo. Conclui-se que caprinos cronicamente intoxicados por I. carnea que deixam de ingerir a planta apresentam sinais permanentes, mesmo que diminuídos de intensidade, fraco desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo e alta susceptibilidade aos parasitas gastrintestinais. Sugere-se que os produtores ao iniciar um plano de controle da intoxicação eliminem todos os animais que em um prazo de até 15 dias não apresentam regressão total dos sinais. O sinal permanente mais frequente é o tremor de intenção, associado à perda de neurônios de Purkinje, que poderia ser o principal responsável pela desnutrição dos animais e as conseqüentes falhas reprodutivas e maior susceptibilidade às parasitoses gastrintestinais.
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Hueza IM, Górniak SL. The immunomodulatory effects of Ipomoea carnea in rats vary depending on life stage. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 30:1690-700. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327110399477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ipomoea carnea Jacq. ssp. fistulosa (Mart. Ex Choisy; Convolvulaceae; I. carnea) possesses a toxic component: an indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine (SW) that has immunomodulatory effects due to its inhibition of glycoprotein metabolism. It is also known that SW is excreted into both the amniotic fluid and milk of female rats exposed to I. carnea. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether SW exposure, either in utero or from the milk of dams treated with I. carnea, modulates offspring immune function into adulthood. In addition, adult (70 days old) and juvenile rats (21 days old) were exposed to I. carnea in order to evaluate several other immune parameters: lymphoid organs relative weight and cellularity, humoral and cellular immune responses. Offspring exposed to I. carnea during lactation developed rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adulthood after an immunogenic challenge. In addition, both adult and juvenile rats exposed to I. carnea showed discrepancies in several immune parameters, but did not exhibit any decrease in humoral immune response, which was enhanced at both ages. These findings indicate that SW modulates immune function in adult rats exposed to SW during lactation and in juvenile and adult rats exposed to SW as juveniles and adults, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis M Hueza
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, S.P., Brazil
| | - Silvana L Górniak
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
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Gotardo AT, Pfister JA, Ferreira MB, Górniak SL. Effects of prepartum ingestion of Ipomoea carnea on postpartum maternal and neonate behavior in goats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 92:131-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Armién AG, Tokarnia CH, Peixoto PV, Barbosa JD, Frese K. Clinical and Morphologic Changes in Ewes and Fetuses Poisoned by Ipomoea Carnea Subspecies Fistulosa. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:221-32. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871102300205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intoxication with Ipomoea carnea has been reported in goats, sheep, and cattle in tropical regions worldwide. The disease has been characterized only in goats; therefore, the present study was conducted in sheep. Nine animals were fed feed rations that contained 3 different concentrations of Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa. Individual intake varied between 10.5 and 135.2 g of fresh plant per kilogram of body weight (BW) per day. Animals first showed clinical signs between day 43 and day 63. The maximum survival time was 133 days. Sheep presented with weight loss and neurologic abnormalities. Neurologic signs were dominated by marked depression, abnormal behavior, and musculoskeletal weakness, with poorly defined motor and proprioceptive deficits. In mature animals, cytoplasmic vacuolation, consistent with accumulation of secondary lysosomes, affected neurons, astrocytes, exocrine pancreatic acinar epithelia, hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, renal tubular epithelia, thyroid follicular epithelia, cortical adrenal epithelia, endothelia and perivascular cells, and macrophages in lymph nodes and spleen. In the central nervous system, there was axonal degeneration and astrogliosis. Abortion was observed as early as day 22 of the trial. In fetal tissues and placenta of chronically poisoned ewes, cytoplasmic vacuolation was histologically detected in neurons, exocrine pancreatic acinar epithelia, hepatocytes, renal tubular epithelia, and thyroid follicular epithelia. All the sheep developed a glycoprotein storage disease, with lysosomal accumulation of N-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides, which was indistinguishable from that induced by the alkaloid swainsonine alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aníbal G. Armién
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Carlos H. Tokarnia
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Pasture, Institute of Zootecnia, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Vargas Peixoto
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Pasture, Institute of Zootecnia, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose D. Barbosa
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural and Livestock Center, University Federal of Para, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Knut Frese
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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