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Shrestha A, Poudel L, Shrestha S, Jha N, Kuikel BS, Shakya P, Kunwar RS, Pandey LR, Kc MB, Wilson EC, Deuba K. Multilevel determinants of antiretroviral therapy initiation and retention in the test-and-treat era of Nepal: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:927. [PMID: 39138448 PMCID: PMC11323673 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-11311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transition to the "test-and-treat" policy in Nepal in 2017, coupled with the rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 2020, necessitates an in-depth understanding of factors influencing ART initiation and retention. This study investigates these factors from the perspectives of healthcare providers, families/communities, and people living with HIV (PLHIV). METHODS Employing a qualitative design, in-depth interviews were conducted with 24 ART clients and 26 healthcare providers across different provinces of Nepal. A comprehensive interview guide facilitated the exploration of experiences and perceptions. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and thematic analysis was applied to distill key insights. Guided by a socio-ecological model, interviews were analyzed to identify the barriers and facilitators to ART initiation and continuation at the individual, family/community, and health system levels. RESULTS Facilitators and barriers were identified at three levels. Individual-level facilitators included fear of death, perceived health benefits, knowledge about HIV/ART, confidentiality, and financial support. Barriers encompassed concerns about lifelong medication, side effects, denial of HIV status, fear of disclosure, and financial constraints. At the family/community level, support from family and community health workers facilitated ART adherence, while social stigma and discrimination posed barriers. The health system's role was dual; the provision of free treatment, a client tracking system and a robust drug supply chain were facilitators, whereas logistical challenges and service accessibility during the COVID-19 pandemic were notable barriers. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the various factors that influence ART initiation and retention in Nepal during the test-and-treat era. Tailored interventions should focus on increasing awareness about HIV and ART, strengthening healthcare systems, ensuring availability of medications, and providing accessible treatment during service disruptions. Furthermore, these interventions should encourage supportive environments at the individual, community, and healthcare system levels. Taking this holistic approach is essential for effectively implementing ART and achieving long-term health outcomes in light of changing public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Shrestha
- Department of Public Health and Community Programs, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
- Center for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Institute for Implementation Science and Health, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Lisasha Poudel
- Institute for Implementation Science and Health, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Soniya Shrestha
- Department of Public Health and Community Programs, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Niharika Jha
- Department of Public Health and Community Programs, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Bihari Sharan Kuikel
- Department of Public Health and Community Programs, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | | | | | - Lok Raj Pandey
- National Centre for AIDS & STD Control, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Man Bahadur Kc
- National Centre for AIDS & STD Control, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Erin C Wilson
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Keshab Deuba
- Public Health and Environment Research Centre (PERC), Lalitpur, Nepal.
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kasa GA, Kaba M. Preferences for Health Care and Its Determinants Among Mentally Ill Patients of the West Shoa Zone Community, Oromia, Ethiopia. Patient Prefer Adherence 2023; 17:557-570. [PMID: 36915385 PMCID: PMC10007862 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s393903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 9 million people die from mental diseases each year, making them the second highest cause of mortality and the primary cause of disability worldwide. OBJECTIVE To explore the preferences for health care and its determinants among mentally ill patients in the West Shoa Zone Community in Oromia, Ethiopia, from July 11-September 20, 2022. METHODS The preference for health care and its determinants among mentally ill patients in the West Shoa Zone community were explored using an ethnographical study. Purposefully, a total of 16 FGD participants and 10 unstructured interview subjects, who had pertinent experiences and perspectives, were carefully selected from the urban and district levels. Data was collected utilizing two approaches in a triangulated manner and then coded, findings were contextualized, and a thematic plot was developed for thematic analysis. RESULTS In this study, in response to the questions, three main findings were thematized according to the causes, and six sub-themes were framed under the themes according to the preferences for treatment among mentally ill patients. The themes that emerged from the data were; 1. Supernatural causes, 2. Traditional non-spiritual beliefs and practices; and 3. Medico-surgical problems. The majority of the participants responded that residents preferred religious spiritualists the most (46%), followed by traditional counselors (Wabeka) (19%), traditional spiritualists (15%), institutional care (12%), herbalists (4%), and psychologists (4%). CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS In this study, the most commonly perceived causes of mental illnesses were bad spirits, devilish activity, and engaging in actions that violated social norms and regulations. Religious spiritualists were the study's first choice for mental health care. This study advises collaboration and a shared strategy between health care professionals and traditional and religious stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getachew Adela Kasa
- School of Public Health, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Getachew Adela Kasa, School of Public Health, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, PO Box 1271, Gulele Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Tel +251919292590; +2514793932709, Fax +251112-78-85-92, Email
| | - Mirgissa Kaba
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Hossain F, Hasan M, Begum N, Mohan D, Verghis S, Jahan NK. Exploring the barriers to the antiretroviral therapy adherence among people living with HIV in Bangladesh: A qualitative approach. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276575. [PMID: 36269716 PMCID: PMC9586390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the evolution of highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART), a near-perfect ART adherence level (>95%) is needed to control viral suppression. Non-adherence to treatment may lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and drug resistance. Though the Bangladesh government provides free treatment and counselling services to people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV), only 22% of the identified PLHIV continue treatment. Therefore, this study aims to explore the barriers that obstruct the Bangladeshi PLHIV to ensure ART adherence. METHODS We conducted a qualitative study in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and recruited the sensitive study population following non-probability, mainly purposive sampling from a community-based registered organization for PLHIV. We conducted the in-depth interview using a semi-structured guideline with 15 consented respondents. We transcribed the audio-recorded interviews in the local language (Bangla) and then translated those into English for data analysis. During the data extraction process, the lead and corresponding authors independently extracted raw data to generate different themes and sub-themes and invited other authors to contribute when they could not solve any discrepancies. RESULTS The study identified three significant categories of barriers at the individual, community, and institutional levels that negatively interfered with ART adherence. The most dominant barriers were discrimination and rejection related to stigma, as almost all participants mentioned these barriers. Stigmatizing attitudes and the discriminatory act of the community people and healthcare providers critically affected their treatment adherence. Other leading barriers were improper inventory management of ART-related medicines and CD4 tests and lack of proper counselling. In addition, we found that a positive approach toward life and family support motivated some respondents to overcome the barriers. CONCLUSIONS We recommended strengthening Bangladesh's HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and management program with a special focus on the improvement of the supply chain of ART-related medicines and CD4 tests and ensuring proper counselling. In addition, we recommended strengthening the behaviour change communication and IEC activities at a large scale to destigmatize health facilities and community levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariha Hossain
