Social Media Use Among Parents and Caregivers of Children With Cancer

Treatment Cost and Psychological Impact of Burkitt Lymphoma on Ghanaian Families and Caregivers

OBJECTIVE

Before June 2022, the treatment cost of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) in Ghana was mainly borne by the child's family or caregiver. We determined the treatment cost of BL in children and its psychological impact on parents and caregivers.

METHOD

This prospective observational study assessed the direct medical and nonmedical costs (US dollars [USD]) incurred during the treatment of a child with BL for 6 consecutive months using a cost diary. Productivity losses and the psychological impact on parents and caregivers were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire and the Caregiver Quality of Life Index-Cancer (CQOLC).

RESULTS

Of the 25 participants, 7 abandoned the treatment of their children, and 4 withdrew because the children passed away. The median (Q1, Q3) cost for treating BL per child for caregivers/parents (N = 12) was USD 947.42 (USD 763.03, USD 1953.05). Direct medical costs formed 71% (USD 11 458.97) of total treatment costs. Working hours of parents before the child's cancer diagnosis decreased from a median (Q1, Q3) of 44.00 (20.00, 66.00) hours to 1.50 (0, 20.00) hours after the diagnosis. The mean (SD) CQOLC score was 107.92 (15.89), with higher scores in men (111.00 [17.26]), married participants (111.26 [17.29]), Higher National Diploma certificate holders (113.00 [1.41]), and participants earning a monthly income more than USD 84.60.

CONCLUSION

Treatment costs reduced the overall household income of 5 families. Parents and caregivers experienced reduced work hours and loss of employment. CQOLC scores were higher in married participants, those with a higher educational background, and those with higher income.

Parenting Information on Social Media: Systematic Literature Review

BACKGROUND

Social media has become extremely popular among parents to seek parenting information. Despite the increasing academic attention to the topic, studies are scattered across various disciplines. Therefore, this study broadens the scope of the existing reviews by transcending narrow academic subdomains and including all relevant research insights related to parents' information seeking on social media and its consequent effects.

OBJECTIVE

The aims of this systematic literature review were to (1) identify influential journals and scholars in the field; (2) examine the thematic evolution of research on parenting and social media; and (3) pinpoint research gaps, providing recommendations for future exploration.

METHODS

On the basis of a criteria for identifying scholarly publications, we selected 338 studies for this systematic literature review. We adopted a bibliometric analysis combined with a content thematic analysis to obtain data-driven insights with a profound understanding of the predominant themes in the realm of parenting and social media.

RESULTS

The analysis revealed a significant increase in research on parenting and social media since 2015, especially in the medical domain. The studies in our review spanned 232 different research fields, and the most prolific journal was JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting. The thematic analysis identified 4 emerging research themes in the studies: parenting motivations to seek information, nature of parenting content on social media, impact of parenting content, and interventions for parents on social media.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides critical insights into the current research landscape of parenting and social media. The identified themes, research gaps, and future research recommendations provide a foundation for future studies, guiding researchers toward valuable areas for exploration.

Social media and caregivers' well-being: A scoping review and future research directions

Caregivers' well-being has become a major social concern, given the growing demand for long-term care support to meet the challenges of an aging society. As social media becomes substantially pervasive in daily life, the impacts of social media on caregivers' well-being are increasingly gaining public attention. Although research activities are active, studies on social media and caregivers' well-being lack consolidation and receive limited attention from researchers. To bridge the gaps, this study aims to consolidate the existing knowledge through a scoping review (with four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and CINAHL) and call for research on caregivers from the perspective of social media and well-being. Review results from forty eligible papers indicate that impacts of social media use on caregivers' well-being are not always positive, which encourages future research to provide more understanding of how to achieve positive effects and avoid adverse effects simultaneously. We also further discuss the findings and suggest future investigation opportunities.

