Prognostic factors for intermediate- or high-risk neuroblastomas in children in China

BACKGROUND

Evidence regarding the characteristics and prognosis of neuroblastoma (NBL) in China is limited. We aimed to investigate the characteristics and prognosis of intermediate- or high-risk NBL in children in China.

METHODS

We included 147 patients with intermediate- or high-risk NBL evaluated from January 2006 to March 2015. The patients were aged 1 month to 15.5 years, 66% of them were boys, and 117 (79.6%) were diagnosed with high-risk NBL.

RESULTS

After a median follow-up of 32.5 months, 80 (45.6%) patients survived, with a median survival time of 48 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 36.41-59.59). High-risk patients (hazard ratio [HR]: 12.467; 95% CI: 11.029-12.951), partial response (PR) (HR: 1.200; 95% CI: 1.475-2.509) or progression disease (PD) (HR: 1.924; 95% CI: 1.623-3.012) after induction chemotherapy, and intracranial metastasis (HR: 3.057; 95% CI: 0.941-4.892) were independent risk factors for survival (p < 0.05) and postrelapse survival (p < 0.05). NBL relapse, male sex, and PR or PD after induction chemotherapy were risk factors for event-free survival (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

In addition to previously established independent risk factors, such as age, risk group, and relapse, efficacy of induction chemotherapy and intracranial metastasis play significant roles in the prognosis of NBL.

Pain mitigation and management strategies for anti-GD2 infusions: An expert consensus

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting disialoganglioside 2 (GD2) are an important treatment advance for high-risk neuroblastoma, including in patients with refractory or relapsed disease. Dinutuximab and dinutuximab beta are administered for ≥8 hours (and up to 10 days for dinutuximab beta), whereas naxitamab is administered over 0.5 to 2 hours as tolerated. As acute pain is a class effect of anti-GD2 mAbs, effective pain management is crucial to successful treatment. Here, we provide an overview of current pain-management strategies for anti-GD2 mAb infusions, with a focus on strategies suitable for naxitamab infusions, which cause a more rapid onset of often severe pain. We discuss opioid analgesics, ketamine, gabapentin, and other similar agents and nonpharmacologic approaches. Potential future pain-management options are also discussed, in addition to the use of sedatives to reduce the anxiety that may be associated with infusion-related pain. In this expert consensus paper, specific guidance for pain management during naxitamab infusions is provided, as these infusions are administered over 0.5 to 2 hours and may not need overnight hospitalization based on the physician's assessment, and require rapid-onset analgesia options suitable for potential outpatient administration.

Multidisciplinary Clinical Care in the Management of Patients Receiving Anti-GD2 Immunotherapy for High-Risk Neuroblastoma

The addition of anti-disialoganglioside-2 (GD2) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) such as dinutuximab and naxitamab to standard therapies for high-risk (HR) neuroblastoma has significantly improved outcomes for children with this devastating disease. The care for these young patients receiving treatment for HR neuroblastoma is complex, with need for the involvement of a multidisciplinary team. Clinical implementation of anti-GD2 mAb treatment requires the same harmonized team approach. The authors share the development process of this coordinated team method and practical recommendations for administration of anti-GD2 mAbs and adverse event (AE) management. Successful collaboration between nurses and other team members ensures optimal treatment and comfort of patients and their families. The primary focus of this approach is to mitigate and manage AEs associated with anti-GD2 mAb treatments, such as pain, hypotension, allergic reactions, and hypertension, and to ensure safe and effective use of anti-GD2 mAbs. The two treatments approved for use in patients with neuroblastoma, dinutuximab for patients with HR disease following a partial response or better to frontline multimodal therapy and naxitamab for refractory or relapsed HR disease in the bone or bone marrow, were studied in different administration settings and follow different regimens and infusion schedules. Therefore, AE management requirements are specific to each treatment. The awareness of these differences and implementation of appropriate AE management strategies in clinical practice are important to ensure the best possible outcomes for patients with HR neuroblastoma.

Pharmacogenomics of Pediatric Cardiac Arrest: Cisplatin Treatment Worsened by a Ryanodine Receptor 2 Gene Mutation

In thelast few decades, the roles of cardio-oncology and cardiovascular geneticsgained more and more attention in research and daily clinical practice, shaping a new clinical approach and management of patients affected by cancer and cardiovascular disease. Genetic characterization of patients undergoing cancer treatment can support a better cardiovascular risk stratification beyond the typical risk factors, suchas contractile function and QT interval duration, uncovering a possible patient’s concealed predisposition to heart failure, life threatening arrhythmias and sudden death. Specifically, an integrated cardiogenetic approach in daily oncological clinical practice can ensure the best patient-centered healthcare model, suggesting, also the adequate cardiac monitoring timing and alternative cancer treatments, reducing drug-related complications. We report the case of a 14-month-old girl affected by neuroblastoma, treated by cisplatin, complicated by cardiac arrest. We described the genetic characterization of a Ryanodine receptor 2 (RYR2) gene mutation and subsequent pharmacogenomic approach to better shape the cancer treatment.