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Devi Mohan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Sharuna Verghis
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Nowrozy Kamar Jahan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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Rattani SA, Dahlke S, Cameron B. Cancer Care in Pakistan: A Descriptive Case Study. Glob Qual Nurs Res 2022; 9:23333936221080988. [PMID: 35237708 PMCID: PMC8882939 DOI: 10.1177/23333936221080988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this descriptive case study, we aimed to understand the experiences of cancer diagnosis, treatment, and palliative care in Pakistan. The case was limited to a hospital for cancer and hospice care in Karachi, Pakistan. Data collection included interviews with patients who had a cancer diagnosis, family members, healthcare providers, and unstructured observations. Two themes of suffering and late diagnosis were developed to describe the experiences of people with cancer. Suffering occurred as a result of poverty, social ideas about cancer, and physical suffering. Late diagnosis happened because of cultural ideas about health, low health literacy, and healthcare challenges, although both themes are interconnected. The findings illuminate three key pathways that will improve cancer diagnosis and palliative care in Pakistan: specifically, the need to (a) educate healthcare providers about cancer and palliative care, (b) eradicate corruption in healthcare, and (c) develop policies for universal access to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma A Rattani
- Aga Khan University, Faculty of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Karachi,
Pakistan
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Farooq S, Lakhdir MPA, Parpio YN, Haider SI, Rahim S, Nathwani AA, Arthur D. The effect of a culturally sensitive mental well-being module on Pakistani nursing students' knowledge and beliefs regarding their own mental health and illness. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2021; 30:1193-1209. [PMID: 34056814 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of a mental well-being module on undergraduate nursing students' knowledge and beliefs regarding causes and treatment of mental health and illness, and explored the relationship between these variables and depression and anxiety. The one group design incorporated pre-intervention, intervention and post-intervention phases, in a consecutive sample of 246 students in a 4-year BScN programme in Pakistan. A culturally sensitive, interactive mental well-being module of four hours length was delivered to three groups of approximately 40 students per group. Repeated measures ANOVA was performed to assess the difference in the mean knowledge scores. Paired t-tests investigated between-group differences on the factor scores. A total of 112 students screened positive for anxiety and depression symptoms. Repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant difference in the mean knowledge scores regarding mental illness (P < 0.001). Factor analysis resulted in four factors for the aetiology items. Paired t-test showed significant differences (P < 0.001) between psycho-social and environmental factors, supernatural and religious beliefs, and neuro-genetics. For treatment, significant differences (P < 0.001) were found between all factors - Professional and Help from others, Religiosity and Socialization, and Alternative and Medical Treatment. There was a significant and positive change in students' mental health knowledge, beliefs and mental health-seeking behaviour and diminished stigmatized beliefs. Based on the findings, it is highly recommended to incorporate the mental well-being program in the curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima Farooq
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Sonia Ijaz Haider
- Department for Educational Development, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shirin Rahim
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Apsara Ali Nathwani
- Department of Pediatric and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Kerai S, Nisar I, Muhammad I, Qaisar S, Feroz K, Raza A, Khalid F, Baloch B, Jehan F. A Community-Based Survey on Health-Care Utilization for Pneumonia in Children in Peri-Urban Slums of Karachi, Pakistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 101:1034-1041. [PMID: 31482784 PMCID: PMC6838581 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia, as defined by WHO, is a syndromic diagnosis characterized by presence of cough or difficult breathing. Presentation to health-care provider depends on timely identification of signs and symptoms by caretakers. We explored patterns of health-care utilization among caretakers of a randomly selected sample of 1,152 children aged 2-59 months, residing in low-income settlements of Karachi, Pakistan. Information on household demographics, occurrence of pneumonia-specific symptoms, care seeking, air quality, and knowledge regarding preventive measures for pneumonia was collected. Predictors of care seeking were estimated using weighted logistic regression. Prevalence of pneumonia with cough and rapid or difficulty in breathing was found to be 40.8% and 37.1% in infants (2-11 months) and children (12-59 months), respectively. Ninety-five percentage of caretakers sought care, 68.5% privately. Odds ratios (ORs) for independent predictors of care-seeking were as follows: younger age of child (infants compared with children), 3.60 (95% CI = 2.65-4.87); caretaker with primary education compared with none, 3.40 (2.46-4.70); vaccine awareness, 1.65 (1.45-1.87); and breastfeeding awareness, 1.32 (1.13-1.53). Presence of symptoms such as fever OR, 1.51 (1.30-1.76); tachypnea, 1.57 (1.35-1.83); chest indrawing, 2.56 (2.05-3.18); persistent vomiting, 1.69 (1.37-2.09); and recurrent illness, 2.57 (2.23-2.97) were also predictive. There is high health-care utilization for pneumonia with the skewed presentation toward private services. Strategies should be focused on making pneumonia care standardized, efficient and affordable, especially in the private sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima Kerai
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Imran Nisar
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ilyas Muhammad
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sana Qaisar
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Feroz
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Raza
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Faizan Khalid
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Benazir Baloch
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fyezah Jehan
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Health seeking behaviour, delayed presentation and its impact among oral cancer patients in Pakistan: a retrospective qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res 2019; 19:715. [PMID: 31638970 PMCID: PMC6805330 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-4521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Delayed diagnosis of Oral Cancer (OC) can mean a difference in quality and expectancy of life for the patient. This delay could be from the healthcare side, or more importantly from the patient’s side. Globally, there are studies enumerating the causes for delays from the patients’ side in seeking healthcare for Oral Cancer; however, no similar research is found in the context of Pakistan. This study endeavoured to understand the health seeking behaviour, reasons for delay in consultation and the impact on OC patients’ lives. Methods In-depth interviews were conducted with randomly selected OC patients at a private sector tertiary care facility in Islamabad (who met the inclusion criteria of having successfully been treated for Oral Cancer) which caters to the most diverse population for the treatment of Oral Cancer. Theoretical saturation was achieved at 14 interviews. All participants gave verbal consent for participation, which was recorded prior to the interviews. Results Patients (age range 43–68 years) had received the surgical treatment and radiation. The reported delay before seeking a proper medical advice ranged from 1 month to 2 years. Lack of awareness about OC risk factors, symptoms, and whom to approach for treatment were the main reasons. Most respondents relied on self-treatment considering the non-healing wound/ulcer to be a minor issue until they were advised a consultation with a specialist. Treatment started within 1–3 months after a confirmed diagnosis on biopsy. The reported average expenditure on treatment was US$5000-10,000, mostly covered through a private health insurance and others borrowed the money. Conclusion A socio-behavioural change campaign for the general population can result in earlier presentation of the OC, minimizing the financial burden on the patient as well as the health system, and improving the quality of life of the patients.