Factors influencing parental fatigue in children with retinoblastoma based on the unpleasant symptoms theory

Parents of children with retinoblastoma, the most common primary ocular malignant tumour in childhood, bear a heavy caregiving burden and are very susceptible to fatigue. However, little is known about their current status of fatigue and factors influencing fatigue; therefore,this study, based on the theory of unpleasant symptoms, and included 317 parents of children with retinoblastoma in China, whose general demographic data were collected, and on whom the fatigue severity scale (FSS), the generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7) and 2-item patient health questionnaire (PHQ-2) were administered, from 9 March to 1 June 2020. The parents' FSS score and fatigue incidence were 4.41 ± 1.14 and 67.19%, respectively. The fatigue level was positively correlated with anxiety, depression, education, times of hospitalisations, and treatment types (r = 0.125-0.468, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with health status, sleep quality, economic status, and family economic situation (r =  - 0.120 to - 0.322, P < 0.05). Parent's anxiety level, being an only child and female sex of child influenced parents' fatigue. Healthcare personnel need to focus their attention on this high-risk fatigue group and implement appropriate interventions to reduce their fatigue level, promote their physical and mental health, and facilitate better care for children.

Communicating with families of young people with hard-to-treat cancers: Healthcare professionals' perspectives on challenges, skills, and training

OBJECTIVES

Hard-to-treat childhood cancers are those where standard treatment options do not exist and the prognosis is poor. Healthcare professionals (HCPs) are responsible for communicating with families about prognosis and complex experimental treatments. We aimed to identify HCPs' key challenges and skills required when communicating with families about hard-to-treat cancers and their perceptions of communication-related training.

METHODS

We interviewed Australian HCPs who had direct responsibilities in managing children/adolescents with hard-to-treat cancer within the past 24 months. Interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

RESULTS

We interviewed 10 oncologists, 7 nurses, and 3 social workers. HCPs identified several challenges for communication with families including: balancing information provision while maintaining realistic hope; managing their own uncertainty; and nurses and social workers being underutilized during conversations with families, despite widespread preferences for multidisciplinary teamwork. HCPs perceived that making themselves available to families, empowering them to ask questions, and repeating information helped to establish and maintain trusting relationships with families. Half the HCPs reported receiving no formal training for communicating prognosis and treatment options with families of children with hard-to-treat cancers. Nurses, social workers, and less experienced oncologists supported the development of communication training resources, more so than more experienced oncologists.

SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS

Resources are needed which support HCPs to communicate with families of children with hard-to-treat cancers. Such resources may be particularly beneficial for junior oncologists and other HCPs during their training, and they should aim to prepare them for common challenges and foster greater multidisciplinary collaboration.

Examining resilience and burnout in parents of children with chronic disease

AIM

The study determines the relationship between resilience and burnout in parents of children with chronic diseases and the influencing factors.

METHOD

The study was conducted with a descriptive design. The study population consisted of the parents of children with any chronic illness who applied to the pediatric outpatient clinics of a state hospital located in a province in the northeast of Turkey. The study sample consisted of 207 parents who came to the hospital between October 2020 and June 2022, who met the criteria, and agreed to participate. "Descriptive Information Form," "Family Resilience Scale (FRS)," and "Burnout Inventory (BI)" were employed to collect data. The data were analyzed using the SPSS for Windows 22 package program.

RESULTS

37.2% of the parents participating in the study were in the age group of 30-39 years, 52.2% were female, 93.2% had no other children with chronic diseases, 20.3% were diagnosed with asthma, and the duration of the diagnosis was between 1 and 4 years in 44.4%. The participants scored 130.64 ± 25.73 points in the Family Resilience Scale and 36.16 ± 7.78 points in the overall Burnout Inventory.

CONCLUSION

It was determined that parents' resilience was high and their burnout was moderate. Burnout decreases as resilience increases in parents of children with chronic diseases.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

To strengthen family resilience and reduce parental burnout, nurses should support and provide holistic care to parents with chronically ill children.