Adoptive Cellular Therapy for Pediatric Solid Tumors: Beyond Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T Cell Therapy

ABSTRACT

Children and adolescents with high-risk (metastatic and relapsed) solid tumors have poor outcomes despite intensive multimodal therapy, and there is a pressing need for novel therapeutic strategies. Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) has demonstrated activity in multiple adult cancer types, and opportunity exists to expand the use of this therapy in children. Employment of immunotherapy in the pediatric population has realized only modest overall clinical trial results, with success thus far restricted mainly to antibody-based therapies and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies for lymphoid malignancy. As we improve our understanding of the orchestrated cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in ACT, this will provide biologic insight and improved ACT strategies for pediatric malignancies. This review focuses on ACT strategies outside of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, including completed and ongoing clinical trials, and highlights promising preclinical data in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes that enhance the clinical efficacy of ACT for high-risk pediatric solid tumors.

From Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation to Chimeric Antigen Receptor Therapy: Advances, Limitations and Future Perspectives

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy was envisioned as a mechanism to re-direct effector T-cells to eliminate tumor cells. CARs are composed of the variable region of an antibody that binds a native cancer antigen coupled to the signaling domain of a TCR and co-stimulatory molecules. Its success and approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of B-cell malignancies revolutionized the immunotherapy field, leading to extensive research on its possible application for other cancer types. In this review, we will focus on the evolution of CAR-T cell therapy outlining current technologies as well as major obstacles for its wide application. We will highlight achievements, the efforts to increase efficacy and to evolve into an off-the-shelf treatment, and as a possible future treatment for non-cancer related diseases.

Multimodal Analgesic Plan for Children Undergoing Chimeric 14.18 Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy with the chimeric 14.18 anti-GD2 antibody (ch14.18) is associated with severe neuropathic pain. Different analgesic modalities have been employed, but pain management remains challenging and side effects such as desaturation, bradycardia, and hypotension have been reported. We retrospectively analyzed the efficacy of a multimodal regimen based on gabapentin, ketamine, and morphine in controlling pain during ch14.18 chemotherapy. In our cohort, the pain was low, desaturation and hypotension were infrequent, and no episode of bradycardia was reported. Morphine consumption was similar to other studies. Our results suggest that this regimen may be a valid analgesic option in children undergoing ch14.18 infusion.

Development of a dinutuximab delivery system using silk foams for GD2 targeted neuroblastoma cell death

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood and is associated with poor survival in high risk patients. Recently, dinutuximab (DNX) has emerged as an effective immunotherapy to treat patients with high risk neuroblastoma. DNX works through the induction of cell lysis via complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) or antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). However, one third of patients who undergo DNX treatment exhibit tumor relapse and the therapy is dose limited by side effects such as severe pain. To overcome delivery challenges of DNX, including large size and dose limiting side effects, we fabricated a delivery system capable of sustained local delivery of bioactive DNX utilizing silk fibroin. We evaluated the impact of silk properties (MW, crystallinity, and concentration) on release properties and confirmed the bioactivity of the release product. Additionally, we observed that the effectiveness of CDC induction by DNX could be correlated to the GD2 expression level of the target cells, with both the intravenous DNX formulation and the released DNX. Collectively, these data highlights a strategy to overcome delivery challenges and potentially improve therapeutic efficacy in cells expressing heterogenous levels of GD2.

Dinutuximab in adult-onset chemotherapy refractory high-risk neuroblastoma

INTRODUCTION

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in pediatrics but is considerably uncommon in adults, with approximately 1 case per 10 million diagnosed per year and is associated with poor prognosis. There are no standard treatment protocols for adult-onset neuroblastomas and there are only a few published case reports on neuroblastoma in adults.

CASE REPORT

We report our treatment experience in a 41-year-old female diagnosed with high-risk, poorly differentiated neuroblastoma.

MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOME

Our patient received two cycles of dinutuximab adapted from the Children's Oncology Group ANBL1221 protocol. The patient experienced pain, neuropathy, pruritus, and infusion reactions which were managed with supportive care. Due to the lack of tumor regression, dinutuximab was omitted from future treatments. Currently, the patient is asymptomatic from her disease and remains off of all therapy and pain medication.

DISCUSSION

While dinutuximab has produced promising outcomes in pediatric patients, it is not without potentially severe adverse effects. Serious reactions of capillary leak syndrome, infusion reactions, pain, and neuropathy have been reported. Clinicians must be cognizant of the treatment-related toxicities associated with dinutuximab therapy, ranging from pain, neuropathy, pruritus, and infusion reactions as explored in this patient case.