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Access to primary health care among women: the role of Ghana's community-based health planning and services policy. Prim Health Care Res Dev 2019; 20:e82. [PMID: 32799990 PMCID: PMC8060816 DOI: 10.1017/s1463423619000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ghana in 1999 adopted the Community-based Health Planning and Service (CHPS) policy to enhance access to primary health care (PHC) service. After two decades of implementation, there remains a considerable proportion of the country’s population, especially women who lack access to basic health care services. Aim: The aim of this paper is to understand the contribution of Ghana’s CHPS policy to women’s access to PHC services in the Upper West Region (UWR) of Ghana. Methods: A logistic regression technique was employed to analyse cross-sectional data collected among women (805) from the UWR. Findings: We found that women who resided in CHPS zones (OR = 1.612; P ≤ 0.01) were more likely to have access to health care compared with their counterparts who resided in non-CHPS zones. Also, rural-urban residence, distance to health facility, household wealth status and marital status predicted access to health care among women in the region. Our findings underscore the need to expand the CHPS policy to cover many areas in the country, especially rural communities and other deprived localities in urban settings.
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Saleem A, Steadman KJ, Fejzic J. Utilisation of Healthcare Services and Medicines by Pakistani Migrants Residing in High Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis. J Immigr Minor Health 2018; 21:1157-1180. [PMID: 30499044 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-018-0840-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Migration, as a global phenomenon, gives rise to many challenges for healthcare professionals providing care to migrant populations. Migrants originating from diverse cultural backgrounds have unique beliefs and healthcare needs, and their utilisation of healthcare services and medicines is influenced by a number of factors. This review aims to assess the factors influencing the utilisation of healthcare services and medicines among Pakistani migrants residing in high income countries. The databases searched included PubMed/Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, and IPA. Of the 2566 publications initially obtained, 37 met the inclusion criteria. They included eight countries-the United Kingdom, United States of America, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Australia, United Arab Emirates and Cyprus. Eight descriptive themes emerged and two analytical constructs were established, as a result of thematic synthesis of included publications. The profile of utilisation of healthcare services and medicines among Pakistani migrants was multifaceted and influenced by their individual circumstances (socioeconomic characteristics; personal beliefs, preferences, and experiences; individual culture and religion; family and friends; and language and communication), and host country characteristics (work environment; healthcare organisation, access and affordability; and health professionals' education, practices, and preferences). Awareness of population-specific characteristics of migrant communities is important to promote and implement culturally appropriate healthcare practices and service provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Saleem
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Kathryn J Steadman
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Jasmina Fejzic
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
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Atallah DG, Djalali A, Fredricks K, Arlington L, Bussio M, Nelson BD. Developing Equitable Primary Health Care in Conflict-Affected Settings: Expert Perspectives From the Frontlines. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2018; 28:98-111. [PMID: 29105569 DOI: 10.1177/1049732317738972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Health systems are frequently among the casualties of conflict. Within these settings, increased knowledge is needed on how to rebuild and strengthen health infrastructure resilience, such as primary health care (PHC) systems, in context-specific ways that promote health equity. Therefore, this study aimed to explore perspectives of experts with experience working on frontlines of social crises to contribute to understandings of pathways toward equitable PHC in conflict-affected settings. Semistructured qualitative interviews with 18 expert participants were completed. Through engaging elements of grounded theory situational analysis, three themes emerged iteratively, including (a) Building Blocks, (b) Intermediating Factors, and (c) a Roadmap. These emergent themes contribute to conceptual frameworks explaining key contextually specific priorities, challenges, and facilitating factors for developing resilient health infrastructures under social crises. Findings inform policy and practical guidelines that address complexities of conflict conditions and underscore the importance of PHC development toward promoting health as a human right.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin G Atallah
- 1 Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- 2 National Research Center for Integrated Natural Disaster Management (CIGIDEN), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ahmadreza Djalali
- 3 Research Center in Emergency and Disaster Medicine (CRIMEDIM), Novara, Italy
| | - Karla Fredricks
- 4 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Milagros Bussio
- 2 National Research Center for Integrated Natural Disaster Management (CIGIDEN), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Brett D Nelson
- 4 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Anwar M, Green JA, Norris P, Bukhari NI. Prospective daily diary study reporting of any and all symptoms in healthy adults in Pakistan: prevalence and response. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e014998. [PMID: 29138192 PMCID: PMC5695404 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prevalence of symptoms in everyday life and how people respond to these symptoms is little studied outside Western culture and developed countries. We sought to use modified diary methods to explore the prevalence of and responses to symptoms in Pakistan. DESIGN Prospective daily survey of symptoms and response. SETTING 8 cities across four provinces in Pakistan. PARTICIPANTS Stratified intercept in each city to recruit 153 participants of which 151 completed. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Each day for 30 days, participants were prompted by text message (short message service (SMS)) to complete a symptom diary. On days where symptoms were experienced, participants also reported how they responded. Prevalence was adjusted to population age and gender distributions. RESULTS 92% of participants experienced symptoms (adjusted prevalence 94%, 95% CI 91% to 97%), with musculoskeletal pain (83%, adj. 84%, 95% CI 84% to 90%) and respiratory symptoms (75%, adj. 77%, 95% CI 71% to 84%) the most prevalent types of symptoms. Self-medication and use of home remedies and traditional medicines were the most common responses. Seeking professional help or using conventional medicine were less common, and self-medication responses included the use of antibiotics without prescription. The range of home remedies and traditional medicines was very diverse. CONCLUSIONS While symptom experience in Pakistan was similar to Western countries, home remedies were much more frequently used to respond to symptoms. Understanding how people respond and manage their experience of symptoms outside formal healthcare is important for designing effective policy and interventions, and this needs to be understood within the broader context including the cultural and economic setting, the health system and other structural determinants of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Anwar
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James A Green
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Pauline Norris