A twitter analysis of patient and family experience in pediatric spine surgery

BACKGROUND

There is little data on patient and caregiver perceptions of spine surgery in children and youth. This study aims to characterize the personal experiences of patients, caregivers, and family members surrounding pediatric spine surgery through a qualitative and quantitative social media analysis.

METHODS

The Twitter application programming interface was searched for keywords related to pediatric spine surgery from inception to March 2022. Relevant tweets and accounts were extracted and subsequently classified using thematic labels. Tweet metadata was collected to measure user engagement via multivariable regression. Sentiment analysis using Natural Language Processing was performed on all tweets with a focus on tweets discussing the personal experiences of patients and caregivers.

RESULTS

2424 tweets from 1847 individual accounts were retrieved for analysis. Patients and caregivers represented 1459 (79.0%) of all accounts. Posts discussed the personal experiences of patients and caregivers in 83.5% of tweets. Pediatric spine surgery research was discussed in few posts (n=90, 3.7%). Within the personal experience category, 975 (48.17%) tweets were positive, 516 (25.49%) were negative, and 533 (26.34%) were neutral. Presence of a tag (beta: -6.1, 95% CI -9.7 to -2.5) and baseline follower count (beta<0.001, 95% CI <0.001 to <0.001) significantly affected tweet engagement negatively and positively, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients and caregivers actively discuss topics related to pediatric spine surgery on Twitter. Posts discussing personal experience are most prevalent, while posts on research are scarce, unlike previous social media studies. Pediatric spine surgeons can leverage this dialogue to better understand the worries and needs of patients and their families.

Technology-Mediated Support Among Siblings of Children with Cancer

Purpose: A diagnosis of pediatric cancer can leave healthy siblings with limited access to support. Technology-mediated interpersonal interactions have been noted among adolescent and young adults with cancer and may be an effective source of support for adolescent siblings of children with cancer. In this study, we understand how adolescent siblings use technology to connect with their support network and how their technology use changes after their sibling's cancer diagnosis. Methods: Participants included a national sample (N = 24) of adolescents aged 12-17 who had a sibling diagnosed with cancer in the last 2 years (up to 3 years if still receiving curative-focused treatment). Ecomaps were cocreated with participants to identify sources of social support and modality of interactions. Interviews were transcribed, coded, content analyzed, and descriptively summarized. Results: Adolescent siblings (mean = 14.2 years) perceived technology as a tool to maintain support from their established personal network, rather than a way to expand sources of social support. Most did not seek support or information about cancer outside their known network, preferring information to come from parents or trusted network members. Siblings identified video calls as an important resource for connecting with parents, their sick brother or sister, and others to receive emotional support and companionship. Conclusions: Findings suggest that adolescent siblings of children use technology to connect with their established network for support, an important finding for designing assessments and interventions for this population. Future inquiry should explore these differences, identify unmet needs, and inform acceptable, effective interventions to augment support.

"More than a song and dance": Exploration of patient perspectives and educational quality of gynecologic cancer content on TikTok

OBJECTIVE

To investigate themes, quality, and reliability of gynecologic cancer-related content on the social media application TikTok.

METHODS

TikTok was systematically searched for the 100 most popular posts for ovarian cancer (OC), endometrial cancer (EC), cervical cancer (CC), vulvar cancer (VC), and gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) in August 2022. Data was collected for demographics, tone, and themes. Educational videos were rated for quality and reliability utilizing the modified DISCERN scale. Relationships between content demographics, disease sites, and themes were assessed.