Reduction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells reinforces the anti-solid tumor effect of recipient leukocyte infusion in murine neuroblastoma-bearing allogeneic bone marrow chimeras

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an emerging treatment option for solid tumors because of its capacity to elicit immune graft-versus-tumor effects. However, these are often limited and associated with GvHD. Adoptive recipient leukocyte infusion (RLI) was shown to enhance anti-tumor responses of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in murine neuroblastoma (Neuro2A)-bearing chimeras. In contrast to the clinically used donor leukocyte infusion, the RLI anti-tumor effect-elicited by host-versus-graft lymphohematopoietic reactivity-does not cause GvHD; however, the tumor growth-inhibitory effect is incomplete, because overall survival is not prolonged. Here, we studied the anti-solid tumor mechanisms of RLI with the objective to improve its efficacy. Host-versus-graft reactivity following RLI was associated with a systemic cytokine storm, lymph node DC activation, and systemic expansion of host-derived IFN-γ-expressing CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ-and granzyme B-expressing CD8+ T cells, which acquired killing activity against Neuro2A and third-party tumor cells. The tumor showed up-regulation of MHC class I and a transient accumulation of IFN-γ-and granzyme B-expressing CD8+ T cells: the intra-tumor decline in cytotoxic CD8+ T cells coincided with a systemic-and to a lesser extent intra-tumoral-expansion of MDSC. In vivo MDSC depletion with 5-FU significantly improved the local tumor growth-inhibitory effect of RLI as well as overall survival. In conclusion, the RLI-induced alloreactivity gives rise to a host-derived cytotoxic T-cell anti-neuroblastoma response, but also drives an expansion of host-type MDSC that counteracts the anti-tumor effect. This finding identifies MDSC as a novel target to increase the effectiveness of RLI, and possibly other cancer immunotherapies.

MiR-20a-5p suppresses tumor proliferation by targeting autophagy-related gene 7 in neuroblastoma

Background

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common malignant tumor originating from the extracranial sympathetic nervous system in children. The molecular mechanisms underlying this disease are complex, and not completely understood.

Methods

Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was applied to quantify the expression of miR-20a-5p and its target gene ATG7 in clinical NB tissues. The biological function of miR-20a-5p and ATG7 in SH-SY5Y cells was investigated through in vitro studies (Real-Time cell kinetic analyzer, colony formation assay, caspase-Glo 3/7 assay and western blotting). The luciferase reporter assay was conducted to verify the biological relationship between miR-20a-5p and ATG7.

Results

Here we found that miR-20a-5p expression was significantly downregulated whereas its target autophagy-related gene 7 (ATG7) was increased along with clinical staging of NB progression. Correlation analysis showed that miR-20a-5p had a negative correlation trend with ATG7. In SH-SY5Y cells, forced expression of miR-20a-5p suppressed ATG7 expression, autophagy initiation and cellular proliferation while promoted apoptosis, suggesting a potential association between miR-20a-5p and ATG7. Further bioinformatic target prediction combined with protein expression and luciferase reporter assay verified that miR-20a-5p inhibited ATG7 by directly binding to its 3′-UTR, confirming the involvement of miR-20a-5p in the regulation of ATG7 in NB.

Conclusions

These results clarified that miR-20a-5p inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis through negative regulation of ATG7 and thus autophagy suppression in SH-SY5Y cells. Therefore, defining the context-specific roles of autophagy in NB and regulatory mechanisms involved will be critical for developing autophagy-targeted therapeutics against NB. Both miR-20a-5p and ATG7 would be potential therapeutic targets for future NB treatment.

New Strategies Using Antibody Combinations to Increase Cancer Treatment Effectiveness

Antibodies have proven their high value in antitumor therapy over the last two decades. They are currently being used as the first-choice to treat some of the most frequent metastatic cancers, like HER2⁺ breast cancers or colorectal cancers, currently treated with trastuzumab (Herceptin) and bevacizumab (Avastin), respectively. The impressive therapeutic success of antibodies inhibiting immune checkpoints has extended the use of therapeutic antibodies to previously unanticipated tumor types. These anti-immune checkpoint antibodies allowed the cure of patients devoid of other therapeutic options, through the recovery of the patient’s own immune response against the tumor. In this review, we describe how the antibody-based therapies will evolve, including the use of antibodies in combinations, their main characteristics, advantages, and how they could contribute to significantly increase the chances of success in cancer therapy. Indeed, novel combinations will consist of mixtures of antibodies against either different epitopes of the same molecule or different targets on the same tumor cell; bispecific or multispecific antibodies able of simultaneously binding tumor cells, immune cells or extracellular molecules; immunomodulatory antibodies; antibody-based molecules, including fusion proteins between a ligand or a receptor domain and the IgG Fab or Fc fragments; autologous or heterologous cells; and different formats of vaccines. Through complementary mechanisms of action, these combinations could contribute to elude the current limitations of a single antibody which recognizes only one particular epitope. These combinations may allow the simultaneous attack of the cancer cells by using the help of the own immune cells and exerting wider therapeutic effects, based on a more specific, fast, and robust response, trying to mimic the action of the immune system.