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Haenssgen MJ, Ariana P. Healthcare access: A sequence-sensitive approach. SSM Popul Health 2016; 3:37-47. [PMID: 29349202 PMCID: PMC5769022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that healthcare-seeking behaviour is neither limited to nor terminated by access to one single healthcare provider. Yet the sequential conceptualisation of healthcare-seeking processes has not diffused into quantitative research, which continues to analyse healthcare access as a "one-off" event. The ensuing lack of understanding healthcare behaviour is problematic in light of the immense burden of premature death especially in low- and middle-income countries. This paper presents an alternative approach. Based on a novel survey instrument, we analyse original survey data from rural India and China that contain 119 unique healthcare pathways among 637 respondents. We offer three applications of how such sequential data can be analysed to enhance our understanding of people's health behaviour. First, descriptive analysis of sequential data enables more a comprehensive representation of people's health behaviours, for example the time spent in various healthcare activities, common healthcare pathways across different groups, or shifts in healthcare provider access during a typical illness. Second, by analysing the effect of mobile technology on healthcare-seeking process characteristics, we demonstrate that conventional, sequence-insensitive indicators are potentially inconsistent and misleading approximations when compared to a more precise, sequence-sensitive measure. Third, we describe how sequential data enable transparent and flexible evaluations of people's healthcare behaviour. The example of a sequence-insensitive evaluation suggests that household wealth has no statistical link to an illustrative "ideal" form of public healthcare utilisation. In contrast, sequence-sensitive evaluations demonstrate that household wealth is associated with an increased likelihood of bypassing referral processes and approaching unregulated and costly informal and private practitioners before accessing a public clinic. Sequential data therefore do not only reveal otherwise neglected locational idiosyncrasies, but they also yield deeper insights into the drivers of people's health behaviours compared to a conventional approach to "access to healthcare."
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco J Haenssgen
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.,CABDyN Complexity Centre, Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Park End Street, Oxford OX1 1HP, UK.,Technology and Management Centre for Development, Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford, 3 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TB, UK.,Green Templeton College, 43 Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6HG, UK.,Economics and Translational Research Group (ETRG), Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 3/F, 60th Anniversary Chalermprakiat Building, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Proochista Ariana
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.,Technology and Management Centre for Development, Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford, 3 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TB, UK
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Shafiq Y, Saleem A, Lassi ZS, Zaidi AKM. Community-based versus health facility-based management of acute malnutrition for reducing the prevalence of severe acute malnutrition in children 6 to 59 months of age in low- and middle-income countries. Hippokratia 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010547.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Shafiq
- Aga Khan University Hospital; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health; Stadium Road PO Box 3500 Karachi Sindh Pakistan 74800
| | - Ali Saleem
- Aga Khan University Hospital; Division of Women and Child Health; Stadium Road PO Box 3500 Karachi Sindh Pakistan 74800
| | - Zohra S Lassi
- The University of Adelaide; The Robinson Research Institute; Adelaide South Australia Australia 5005
| | - Anita KM Zaidi
- Aga Khan University Hospital; Division of Women and Child Health; Stadium Road PO Box 3500 Karachi Sindh Pakistan 74800
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14
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Qureshi RN, Sheikh S, Khowaja AR, Hoodbhoy Z, Zaidi S, Sawchuck D, Vidler M, Bhutta ZA, von Dadeslzen P. Health care seeking behaviours in pregnancy in rural Sindh, Pakistan: a qualitative study. Reprod Health 2016; 13 Suppl 1:34. [PMID: 27356863 PMCID: PMC4943512 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-016-0140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pakistan has alarmingly high numbers of maternal mortality along with suboptimal care-seeking behaviour. It is essential to identify the barriers and facilitators that women and families encounter, when deciding to seek maternal care services. This study aimed to understand health-seeking patterns of pregnant women in rural Sindh, Pakistan. METHODS A qualitative study was undertaken in rural Sindh, Pakistan as part of a large multi-country study in 2012. Thirty three focus group discussions and 26 in-depth interviews were conducted with mothers [n = 173], male decision-makers [n = 64], Lady Health Workers [n = 64], Lady Health Supervisors [n = 10], Women Medical Officers [n = 9] and Traditional Birth Attendants [n = 7] in the study communities. A set of a priori themes regarding care-seeking during pregnancy and its complications as well as additional themes as they emerged from the data were used for analysis. Qualitative analysis was done using NVivo version 10. RESULTS Women stated they usually visited health facilities if they experienced pregnancy complications or danger signs, such as heavy bleeding or headache. Findings revealed the importance of husbands and mothers-in-law as decision makers regarding health care utilization. Participants expressed that poor availability of transport, financial constraints and the unavailability of chaperones were important barriers to seeking care. In addition, private facilities were often preferred due to the perceived superior quality of services. CONCLUSION Maternal care utilization was influenced by social, economic and cultural factors in rural Pakistani communities. The perceived poor quality care at public hospitals was a significant barrier for many women in accessing health services. If maternal lives are to be saved, policy makers need to develop processes to overcome these barriers and ensure easily accessible high-quality care for women in rural communities. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01911494.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sana Sheikh
- Division of Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Asif Raza Khowaja
- Division of Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and the Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zahra Hoodbhoy
- Division of Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shujaat Zaidi
- Division of Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Diane Sawchuck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and the Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marianne Vidler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and the Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Division of Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.,Program for Global Pediatric Research, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter von Dadeslzen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and the Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Self-reported morbidity and health service utilization in rural Tamil Nadu, India. Soc Sci Med 2016; 161:118-25. [PMID: 27285663 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In Tamil Nadu, India, improvements have been made toward developing a high-quality, universally accessible healthcare system. However, some rural residents continue to confront significant barriers to obtaining healthcare. The primary objective of this study was to investigate self-reported morbidity, health literacy, and healthcare preferences, utilization, and experiences in order to identify priority areas for government health policies and programs. Drawing on 66 semi-structured interviews and 300 household surveys (including 1693 individuals), administered in 26 rural villages in Tamil Nadu's Krishnagiri district, we found that the prevalence of self-reported major health conditions was 22.3%. There was a large burden of non-communicable and chronic diseases, and the most common major morbidities were: connective tissue problems (7.6%), nervous system and sense organ diseases (5.0%), and circulatory and respiratory diseases (2.5%). Increased age and decreased education level were associated with higher odds of reporting most diseases. Low health literacy levels resulted in individuals seeking care only once pain interfered with daily activities. As such, individuals' health-seeking behaviour depended on which strategy was believed to result in the fastest return to work using the fewest resources. Although government facilities were the most common healthcare access point, they were mistrusted; 48.8% and 19.2% of respondents perceived inappropriate treatment protocols and corruption, respectively, at public facilities. Conversely, 93.3% of respondents reported high treatment cost as the main barrier to accessing private facilities. Our results highlight that addressing the chronic and non-communicable disease burdens amongst rural populations in this context will require health policies and village-level programs that address the low health literacy and the issues of rural healthcare accessibility and acceptability.