RESULTS

As of August 2022, the top five hashtags for each gynecologic cancer on TikTok had 466.7 million views. 430 of the top 500 posts were eligible for inclusion (OC: n = 86, CC: n = 93, EC: n = 98, GTD: n = 63, VC: n = 90). The majority of creators (n = 323, 75.1%) were White, 33 (7.7%) were Black, 20 (4.6%) were Asian/Pacific Islander (API), 10 (2.3%) were South Asian, 20 (4.7%) were Hispanic/Latino/a, 24 (5.5%) were unable to determine. Eleven central themes were identified, with significant differences when analyzed by disease site and race. The median DISCERN score for all posts was 1.0, indicating poor educational quality and reliability. When compared by race, South Asian/API posters received the highest scores (3, IQR 2.5) versus Black (2: IQR 3), Hispanic/Latino/a (2: IQR 0), and White posters (1, IQR 2) (p = 0.0013).

CONCLUSION(S)

Gynecologic cancer-related content on TikTok is of poor educational quality, and racial disparities in gynecologic cancer extend to social media. Opportunities exist to create more diverse content to support racial and cultural experiences in gynecologic cancer treatment.

Childhood Cancer Information-Seeking: Findings from the National Cancer Institute's Cancer Information Service

The benefits of cancer information-seeking may be particularly salient to individuals impacted by childhood cancer, including patients, caregivers, health professionals, and advocates. The purpose of this study was to explore information-seeking patterns for childhood cancer through the National Cancer Institute's Cancer Information Service (CIS), a multi-channel, bilingual resource for cancer information. The study team conducted descriptive analyses on secondary data characterizing 1820 caregivers, health professionals, organizations, and members of the general public who contacted the CIS about childhood cancer between September 2018 and June 2022. Almost 80% of inquiries about childhood cancer were initiated by caregivers, followed by the public, health professionals, and organizations. Although English was the primary language used by individuals to reach the CIS when discussing childhood cancer, there were variations in points of access (i.e., telephone, instant messaging, email, social media) across the four user groups. Most childhood cancer inquiries were about staging and treatment, and the primary cancer sites discussed by CIS users were neurologic or brain, hematologic, and musculoskeletal cancers. Discussion topics included managing and coping with cancer, clinical trials, and treatment side effects. Just over half (54%) of CIS contacts about childhood cancer resulted in a health professional referral. Findings provide direction for the CIS and other public health organizations to deliver, prioritize, and tailor their services to support the information needs of childhood cancer survivors and their families-as well as those who care and advocate for them-who may have a significant need for credible cancer information.

Health-related Internet Use by Caregivers of Children and Adolescents With Cancer

Caregivers of children with cancer have needs for information and social support related to their child's diagnosis. The internet serves as a resource to help meet these needs. There is growing interest in health-related internet use (HRIU) by caregivers of pediatric patients as the internet rapidly evolves. This survey study describes patterns of internet use by caregivers of children with cancer and examines associations between socioeconomic status and internet use. 114 caregivers participated between 2014 and 2016. The majority (82%) reported frequent general internet use, but fewer (25-54%) reported frequent HRIU. Very few respondents (4%) reported difficulty accessing the internet; those reporting difficulty were more likely to report lower income, public/no insurance, and lower educational attainment. There were no consistent associations between socioeconomic status variables and frequency of HRIU. Less than half (43%) of caregivers reported that their internet use raised questions that they discussed or planned to discuss with the child's nurse or doctor, and only 4% reported having changed medical decisions based on information found on the internet. We conclude that caregivers of children with cancer engage in HRIU, and this is an area for improvement in oncology anticipatory guidance and family-centered care.

Influence of Social Media Uses and Gratifications on Family Health among U.S. Parents: A Cross-Sectional Study

Some research suggests that parents on social media have access to greater social support and health information. However, evidence also connects parental social media use to negative outcomes including increased parental stress, depression, and distraction. Using the uses and gratification theory, this study goes beyond measures of parents' individual mental health and explores social media use and its association with family well-being. Family health outcomes were predicted to vary with parents' use and gratifications of social media, with parents who use social media primarily for information and connection scoring higher on family health and parents who used social media for entertainment scoring worse on family health. The sample included 482 heterosexual married or cohabiting partners recruited through a Qualtrics panel. All participants were parents of children ages of 3-13, with mothers and fathers each completing the survey. Findings indicated that fathers' use of social media for entertainment and connecting with family and friends was associated with better family well-being and health resources (p < 0.01). However, mothers' use of social media did not have a statistically meaningful relationship with family health variables. There was no evidence that parental social media use was associated with negative family health outcomes. Longitudinal data is needed to determine the temporal relationship between social media use and family health. Public health professionals interested in improving family health may consider how to better reach fathers on social media to increase health resources.

