A Chinese version of the infertility self-efficacy scale: Reliability and validity assessment

Objective

To translate, cross-culturally adapt and test the reliability and validity of a Chinese version of the Infertility Self-Efficacy scale.

Methods

The Infertility Self-Efficacy (ISE) scale was translated into Chinese using forward and backward translations, expert consultation, cognitive interviews and a pilot study. To test the scale's reliability and validity, 515 infertile women in two hospitals were recruited to evaluate the Chinese version of the scale. Content validity was assessed by means of expert consultation. Exploratory factor and confirmatory factor analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0 and Amos 24.0. Reliability tests of the scale included Cronbach's alpha coefficient, split-half reliability and test-retest reliability.

Results

The Chinese version of the ISE scale contains 16 items and one dimension. Content validity of the scale was 0.96. Results of exploratory factor analysis suggested that the one factor model was suitable for the scale, and factor loading of all items was greater than 0.4. Model fitting parameters of confirmatory factor analysis of the ISE scale were χ2/df = 2.710, Root Mean Square Error Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.079, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) = 0.042, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.953, and Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.939. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the Chinese ISE was 0.980; split-half coefficient was 0.972 and retest reliability was 0.848 (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

The Chinese ISE scale is a reliable and valid instrument to evaluate the self-efficacy of infertile Chinese women.

The Effect of Positive Psychotherapy-Based Training on Stigma and Self-Efficacy in Women Receiving Infertility Treatment

BACKGROUND

Infertility has increased in recent years. Infertility can cause many mental problems. The place of psychoeducation based on positive psychotherapy (PPT) is important in coping with mental problems.

AIMS

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of PPT-based training on stigma and self-efficacy in women receiving infertility treatment.

METHODS

This experimental study with randomized control group was completed with 64 women receiving infertility treatment. While the women in the experimental group received an 8-session PPT-based training, no intervention was applied to those in the control group.

RESULTS

A statistically significant difference was observed (p= .001) between the stigma and self-efficacy levels of the experimental group after the PPT-based training.

CONCLUSIONS

It was found that the PPT-based training was effective in decreasing stigma level of the women who received infertility treatment and increasing their self-efficacy level.

The effect of self-compassion-based programs for infertility (SCPI) on anxiety and depression among women pursuing fertility treatment: a three-armed, randomised controlled trial

PURPOSE

To examine the effects of self-compassion training using videos (SCV) versus self-compassion training using digital stories (SC-DS) as compared to a control group (CG) on reducing anxiety and depression symptoms among women pursuing fertility treatment.

METHODS

A three-armed, randomised controlled trial randomly assigned 200 eligible women to SCV(n = 65), SC-DS (n = 67), and CG (n = 68). All three randomised groups completed questionnaires immediately after randomisation (T1), after completing the interventions (T2), and 10 weeks after the interventions (T3). A generalised estimation equation was used with the intention-to-treat analysis. The primary outcomes were anxiety and depression, and secondary outcomes were self-compassion, infertility self-efficacy, and pregnancy rates.

RESULTS

SCV and SC-DS participants experienced a significant reduction in anxiety and depression from T1 to T2 and from T1 to T3 (p < 0.001; d > 0.8). SCV and SC-DS participants experienced a significant increase in self-compassion and infertility self-efficacy from T1 to T2 and from T1 to T3 (p < 0.001; d > 0.8). SC-DS seemed to be superior to SCV and CG. No significant differences were found among the three groups in pregnancy rates. SCV and SC-DS participants rated self-compassion training programs positively and said they would highly recommend them to others.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that SCV and SC-DS were effective in reducing anxiety and depression and increasing self-compassion and infertility self-efficacy. Online flexible self-compassion interventions could make psychological support more accessible for women undergoing fertility treatment in resource-poor settings.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

(ChiCTR2100046065) [12/04/2021].

Experiences of women undergoing infertility treatment from embryo transfer until pregnancy test and their conceptualization of their embryo

AIM

This study aims to explore women's experiences with embryo transfer (ET) until pregnancy test and their conceptualization of their embryo.

METHOD

The sample of this descriptive phenomenology study consists of 17 women with ET. The data were collected through in-depth interviews. The thematic analysis developed by Braun and Clarke was used for data analysis.