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Anwar M, Green JA, Norris P, Bukhari NI. Self-medication, home remedies, and spiritual healing: common responses to everyday symptoms in Pakistan. Health Psychol Behav Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2015.1088387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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17
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Azmat SK, Ali M, Ishaque M, Mustafa G, Hameed W, Khan OF, Abbas G, Temmerman M, Munroe E. Assessing predictors of contraceptive use and demand for family planning services in underserved areas of Punjab province in Pakistan: results of a cross-sectional baseline survey. Reprod Health 2015; 12:25. [PMID: 25880987 PMCID: PMC4383051 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-015-0016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Pakistan was one of the first countries in Asia to launch national family planning programs, current modern contraceptive use stands at only 26% with a method mix skewed toward short-acting and permanent methods. As part of a multiyear operational research study, a baseline survey was conducted to understand the predictors of contraceptive use and demand for family planning services in underserved areas of Punjab province in Pakistan. This paper presents the baseline survey results; the outcomes of the intervention will be presented in a separate paper after the study has been completed. Method A cross-sectional baseline household survey was conducted with randomly selected 3,998 married women of reproductive age (MWRA) in the Chakwal, Mianwali, and Bhakkar districts of Punjab. The data were analyzed on SPSS 17.0 using simple descriptive and logistic regression. Results Most of the women had low socio-economic status and were younger than 30 years of age. Four-fifths of the women consulted private sector health facilities for reproductive health services; proximity, availability of services, and good reputation of the provider were the main predicators for choosing the facilities. Husbands were reported as the key decision maker regarding health-seeking and family planning uptake. Overall, the current contraceptive use ranged from 17% to 21% across the districts: condoms and female sterilization were widely used methods. Woman’s age, husband’s education, wealth quintiles, spousal communication, location of last delivery, and favorable attitude toward contraception have an association with current contraceptive use. Unmet need for contraception was 40.6%, 36.6%, and 31.9% in Chakwal, Mianwali, and Bhakkar, respectively. Notably, more than one fifth of the women across the districts expressed willingness to use quality, affordable long-term family planning services in the future. Conclusion The baseline results highlight the need for quality, affordable long-term family planning services close to women’s homes. Furthermore, targeted community mobilization and behavior change efforts can lead to increased awareness, acceptability, and use of family planning and birth spacing services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Khurram Azmat
- Department of Uro-gynecology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium. .,Research, Monitoring & Evaluation Department, Marie Stopes Society, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Moazzam Ali
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Muhammad Ishaque
- Research, Monitoring & Evaluation Department, Marie Stopes Society, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Research, Monitoring & Evaluation Department, Marie Stopes Society, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Waqas Hameed
- Research, Monitoring & Evaluation Department, Marie Stopes Society, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Omar Farooq Khan
- Research, Monitoring & Evaluation Department, Marie Stopes Society, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Ghazunfer Abbas
- Research, Monitoring & Evaluation Department, Marie Stopes Society, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Marleen Temmerman
- Department of Uro-gynecology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Erik Munroe
- Research, Monitoring and Evaluation Department, Marie Stopes International, London, United Kingdom.
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18
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Riaz A, Zaidi S, Khowaja AR. Perceived barriers to utilizing maternal and neonatal health services in contracted-out versus government-managed health facilities in the rural districts of Pakistan. Int J Health Policy Manag 2015; 4:279-84. [PMID: 25905478 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2015.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of developing countries have contracted out public health facilities to the Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) in order to improve service utilization. However, there is a paucity of in-depth qualitative information on barriers to access services as a result of contracting from service users' perspective. The objective of this study was to explore perceived barriers to utilizing Maternal and Neonatal Health (MNH) services, in health facilities contracted out by government to NGO for service provision versus in those which are managed by government (non-contracted). METHODS A community-based qualitative exploratory study was conducted between April to September 2012 at two contracted-out and four matched non-contracted primary healthcare facilities in Thatta and Chitral, rural districts of Pakistan. Using semi-structured guide, the data were collected through thirty-six Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) conducted with mothers and their spouses in the catchment areas of selected facilities. Thematic analysis was performed using NVivo version 10.0 in which themes and sub-themes emerged. RESULTS Key barriers reported in contracted sites included physical distance, user charges and familial influences. Whereas, poor functionality of health centres was the main barrier for non-contracted sites with other issues being comparatively less salient. Decision-making patterns for participants of both catchments were largely similar. Spouses and mother-in-laws particularly influenced the decision to utilize health facilities. CONCLUSION Contracting out of health facility reduces supply side barriers to MNH services for the community served but distance, user charges and low awareness remain significant barriers. Contracting needs to be accompanied by measures for transportation in remote settings, oversight on user fee charges by contractor, and strong community-based behavior change strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Riaz
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shehla Zaidi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.,Women and Child Health Division, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Asif Raza Khowaja
- Women and Child Health Division, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Rehman A, Shaikh BT, Ronis KA. Health care seeking patterns and out of pocket payments for children under five years of age living in Katchi Abadis (slums), in Islamabad, Pakistan. Int J Equity Health 2014; 13:30. [PMID: 24739395 PMCID: PMC3997188 DOI: 10.1186/1475-9276-13-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 1990, Pakistan has faced an unprecedented rate of urbanization, thereby resulting in the uncontrolled proliferation of slums (Katchi Abadis) in all large cities. These areas lack the basic municipal services such as safe water supply, sanitation and waste collection. There is limited access to quality health care services, both curative and preventive. Therefore, communities living in katchi abadis are faced with health seeking challenges and catastrophic expenditure to pay for health care services (formal or informal). METHODS This cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted in Islamabad, using a semi-structured questionnaire with mothers of children 5 years of age. There are 34 katchi abadis, 11 are recognized by the Capital Development Authority, out of which seven were included in the study. The calculated sample size was 207. MAIN FINDINGS Average household income was found to be Pak Rupee 10,000 (approx.US$100) per month. Diarrhea, fever, common cold and cough were common illnesses among under 5 children. Approximately 43% of the mothers were illiterate and they preferred consulting a private doctor or a private dispenser in the katchi abadi. Mother's level of education was significantly associated with the type of health provider consulted. Majority had to spend out of pocket, while many either borrowed money from relatives or friends or sold a household item. Delay in seeking health care added to the out of pocket expense. The mean cost on child's treatment was approximately PkRs400 (approximately US$ 4) for a single consultation. CONCLUSION There are several factors associated with health seeking behavior of mothers of children under the age of 5 years, living in the katchi abadis of Islamabad. The latter population group is one of the most vulnerable given their poor standard of living conditions. A multi-sectoral approach is needed to address the provision of basic amenities, the availability of safety nets to pay for health care is crucial to avoid catastrophic expenditure and the provision of community-based health promotion programs are essential to improve health seeking behaviors whilst simultaneously promoting and protecting health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Babar Tasneem Shaikh
- Health Systems & Policy Department, Health Services Academy, Park Road, Islamabad, Chak Shahzad 44000, Pakistan.