Searching for a cure on Facebook: Patterns of social media use amongst caregivers of children with brain tumors

OBJECTIVE

Social media (SM) is ubiquitous in modern society. How SM provides information, advice, and community to families coping with childhood brain tumors is poorly understood. We sought to understand how caregivers of children with brain tumors use and are affected by SM.

METHODS

A survey was administered to caregivers of children who were receiving or within the last 5 years received chemotherapy for pediatric brain tumors. Differences in variables across groups were evaluated using nonparametric tests and chi-square tests.

RESULTS

Thirty-five of 36 caregivers acknowledged use of SM. Facebook was the most used platform (86%). Fifty-eight percent and 47% used SM to read and share information about their child's cancer, respectively. Thirty-four percent were comforted while 40% were bothered by cancer-related information on SM. Eleven participants (31%) sought a second opinion based on information from SM. Caregivers of children with a poor prognosis were more likely to use a treatment from SM that was not initially recommended by their oncologist (p = 0.043).

CONCLUSION

SM is commonly used by caregivers to obtain and share care-related information. Many noted positive and negative effects of SM on emotional wellness. SM influenced treatment decisions, and this effect was stronger with poorer prognosis. Our results demonstrate the dichotomous impact of SM in medicine-it is a source of both solace and anxiety, a place to confirm treatment decisions and to create doubt in the treatment decisions of the oncologist. This illustrates the importance of discussing SM with caregivers of children with brain tumors.

"Togetherness in loneliness" - experiences of a group activity for families with a child suffering from cancer as described from the parents' perspective

BACKGROUND

When a child is afflicted by a life-threatening disease, it places a huge burden on the family.

AIM

To gain a deeper understanding of parents' experiences of psycho-social support in a group activity for families with children and adolescents suffering from cancer.

METHOD

Data were collected by means of focus group interviews with 10 parents from eight families with children treated for cancer during the period 2011-2017. The interviews were transcribed and analysed in accordance with qualitative content analysis.

RESULTS

An overarching theme"Togetherness in loneliness" emerged, highlighting the importance of sharing experiences, based on the main categories: "a clearing house" and "a meeting place". A clearing house was described as a place for sharing experiences on equal terms and a short cut to care contacts. A meeting place was depicted as a temporary home, a place for recuperation, but that sharing also had a cost.

DISCUSSION

The results revealed that the parents of children suffering from cancer experienced the group activity for such families as an important support during the treatment period. The group served as an arena for mutual support and exchange of experiences, but it was also an easy way for the participants to access psychosocial support at an early stage of the cancer treatment. There was a risk that the participants would be unable to cope with sharing the anxiety and setbacks experienced by others, something that might be difficult to foresee when joining the group.

Ethical Considerations of Social Media to Recruit Caregivers of Children With Cancer

BACKGROUND

Social media platforms are useful for recruiting hard-to-reach populations, such as caregivers of children with cancer, for research. However, there are unique ethical considerations in using social media.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study was to describe the methods used to recruit hard-to-reach caregivers (parents of children with cancer) for research and related ethical considerations.

METHODS

We used The Belmont Report tenets (respect for persons, beneficence, and justice) as a guiding framework to identify issues relevant to social media recruitment of hard-to-reach populations and to describe how we addressed these issues in our study.