RESULTS

Analysis of the interviews led to the emergence of five themes and 14 sub-themes. The theme "pregnancy in biological terms" has two sub-themes: "considering herself pregnant" and "the first moment with the baby". The theme "not an embryo, my child" has three sub-themes: "world of hope", " unnatural but normal" and "attachment to embryo". The theme "daily life after ET" has three sub-themes: "living life in the usual way", "process of self-listening", and "the negative effects of drugs on the body". The theme "seeking ways to ensure fertility" has four sub-themes: "complete bed rest", "the search for information: the internet", "practice an infertility diet" and "spiritual support with prayer". Finally, the theme "caring after the transfer" has two sub-themes: "need more information" and "unmet women-oriented care".

CONCLUSION

In this study, it was determined that women had intense physical and emotional experiences during the waiting period after ET and their daily lives were affected. It was also understood that the embryo means "baby/child/son/daughter" to them and that they establish a close bond with their embryos. Women's needs are not sufficiently known until post-ET pregnancy testing. Explaining the experiences of women after IVF-ET and the meanings of their embryo will help determine the issues they need in holistic care.

Perceived Social Support and Life Satisfaction in Infertile Women Undergoing Treatment: A Moderated Mediation Model

Perceived social support is positively related to life satisfaction in infertile women. Whereas, the underlying mechanism of this relationship is unclear. The present study aimed to investigate whether self-compassion mediated the relationship of perceived social support with life satisfaction and whether infertility self-efficacy moderated the relationship between perceived social support and self-compassion in infertile women. A total of 290 infertile women in mainland China undergoing treatment completed an online survey assessing perceived social support, life satisfaction, self-compassion, and infertility self-efficacy. The results supported the mediation model that perceived social support was associated with life satisfaction via self-compassion. Besides, infertility self-efficacy moderated the relationship between perceived social support and self-compassion. Specifically, perceived social support displayed a stronger predictive effect on self-compassion when infertile women had higher level of infertility self-efficacy.

Transcultural Nursing Care in Turkey

AIM

For quality and adequate nursing care, nurses should evaluate the cultural factors that patients have, respect these factors, and consider their impact on the patient's health. This review aimed to examine studies conducted in the field of transcultural nursing in Turkey.

METHOD

Studies published between 2000 and 2018 were searched from the electronic databases of ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Academic Search Complete, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Academic using the keywords care, culture, nursing, transcultural, transcultural nursing, and Turkey.

RESULTS

As a result of the search, 150 studies were obtained, and 31 studies that fit the inclusion criteria were evaluated. These studies attempted to determine the factors that cover different dimensions of transcultural nursing, nursing education and training process, clinical and hospital applications, and several scales and guides and have been adapted and used in the Turkish population.

CONCLUSION

Studies conducted in the field of transcultural nursing in Turkey have gained momentum recently and have a more basic descriptive level.

A randomized controlled trial of the effects of nursing care based on Watson's Theory of Human Caring on distress, self-efficacy and adjustment in infertile women

AIMS

To investigate the effects of nursing care based on the Theory of Human Caring on distress caused by infertility, perceived self-efficacy and adjustment levels.

BACKGROUND

Infertility leads to individual, familial and social problems. Nursing care standards for women affected by infertility have yet to emerge.

DESIGN

A randomized controlled trial.

METHODS

This study was conducted from May 2010-February 2011, with 105 Turkish women with infertility (intervention group: 52, control group: 53). We collected data using the Infertility Distress Scale, the Turkish-Infertility Self Efficacy Scale Short Form and the Turkish-Fertility Adjustment Scale. The intervention group received nursing care based on the Theory of Human Caring. Data were analysed using t-tests, chi-square tests and intention-to-treat analyses.

RESULTS

The intervention and control groups significantly differed with regard to infertility distress, self-efficacy and adjustment levels. The intervention group's mean self-efficacy score increased by seven points and adjustment score decreased by seven points (in a positive direction). In addition, there was a significant reduction in infertility distress scores in the intervention group, but there was no change in the control group.

CONCLUSION

Nursing care based on the Theory of Human Caring decreased the negative impact of infertility in women receiving infertility treatment and increased self-efficacy and adjustment.