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20
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Rizvi N, S Khan K, Shaikh BT. Gender: shaping personality, lives and health of women in Pakistan. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2014; 14:53. [PMID: 24690271 PMCID: PMC3978051 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-14-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender norms determine the status of Pakistani women that influence their life including health. In Pakistan, the relationship between gender norms and health of women is crucial yet complex demanding further analysis. This paper: determines the reasons for reiteration of gender roles; describes the societal processes and mechanisms that reproduce and reinforce them; and identifies their repercussions on women's personality, lives and health especially reproductive health. METHODS As part of a six-country study titled 'Women's Empowerment in Muslim Contexts', semi-structured group discussions (n = 30) were conducted with women (n = 250) who were selected through snowballing from different age, ethnic and socio-economic categories. Discussion guidelines were used to collect participant's perceptions about Pakistani women's: characteristics, powers, aspirations, needs and responsibilities; circumstances these women live in such as opportunities, constraints and risks; and influence of these circumstances on their personality, lifestyle and health. RESULTS The society studied has constructed a 'Model' for women that consider them 'Objects' without rights and autonomy. Women's subordination, a prerequisite to ensure compliance to the constructed model, is maintained through allocation of lesser resources, restrictions on mobility, seclusion norms and even violence in cases of resistance. The model determines women's traits and responsibilities, and establishes parameters for what is legitimate for women, and these have implications for their personality, lifestyle and health, including their reproductive behaviours. CONCLUSION There is a strong link between women's autonomy, rights, and health. This demands a gender sensitive and a, right-based approach towards health. In addition to service delivery interventions, strategies are required to counter factors influencing health status and restricting access to and utilization of services. Improvement in women's health is bound to have positive influences on their children and wider family's health, education and livelihood; and in turn on a society's health and economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjis Rizvi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
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21
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ul Haq N, Hassali MA, Shafie AA, Saleem F, Farooqui M, Haseeb A, Aljadhey H. A cross-sectional assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice among Hepatitis-B patients in Quetta, Pakistan. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:448. [PMID: 23641704 PMCID: PMC3648389 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis-B is a life threatening infection resulting in 0.6 million deaths annually. The prevalence of Hepatitis-B is rising in Pakistan and furthermore, there is paucity of information about Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Hepatitis-B patients. Better disease related knowledge is important to have positive attitude and that will bring the good practices which will prevent the further spread of infection. This study aimed to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice of Hepatitis-B Patients in Quetta city, Pakistan. Methods A cross-sectional, descriptive study was undertaken with 390 Hepatitis-B patients attending two public hospitals in Quetta city, Pakistan. Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding Hepatitis-B were assessed using a pre-validated questionnaire containing 20, 7 and 8 questions for knowledge, attitude and practice, respectively. Descriptive statistics were used for elaborating patients’ demographic characteristics and mean scores for knowledge, attitude and practice of Hepatitis-B patients. Inferential statistics (Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis tests, p < 0.05) were used to establish association between study variables. Spearman’s rho correlation was used to identify the association between the knowledge, attitude and practice scores. Results Out of 390 patients, 223 (57.2%) were males, with the majority (136, 34.9%) in the age group of 38–47 years. Mean age of the study cohort was 32.6 ± 9.5 years. One hundred and four (26.7%) had primary level education, with 110 (28.2%) working in the private sector. The mean scores for knowledge, attitude and practice were 8.48 ± 2.7, 3.87 ± 1.2 and 2.37 ± 1.0, respectively. Education, locality and occupation were significantly associated with knowledge, attitude and practice scores. Significant positive linear correlations between knowledge-attitude (r = 0.466, p < 0.01) knowledge-practice (r = 0.221, p < 0.01) and attitude-practice (r = 0.224, p < 0.01) were also observed from the study results. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that Hepatitis-B patients lack a basic understanding of infection control and management. This can result in the further spread of Hepatitis-B infection. Extensive health education campaigns should be provided to the patients in the hospital as well as in community settings for rational control and management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noman ul Haq
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Pakistan/Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
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Lubega M, Musenze IA, Joshua G, Dhafa G, Badaza R, Bakwesegha CJ, Reynolds SJ. Sex inequality, high transport costs, and exposed clinic location: reasons for loss to follow-up of clients under prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in eastern Uganda - a qualitative study. Patient Prefer Adherence 2013; 7:447-54. [PMID: 23737663 PMCID: PMC3669003 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s19327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Iganga, Uganda, 45% of women who tested HIV-positive during antenatal care between 2007 and 2010 were lost to follow-up (LTFU). We explored reasons for LTFU during prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) from a client perspective in eastern Uganda, where antiretroviral therapy (ART) awareness is presumably high. METHODS Seven key informant interviews and 20 in-depth interviews, including both clients who had been retained under PMTCT care and those LTFU during PMTCT were held. Ten focus-group discussions involving a total of 112 participants were also conducted with caretakers/ relatives of the PMTCT clients. Content analysis was performed to identify recurrent themes. RESULTS Our findings indicate that LTFU during PMTCT in eastern Uganda was due to sex inequality, high transport costs to access the services, inadequate posttest counseling, lack of HIV status disclosure, and the isolated/exposed location of the ART clinic, which robs the clients of their privacy. CONCLUSION There is a need for approaches that empower women with social capital, knowledge, and skills to influence health-seeking practices. There is also a need to train low-ranking staff and take PMTCT services closer to the clients at the lower-level units to make them affordable and accessible to rural clients. Posttest counseling should be improved to enable PMTCT clients to appreciate the importance of PMTCT services through increasing the number of staff in antenatal care to match the client numbers for improved quality. The counseling should emphasize HIV status disclosure to partners and encourage partner escort for antenatal care visits for further counseling. The exposed and isolated ART clinic should be integrated with the other regular outpatient services to reduce the labeling stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamadi Lubega