RESULTS

We engaged leaders of two online communities that offer peer support for caregivers of children with cancer to help with recruitment to our study on financial effect of pediatric cancer. We identified issues in using social media for recruiting hard-to-reach populations in alignment with The Belmont Report, including risk for subject selection bias, privacy rights, protecting identity of participants, data security issues, and access to research. We addressed issues by deliberate study design decisions and engagement with online community advocates.

DISCUSSION

Using social media to recruit hard-to-reach populations may be a successful way to engage them in research. Although researchers may remain compliant with the institutional review board of their facilities and are faithful to the tenets of The Belmont Report, unanticipated ethical issues may arise directly or indirectly as a result of using social media. This article identifies these issues and provides suggestions for dealing with them.

Participation in Online Research Examining End-of-Life Experiences: Is It Beneficial, Burdensome, or Both for Parents Bereaved by Childhood Cancer?

It is important for the health care community to understand the impact of a child's death on parent functioning. Yet involving bereaved parents in research that enquires about such a stressful time in their life can potentially bring harm to them. The current study examines the perceived benefit and burden of parents participating in a survey exploring their perceptions of their child's end-of-life (EoL) and bereavement experiences. Parents whose child died from cancer or complications of cancer treatment were invited to complete a survey developed by pediatric psychosocial oncology professionals with input from bereaved parent advocates through a closed social media (Facebook) group. One hundred seventy-eight parents of children aged 0 to 37 years at death (median age 12 years) participated. More than three quarters of parents reported at least "a little benefit" and half reported at least "a little burden" associated with participation. Less burden was perceived by younger and female parents, parents of younger children, those who had felt prepared to meet their children's emotional needs at EoL, and those not using bereavement services at the time of the survey. With the increasing use of social media as a source for bereaved parents to receive and provide emotional support, it is important for clinicians and researchers to understand the perceived benefits and risks of participating in research about EoL experiences via online recruitment. Our findings suggest that the benefit and burden of online research participation may vary for bereaved parents, but further research is necessary to replicate the findings and explore ways to optimize the use of this approach.

'Why us?' Causal attributions of childhood cancer survivors, survivors' parents and community comparisons - a mixed methods analysis

INTRODUCTION

Understanding the cause of their cancer is important for many cancer patients. Childhood cancer survivors'/survivors' parents' beliefs about cancer etiology are understudied. We aimed to assess survivors'/parents' beliefs about what causes childhood cancer, compared with beliefs in the community. We also investigated the influence of clinical and socio-demographic characteristics on the participants' beliefs about cancer etiology.

METHODS

This two-stage study investigated the participants' beliefs, by using questionnaires assessing causal attributions related to childhood cancer (stage 1) and then undertaking telephone interviews (stage 2; survivors/survivors' parents only) to get an in-depth understanding of survivors'/survivors' parents beliefs. We computed multivariable regressions to identify factors associated with the most commonly endorsed attributions: bad luck/chance, environmental factors and genetics. We analyzed interviews using thematic analysis.

RESULTS

Six hundred one individuals (64.6% survivors and 35.4% survivors' parents) and 510 community comparisons (53.1% community adults, 46.9% community parents) completed the question on causal attributions. We conducted 87 in-depth interviews. Survivors/survivors' parents (73.9%) were more likely to believe that chance/bad luck caused childhood cancer than community participants (42.4%). Community participants more frequently endorsed that genetics (75.3%) and environmental factors (65.3%) played a major role in childhood cancer etiology (versus survivors' and survivors' parents: genetics 20.6%, environmental factors: 19.3%). Community participants, participants with a first language other than English, and reporting a lower quality of life were less likely to attribute bad luck as a cause of childhood cancer. Community participants, all participants with a higher income and higher education were more likely to attribute childhood cancer etiology to environmental factors.

CONCLUSION

Causal attributions differed between survivors/survivors' parents and community participants. Most of the parents and survivors seem to understand that there is nothing they have done to cause the cancer. Understanding survivors' and survivors' parents' causal attributions may be crucial to address misconceptions, offer access to services and to adapt current and future health behaviors.