- District Health Office, Iganga District Administration, Iganga, Uganda
- Research Institute, Busoga University, Iganga, Uganda
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Busoga University, Iganga, Uganda
- National Institutes of Health/NIAID-ICER American Embassy, Kampala, Uganda
- Correspondence: Muhamadi Lubega, NIH/NIAID-ICER American Embassy, PO BOX 7007, Kampala, Uganda, Tel +256 33 227 7150, Email
| | - Ibrahim A Musenze
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Busoga University, Iganga, Uganda
| | | | - George Dhafa
- Research Institute, Busoga University, Iganga, Uganda
| | - Rose Badaza
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Busoga University, Iganga, Uganda
| | | | - Steven J Reynolds
- National Institutes of Health/NIAID-ICER American Embassy, Kampala, Uganda
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Sikder SS, Labrique AB, Ullah B, Mehra S, Rashid M, Ali H, Jahan N, Shamim AA, West KP, Christian P. Care-seeking patterns for fatal non-communicable diseases among women of reproductive age in rural northwest Bangladesh. BMC Womens Health 2012; 12:23. [PMID: 22894142 PMCID: PMC3468372 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-12-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though non-communicable diseases contribute to an increasing share of the disease burden in South Asia, health systems in most rural communities are ill-equipped to deal with chronic illness. This analysis seeks to describe care-seeking behavior among women of reproductive age who died from fatal non-communicable diseases as recorded in northwest rural Bangladesh between 2001 and 2007. METHODS This analysis utilized data from a large population-based cohort trial in northwest rural Bangladesh. To conduct verbal autopsies of women who died while under study surveillance, physicians interviewed family members to elicit the biomedical symptoms that the women experienced as well as a narrative of the events leading to deaths. We performed qualitative textual analysis of verbal autopsy narratives for 250 women of reproductive age who died from non-communicable diseases between 2001 and 2007. RESULTS The majority of women (94%) sought at least one provider for their illnesses. Approximately 71% of women first visited non-certified providers such as village doctors and traditional healers, while 23% first sought care from medically certified providers. After the first point of care, women appeared to switch to medically certified practitioners when treatment from non-certified providers failed to resolve their illness. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that treatment seeking patterns for non-communicable diseases are affected by many of the sociocultural factors that influence care seeking for pregnancy-related illnesses. Families in northwest rural Bangladesh typically delayed seeking treatment from medically certified providers for NCDs due to the cost of services, distance to facilities, established relationships with non-certified providers, and lack of recognition of the severity of illnesses. Most women did not realize initially that they were suffering from a chronic illness. Since women typically reached medically certified providers in advanced stages of disease, they were usually told that treatment was not possible or were referred to higher-level facilities that they could not afford to visit. Women suffering from non-communicable disease in these rural communities need feasible and practical treatment options. Further research and investment in adequate, appropriate care seeking and referral is needed for women of reproductive age suffering from fatal non-communicable diseases in resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shegufta S Sikder
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alain B Labrique
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barkat Ullah
- Maternal and Newborn Health Program, United Nations Fund for Population Activities, Narail, Bangladesh
| | - Sucheta Mehra
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Hasmot Ali
- The JiVitA Maternal and Child Health Research Project, Gaibandha, Bangladesh
| | | | - Abu A Shamim
- The JiVitA Maternal and Child Health Research Project, Gaibandha, Bangladesh
| | - Keith P West
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Parul Christian
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Anwar M, Green J, Norris P. Health-seeking behaviour in Pakistan: a narrative review of the existing literature. Public Health 2012; 126:507-17. [PMID: 22579325 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This narrative review was carried out to collate the work of researchers on health-seeking behaviour in Pakistan, to discuss the methods used, highlight the emerging themes and identify areas that have yet to be studied. STUDY DESIGN Review. METHODS An overview of studies on health-seeking behaviour in Pakistan, found via searches on scholarly databases intended to locate material of medical and anthropological relevance. RESULTS In total, 29 articles were reviewed with a range of different methodologies. A retrospective approach was the most common. A variety of medical conditions have been studied in terms of health-seeking behaviour of people experiencing such conditions. However, a wide range of chronic illnesses have yet to be studied. Nevertheless, some studies highlighting unusual issues such as snake bites and health-seeking behaviour of street children were also found. In terms of geographical area, the majority of studies reviewed were performed in the provinces of Sind and Punjab, with little research targeting the people from the two other provinces (Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) of Pakistan. Predominant utilization of private healthcare facilities, self-medication, involvement of traditional healers in the healthcare system, women's autonomy, and superstitions and fallacies associated with health-seeking behaviour were found to be the themes that repeatedly emerged in the literature reviewed. CONCLUSIONS The sociocultural and religious background of Pakistan means that health-seeking behaviour resembles a mosaic. There is a need to improve the quality of service provided by the public healthcare sector and the recruitment of female staff. Traditional healers should be trained and integrated into the mainstream to provide adequate healthcare. Serious efforts are required to increase the awareness and educational level of the public, especially women in rural areas, in order to fight against myths and superstitions associated with health-seeking behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anwar
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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Hossen A, Westhues A. In search of healing between two worlds: the use of traditional and modern health services by older women in rural Bangladesh. SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE 2012; 51:327-344. [PMID: 22489557 DOI: 10.1080/00981389.2011.638223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the use of traditional and modern medicine among older adult women living in rural Bangladesh. Factors are identified that guide the women's decisions about who to seek help from when they are ill. The findings provide evidence that, in spite of the availability of modern health care, traditional healers--faith-based and herbalists--are widely utilized. Reasons given for their choice of health care providers fall into two categories: belief in the effectiveness of the intervention and service delivery considerations. These data suggest that use of traditional healers persists among women in rural areas of Bangladesh and that health policy should be developed with an acknowledgment of these health practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Hossen
- Department of Social Work, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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Weerasinghe MC, Fernando DN. Paradox in treatment seeking: an experience from rural Sri Lanka. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2011; 21:365-372. [PMID: 20935237 DOI: 10.1177/1049732310385009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sri Lanka has had a pluralist health care system for centuries, in which Western biomedicine coexists with the Ayurveda system. However, recent studies suggest a declining trend in the use of the Ayurveda system. This study provides insights into the reasons for the low utilization of the Ayurveda system at present. The study findings reveal that low utilization of the Ayurveda system can be attributed to several factors, including the quick effect of Western medicines, the perception of being accustomed to Western medicines, a lack of competent Ayurveda practitioners, the high cost and low quality of Ayurveda medicines, and the rapidly changing lifestyles of villagers. However, for certain conditions such as fractures, snakebite, and paralysis, the majority of the Sri Lankan population still uses Ayurveda treatment. In conclusion, we suggest that health authorities should take into account these changes for future health planning in Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuj C Weerasinghe
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
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Muhamadi L, Nsabagasani X, Tumwesigye MN, Wabwire-Mangen F, Ekström AM, Peterson S, Pariyo G. Inadequate pre-antiretroviral care, stock-out of antiretroviral drugs and stigma: policy challenges/bottlenecks to the new WHO recommendations for earlier initiation of antiretroviral therapy (CD<350 cells/microL) in eastern Uganda. Health Policy 2010; 97:187-94. [PMID: 20615573 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explores reasons for late ART initiation among known HIV positive persons in care from a client/caretaker perspective in eastern Ugandan where ART awareness is presumably high yet AIDS related mortality is a common function of late initiation of ARVs. METHODS In Iganga, Uganda we conducted in-depth interviews with clients who started ART at 50-200 CD4 cells/microL and those initiated very late at CD4<50 cells/microL. Focus-group discussions were also conducted with caretakers of clients on ART. Content analysis was performed to identify recurrent themes. RESULTS ARV stock-outs, inadequate pre-antiretroviral care and lack of staff confidentiality were system barriers to timely ART initiation. Weak social support and prevailing stigma and misconceptions about ARVs as drugs designed to kill, cause cancer, infertility or impotence were other important factors. CONCLUSION If the new WHO recommendations (start ART at CD4 350 cells/microL) should be feasible, PLHIV/communities need sensitization about the importance of regular pre-ARV care through the local media and authorities. The ARV supply chain and staff attitudes towards client confidentiality must also be improved in order to encourage timely ART initiation. PLHIV/communities should be sensitization about drug package labeling and the use and importance of ARVs. Stronger social support structures must be created through public messages that fight stigma, enhance acceptance of PLHIV and encourage timely ART initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubega Muhamadi
- District Health Office, Iganga District Adminstration, Iganga, Uganda.
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Rheinländer T, Samuelsen H, Dalsgaard A, Konradsen F. Hygiene and sanitation among ethnic minorities in Northern Vietnam: does government promotion match community priorities? Soc Sci Med 2010; 71:994-1001. [PMID: 20619522 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Improving sanitation and hygiene to prevent infectious diseases is of high priority in developing countries. This study attempts to gain in-depth understanding of hygiene and sanitation perceptions and practices among four Ethnic Minority Groups (EMGs) in a rural area of northern Vietnam. It is based on extensive participatory observations in 4 villages and 20 case households over a period of six months (May-October 2008). In addition, 10 key informants and 60 household-members were interviewed and 4 focus group discussions conducted. The study found that among the four selected EMGs the cultural perceptions of hygiene and sanitation which inform everyday hygiene practices did not differ substantially and were similar to hygiene explanations found in the rural majority population elsewhere in Vietnam. However, the difficult living conditions, particularly in highland communities, reinforce a sense of marginalization among the EMGs, which had great impact on how they perceive and respond to government sanitation interventions. The enclosed latrines promoted by authorities are met with reluctance by the EMGs due to cultural perceptions of the body as permeable and therefore, vulnerable to 'dirty air' such as bad smells from human faeces. In addition, the prioritization of specific sanitation hardware solutions by the central government aimed at increasing coverage creates expectations and dependency among the EMGs that hygiene 'comes from the outside society', resulting in low levels of community initiated actions. Based on these findings, we suggest that future hygiene promotion strategies aim for a closer match between community priorities and government hygiene policies, e.g. by allowing for a larger diversity of low-cost sanitation solutions. Scaling up participatory community-based hygiene promotion is also recommended to curb dependency and spark initiatives in ethnic minority communities. Finally, interventions should focus on hygiene "software"--promoting hygiene behaviour changes known to effectively prevent hygiene related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilde Rheinländer
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Oster Farigmagsgade 5A, Entrance P, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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Pylypa J. Elder authority and the situational diagnosis of diarrheal disease as normal infant development in northeast Thailand. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2009; 19:965-975. [PMID: 19556402 DOI: 10.1177/1049732309338867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Research was conducted in rural Northeast Thailand to understand how mothers perceive children's acute illness episodes, and their resulting illness management strategies. Although diarrheal disease is one of the leading causes of illness among young children in Thailand, interviews revealed that mothers frequently do not classify infantile diarrhea as an "illness." Infantile diarrhea is commonly labeled thai su, a type of diarrhea believed necessary to "lighten the body" so that the infant can attain a new developmental stage, such as sitting up, standing, or walking. Consequently, mothers do not perceive infection-related diarrheal illness as common in infants, and therefore do not direct much attention to prevention, nor manage diarrheal cases in a manner consistent with biomedical recommendations. In this article I describe local explanatory models of diarrheal illness, and discuss the role of situational factors and elder authority in determining how illness episodes are assessed and managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen Pylypa
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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